Where to put all our data floppy disks magnetic tape all that belongs to the past the amount of data we produce is ever grabbing focus say in a few years it will amount to 170 fives this of bytes thats 175. 00 trillion gigabytes and our normal storage media only lasts around 30 years well it all end up in the cloud theres another idea of storing data in d. N. A. Then ill try for tyler d. N. A. Has 2 advantages 1st the data in d. N. A. Is extremely durable under the right conditions it can last around a 1000 years the 2nd d. N. A. Is very compact you can store vast amounts of data in a tiny space by. Robert grosss a chemistry professor at e. T. H. Searched. University. Together with a team of researchers hes developed a way of storing digital files like m p 3 s. All to official genetic material. A d. N. A. Molecule consists of 4 nuclear bases abbreviated to a c. T. And. The computer signs a binary code of zeros and ones to each. Be d. N. A. Synthesised creates a strand of official d. N. A. That the digital file is stored on and that can later be read. The person is still very complex and expensive i see Companies Like microsoft have been investing in d. N. A. Storage and fergus recent. The most you can volunteer to see our data storage is Getting Better every year computers are getting faster but the physical properties that our computers currently work with cant keep valving forever at some point will reach a limit its just a matter of physics so the industry is looking beyond the principles of physics and into things like biology and chemistry and what principles that are out there that could be used to store data and when you think about it d. N. A. Is the answer. Dauphine the dating of them assistance of. D. N. A. Is especially interesting as a long term storage solution. Because humans will always be interested in analyzing their own genetic material the devices that read d. N. A. A very unlikely to become obsolete. D. N. A. Can also last a very long time under the right conditions samples of ancient fossils a moment frozen in permafrost have shown that the molecules can stay intact for thousands of years. The problem is the d. N. A. Only remains stable its. Bone samples have been perfectly preserved. Even in the laboratory a d. N. A. Molecule decays after just a few months. The solution we have is a kind of artificial fossil basically trying to create the equivalent of a bone. A bone is a piece of calcium phosphate with d. N. A. Inside it what were working on is a small glass beads with strands of d. N. A. Inside. And parked in. The d. N. A. Should last up to a 1000 years preserved in glass beads a so small they can only be seen under an electron microscope. Each beat contains about 10 killer bytes of data about 2 pages of a book series and if. What you can see a message is about 20 or 30 pages of a book of ability but remember these particles are at 200000 times magnification you know if they really are incredibly small. So if you have 20 or 30 pages here and we zoom out a bit then you have a whole book on the screen. And a bit further out and its not right now you have the whole floor of the library. Sort of people take on the not if you go even further out you have billions of these tiny beats so you have a whole library on something the size of a speck of dust from the americans and taken apart. Right now they can only store a few 100 megabytes in this way so a lot more development is needed before we have a whole library stored in d. N. A. D. N. A. Is also the stuff of research into evolution mutinously analyses have been shaking the human family tree for example d. N. A. Tests have shown that neanderthals and modern humans into acted and even into bred. For a long time neanderthals were considered somehow inferior to homo sapiens also in terms of their culture but a study of cave paintings could shed new light on neanderthals. Joke of mine is scraping away at the past just a few milligrams of this limestone is enough to shed new light on human history. His findings are changing how we perceive some of our earliest ancestors i need a number of archaeologists no doubt found our results hard to swallow when. We 1st published them and we got a lot of criticism i think many felt that it didnt fit in with what they thought they knew so it couldnt be right off of comics line. But hoffman and fellow archaeologist. And allister pike remain undeterred here in spain in the cave of dallas theyre continuing to look for more proof of their results. Thats why theyre collecting limestone samples from the calc area center on the ceiling but its not actually the limestone itself theyre interested in theyve discovered red ochre pigment underneath it. How did the pigment get there. It wouldnt occur in the cave naturally. Its clear. That assessment its been purposely applied and theyve gone to a lot of trouble its right in the leashes its been sprayed splattered and spat on to the surface we dont know exactly but its definitely the work of humans. But who exactly they need clues that would determine the age of the pigment theres no way of testing the age of the pigment itself but what the scientists can do is test how old the limestone is thats covering it then theyd know the minimum age of the oak or underneath. The studies carried out by hoffman and his colleagues have shed new light on a longstanding question. Who were europes 1st cave painters we know that modern humans 1st arrived in europe between 40 and 45000 years ago much of what we know about how they lived weve learned from cave paintings. There were clearly artists among them but the idea that some cave paintings in europe could be much older was considered out of the question. Again. As the general assumption is that only modern humans were capable of creating art so the logical conclusion is that cave paintings in europe cant be older than 40 or 45000 years because only then did modern humans arrive. Thats the theory but the findings of his colleagues have up ended all that. Theyve already dated the limestone deposits covering remnants of paintings in another part of the dallas cave. Their results show the pigment on this center was placed there at least 64000 years ago in other words long before modern humans came to europe. So who were the cave painters. With a minimum age of 64000 years it could only have been the neanderthals at least according to what we know right now. And that finding was something of a sensation for archaeologists. Until now it was believed neanderthals were not capable of symbolic thought which would suggest language ability so did neanderthals paint the ceiling in the cave of our dollars to. Do kaufman has brought the limestone samples back to his laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for evolutionary anthropology in lets say