G. W. Is known as the father of india but throughout his life while hundreds could im shotgunned evoked mixed feelings it was futile to the to the as a fanatic or an eccentric a reactionary revolutionary saint almost. Or as a man who must be killed. He championed a philosophy of nonviolence only to die at the hand of an assassin. He led a peaceful Resistance Movement to free india from british rule yet independent india was born as an ally of crucial carnage. Emit sectarian killings on an unprecedented scale gandhi risked his life to preach nonviolence until his dying day. On january 30th 90. He was killed by a hindu nationalist with 3 shots to the chest. In 1981 gandhi was interviewed by an american journalist in. York and. Her. And. If you could pick. The late brother of gandhis assassin was jailed for almost 2 decades at the time of the interview he was 85 years old and recalled every detail of the plot. But. Now to say. They won. As i said there dared gandhigiri then mark. The here was. 9 dinner and thered be. Bread and. Water i mean disappeared india weve already there to bed persons. Would be able to disperse not live. In the indian capital delhi there are several sites dedicated to the memory of the man to whom the poet to gore gave the name mahatma greats. This somebody this site where gandhis body was cremated on a funeral pyre of sandal wood in accordance with hindu funeral custom. The National Gandhi museum and house converted into a Memorial Museum after gandhi was assassinated on its grounds. Every day crowds of visitors flock there from all over the country bengal and Kerala Pradesh and money poor. Many indians rich or poor still see it as their duty to make the pilgrimage and pay homage. To the atmosphere feels more like a temple than a museum. One room has a series of di ramas depicting key scenes from gandhis life. Visitors remove their shoes to approach the spot where the mahatma fell to the assassins bullets. Photographs gandhis meager personal belongings. His notebooks walkingstick. Even his blood stained clothes everything related to the life of the father of the nation has been preserved. When mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 869 india was firmly under britains imperial young. Like his father he seemed destined to serve the ruling palace. His family belong to the panni a caste hard working merchants from western state. Gandhis marriage at the age of 13 was a ranged he and his wife cast about would have 4 children. When he was 16 his father fell gravely ill. Gandhis paragraph has described him as a devoted son who sat at his fathers bedside. Gandhi felt that he added judy to nurse his father the time he was dying and hopefully he wanted to actually be with him at the hour of his death. But on that particular day when his father became critically ill he. Felt more attracted to his wife and he was actually in the act of making love to her at the moment when his father died and its a lot of historians have looked at. His life feel that this was really something that colors his whole attitude to his sexuality. Led eventually to his deciding to renounce a sexual relationship with his wife. After passing his bar exams in london sunday returned to india to practise law but soon went on to take up a short Term Position in south africa he ended up staying for 20 years. Initially. In south africa live the life of a rich youd have a quite an affluent lifestyle he hadnt really changed because of this very ascetic person dressing in. Clothes and so on he was wearing western style suits he was living well. But then on a train journey to pretoria a white passenger objected to gandhis presence in a 1st class carriage and though he had a 1st class ticket he was thrown off the train he resolved to stay and fight for inequality in south africa. When he returned to india in 1915 gandhi was a changed man. The barrister had become a political activist trading his english suit and tie for a dhoti the traditional dress of the indian poor he set out to familiarize himself with the social problems in his homeland travelling by train across the country always in 3rd class. The movement for Indian Independence was gaining momentum gandhi addressed crowds in every town and village he visited he spoke of Human Dignity justice and independence. Across the country nationalists organized bonfire protests to burn textiles imported from england gandhi launched his charkha all Spinning Wheel movement. He declared it to be. Patriotic duty of every indian to spend 200. 00 yards of cotton thread a day and to boycott textiles produced in the mills of manchester and liverpool. To become a symbol of the commitment of the nationalists course to everything every morning to sit down and to get out your Spinning Wheel to spin your cotton thread and they became very skillful at it you know they were spent hours every day doing this im going the saugus of something which was was it was almost a Spiritual Task of spinning you know for the good of the nation. In 1930 gandhi led the 3 week sultan monch walking 358 kilometers to the village of dandy on the arabian sea where he defined the british self monopoly by lifting and auctioning off just for the song. Gandhi and his followers were arrested but it was a victory for the man who churchill contemptuously called the half naked for. Coverage of the mass captured the worlds attention. May god. Grant he had an innate sense of symbolism and mass communication. There seems like a contradiction paradoxical for a man who came across as an ascetic as someone who renounced worldly things in search of spiritual salvation. But he was a great politician and a great communicator us. Said. Gandhis weapons with civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance the british countered with truncheons. Colonial repression was often brousseau presence. Gandhi was jailed 7 times for a total of 4 years he started. A times serving 9 years. From the