germany. The limestone contains radioactive thore and which can reveal when it was deposited. Knowing how old the limestone is will reveal the minimum age of the painting beneath it. This is always the most exciting moment when you have all the data together and they produce an age its quite nerve wracking unfortunately this time im not jumping up and down for joy. The oldest sample here is from 13000 years ago so thats when the limestone was formed which means the red pigment must have been painted on the ceiling some time before that. Warden zein but the analysis cant show just how long before hand so in this case they cannot determine who the cape painters were. Surfaced and of course we still cant rule out that the neanderthals were responsible for the paintings but this data doesnt prove it either. Duke huffman and the other archaeologists are continuing their search europe has thousands more undated cave paintings. They history of our species homo sapiens is also not set in stone 2 years ago at the devil it could excavation site in morocco an International Team of research has made a spectacular find fossilized bones of homo sapiens that were. 100000 years older then all previously known remains with a skull and teeth similar to those of modern humans this poses a major challenge to the widely accepted notion that homo sapiens rose in east africa 200000 years ago. The oldest probably bacteria they are thought to have colonized our planet 3770000000 years ago they can even live in parent ice and the cooling water of Nuclear Power plants and of course inside us past one micah wanted to know more. How important are the bacteria in our bodies. Each one of us is home to trillions of invisible coresidents our body weight includes some 2 kilograms of microbes living both on our skin and insiders researchers call this bacterial zoo the micro biome. Mouths alone contain around 600 different kinds of bacteria. And theres a plethora of microbes in the esophagus and the stomach to. Most of the bacteria in our intestines. Theres precious Little Research data on how they interact and what role they play because less than half of them can be grown outside the human body for study purposes. Its only been 10 years since microbiologists 1st had the Necessary Technology to research the composition of the guts bacterial environment. While what we eat influences the bacteria in our gut our gut flora in turn has an impact on how much we weigh its composition determines how much energy our bodies can extract from food. Healthy foods help to keep the good bacteria healthy whereas fast food can weaken them. With serious consequences imagine that your body is a bustling city and the intestines are the control center for essential functions. Like the Police Fighting criminals the gut bacteria keep certain microbes in check so that they dont make you sick. They can even help to synthesize substances we need to stay healthy like put them in p. And victim in k. The good bacteria are also workers trash collectors as they ferment indigestible fiber they produce short chain fatty acids a source of energy. Bacteria also release happy hormones such as local marine answerer turning. In the blood circulation they are transported to the brain where they have an uplifting effect on our mood. Around what is red white and black on the video. Do you have a science question that youve always wanted answered it happy to help out send it to us as a video text over smell if we answer it on the show well send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. Youll find us on line on our website d. W. Dot com slash science and on twitter and facebook. These creatures are definitely not known for their beauty. Thats the naked mole rat is an amazing animal this borrowing rodent has and the usual physical traits that enable it to survive in a harsh underground environment it feels no pain is extremely long lived and its hamas and brain can function for a time without oxygen. And thats what has scientists very interested in the naked mole rat. And what about you we asked on facebook which animal are you most impressed by and why. Because its the busy bee here at my is this social organization and the benefits they have for us humans. Cull fun is most impressed by elephants he writes when it comes to helping each other they show us the way to live in solidarity. Feels as favorite is the witch frog its able to tolerate the cold in winter by cooling down so fast that its heart stops beating until the spring. Will is most impressed by the v. Could. Attract a graceful animal produces a fine and highly prized bull it lives in the andes at altitudes of more than 4000 returns. And ricardo is well out by the mexican x. A lot will especially by its ability to regenerate its limbs and scientists are pretty impressed by that too. 1800 adult action levels live at the Research Institute of molecular pathology in vienna. One of its fields of research is the biology of organ regeneration. Catalina lusters researching the actual of those ability to recruit limbs. One of legs amputated under anaesthetic a new one grows from the animals remaining cells. The right leg on the actual level is an original limb the other. Legs in the process of growing back. Particularly kind of cell is mainly responsible for the regrowth process fibro blasts to show us these than the actual level caught up in our most anesthetizes one of the amphibians with the help of u. V. Light she can then examine these special cells. In the fibro class and connective tissue cells are marked read to people after an injury the fiberglass its presented herself and they can regenerate bone cells for example. Progenitor cells differentiate into all kinds of cells rather like stem cells they make it possible to replace cells from lost or injured limbs. If the spinal cord is injured the actual level is initially unable to move its tail or back legs the injury is visible under u. V. Light theres a gap in the spinal cord. But we always use the full anaesthetic when we enter the spinal cord there are 3 methods one of the 1st is to remove part of the tail the 2nd is to partially remove the center of the spinal cord and also night and the 3rd which is newer is to create a spinal cord compression similar to a human injury so difficult so i mentioned signs like. In peoples spinal cord compressions can lead to permanent paraplegia. The reason for this is that over time scars build up in the injured tissue which prevents new nerve fibers from connecting with the muscles but without this connection the brain cannot control the muscles and so the paraplegia remains this is very different in x. A lot because they grow new spinal cord tissue without any scars. The cells that form scar tissue in the human spinal cord did not form scars and acts a lot but they did generate new nerve cells because there are no scars nerf i. Can grow out from the injured area and can reconnect enabling the spinal cord to function again which means that the creatures can move again so if you can just myself you know baby. And that begs the question how did these small amphibians develop the ability to do something so remarkable. As would be on top of people but we cant answer that yet but what we do know is that x. A lot of us are highly cannibalistic and they buy parts of each others legs and tails off from vines to and these then regrow. But whether thats the reason why we generation has evolved in these creatures thats something we dont know stuff and who can dismiss it. Now we move on to a creature with somewhat less Exotic Properties the humble and industrious and but even here there are plenty of remarkable things left to discover and study. Worldwide there are 13000. 00 species of ants and theyve colonized practically every continent. At the current goes the National Park in mozambique a young researcher is taking a closer look at these creatures. When no remark to sente sets out on expedition into gordon goes on National Park she often had streets for the fever tree forest chances are good that a young scientist will find what shes looking for there she says research and ends with the help of an aspirator she gathers specimens of every species she finds. A lot of paper work we have. A big thing. And. I really wanted to show the people not just the big and have any importance and system but also slow one and so because they provide for your. Ecosystem would look very different without bounds they perform important tasks such as spread in seeds. Digest and plants and distribute new trends within the forest by decompose in large quantities of organic matter. And one of the worlds most successful animal families their presence in almost every habitat and have developed in an incredible variety of ways you sense the estimates that go to a National Park alone over 300 different species. Why its so fascinating because you see we have different worlds we have different learn scale and also have to contribute in terms of diversity offer and. Not enough to send to belongs to the new generation of female scientist in goza the park wants to see more women working to protect its wildlife u. N. Figures show that countries with great agenda inequality also have greater levels of forest cover loss air pollution and other environmental problems. Decentest colleague lowry carmel is part of the d. N. A. Barcode study aimed at analyze and and identify in the parks types she supports the gender policy if you look at our apartment and our Science Department we have more women than men i think its you actually you cool that having having men around is always im not saying that we should at all theres more goals and if you say an equity in general would be very good the work done here is part of the worldwide undertaking to catalogue all even creatures and decode the d. N. A. The global genetic database will better understanding of the diversity of life on earth and the different functions of species that 2 women hope they will inspire girls to consider careers in science and conservation they want to do we do need to know this but the communities around the park oh you know they get married and they have kids because they make up the family. Even before it became have a chance to finish school and its important for them to have role models. Community development is central to go and goes on National Parks conservation approach its authorities want to turn local residents into Nature Conservation allies using education clinics and Economic Development that at the end of it there are a stand the key elements in this is the girls club led by 2 mentors girls meet in the village to learn and discuss problems. Melody is the leader of the program for hair education is the basis for everything here and now i think of it as she and she did of the girls clubs was basically to. Encourage parents to send their girls to school and because we men generally do not have a value in this community is and also they are not empowered and nobody gives value to the education of women. For the power to this is a Long Term Strategy it will hopefully guide people out of poverty and generate opportunities for young woman to lead selfdetermined lives maybe some will even join dissenting and her colleagues on goes a scientific team. In recent months not enough is sente has already identified 200 species shes the 1st female scientist to map this library city in goza and certainly want to be the last. It took a lot of effort to move this gigantic apparatus to its new workplace now the device dubbed cutting is in cars where in southwestern germany where its carrying out extremely precise measurements on some of the rarest particles in the universe. Join us for that next time on tomorrow today i. Believe. Movie. Here and more fear also. Today i want to find out what units got software for trying to respond to come here for education. How about keep some art. History. And culture. Communicate something well. Coming up on. I am its 50 years since the moon landing. A celestial body and its power of attraction. And the. Cosmic journey through space time. d 30 minutes on d w. I was fishing when i arrived here i slept with single people in a room. It was hard as fair. I even got white hairs and. Learning that 10 languages and not this gives me a little but which need to entrap. You want to know their story the migrants her fighting and reliable information for migrants. And now to look at little sectionally which as affectionately as you can. Lead a mere putin in the middle of his Election Campaign in the year 2000 a documentary was filmed for Russian Television but director vitali months is captured much more it didnt turn into a bad un should the mood of course. The film secretly chronicled a power grab actually everything was resized the atlanta structure. Featuring top supporting roles. Oh it was the highest cost to the freedom of russia. And featuring a lead role like youve never seen before going to the. To be clear with you i have to act in ways that i feel necessary and people who simply understand that. To include me or set a mirror image to the ends justify the means. To tims witnesses starts december 13th on t. W. This is d w news these are our Top Stories Police in hong kong have threatened to fire live ammunition if antigovernment protesters refused to stop using lethal weapons the warning followed fresh clashes outside a university in the center of hong kong where protesters have used petrol bombs and bows and arrows. A wave of violent protests is spreading across iran after the regime abruptly raise fuel prices by 50 percent