beginning to the end the struggle for independence was led by the Indian NationalCongress Party. Gandhi was its Guiding Light nearing its chief of organizing. The 2 men shared a deep bond even if they didnt always see eye to eye. Gandhi from a traditional marriage and family now and he says close in a dhoti. Marriage the and dishonest brahman well dressed and elegant with ideas rooted in socialism Something Like their brains socialism in the 1920 s. Gandhi was prepared to tolerate that because he believed that there would always basically be loyal to him. So that he gave narrow sort of certain amount of rope you could say you know to do go his own way but gandhi would always be holding it im able to draw him in whenever he felt you know he was going to to to to create an extreme and there he was a new note that he was it was in his interests to keep him with god but he also had a genuine affection for gandhi there is own father died in. And in many respects you can see gandhi sort of taking over that position of father figure for mary and so they do have a very close relationship despite their differences. The 2 men were very different not least in their views on religion. Mary was a self professed atheist something rare in a country where refusing to express religious belief is a to boot. Gandhi was deeply religious he began each meeting with prayer. Life in india is permeated by the values of hinduism which assigns a persons caste on the basis of birth. But hinduism has been traditionally be guarded as a tolerant religion not given to proselytizing. Islam had expanded under the reign of the mugu empress in northern india to become the countrys 2nd largest religion. In British India muslims accounted for a quarter of the population. After the countrys partition in 1947 that number dropped to 12 percent. Hindus and muslims had long enjoyed a peaceful coexistence until Political Representation was attached to religious identity. The Muslim League emerged as a Political Force in the 1930 s. With the aim of protecting the interests of indian muslims. But a new goal in the creation after britains withdrawal from india of a muslim nation pakistan or land of the pier. The party was led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah who had known gandhi for years. Both. Came from they were good rotten speaking people they were both lawyers have been educated in the received training so in a way there was a lot in common but unfortunately they came into very short conflict fight they are after god returned to india. In 1940 gandhi went to meet jinnah and his private residence in bombay over the course of almost 3 weeks gandhi timelessly tried to dissuade from his plan for a muslim pakistan. He assured him that muslims would have an honorable place in a secular and democratic india. He even offered him the post of Prime Minister independent indias 1st government. Couldnt stand be a faction and i 10 sion he was shunned by condi because like many muslims he viewed it as a patronize ing attempt by hindus to assimilate muslims. Ghandi saw himself as a universalist he didnt want to be seen as hindu but his indian. God you know. Yet everything about his style his dress was typically hindu the menu. His embrace of renunciate are a disciplines and linking of acetic practice with political aspirations all that created the impression of a quintessential hindu sales. Shimla the summit capital of British India. In the 1946 the leaders of the Muslim League and Indian Congress party met here to discuss ways to implement gandhis vision of a united independent india. That. Nair is not for diplomacy failed in the face of generous intransigence. After 3 weeks the talks broke down. In june our campaign centered on a single topic congress was a hindu party with a hindu leader if hindus won the 1st elections after independence muslims would face assimilation and oppression to survive they needed their own state pakistan. So in 146 he decides to take the matter to the streets general had been a strictly constitutional politician before that and hed been loyal to the british he hadnt ever been involved in civil disobedience campaigns he never adopted the sort of tact tactics that gandhi had adopted the 946. 00 august 960. 00 decides to take the issue to the streets hes going to show the power of muslims in india and he has a direct actual. Jinnahs call for direct action day on august 16th 946 in support of the demand for pakistan sparked an eruption of harrowing violence in calcutta. 5000 people were massacred and 20000 wounded most of the victims were hinting. That led to retaliatory attacks by hindus against muslims elsewhere reprisal killings spread across northern india entire families were slaughtered. Some hindus now claim their religion was too passive and lacked martial art. To them the hindu value of tolerance was an inexcusable weakness which had for centuries allowed 1st the move and then the British Empire as to enslave the hindu majority. They felt the time had come for hindus to assert themselves and for hindu men to reclaim their progress. For me they wanted to reform hinduism and boost hindus moral and physical strength in every town and village where the movement had a local chapter activists convened mornings and evenings for ideological training and physical drills to prepare to fight muslims who were once again the enemy the more he saw a video more long been. Well into nationalist. Massacred muslims Muslim League extremists hindus gandhi was horrifying. He began to fast in calcutta which he vowed to continue until the fun and stopped. He refused to relinquish his vision of an india where the 2 communities could live in friendship and peace. And gandhi was watching all this he was doing his best he went to go he walked around the villages which where the muslims have massacred the lords and he talked to the muslims he really put his life on the line and he went without any protection just a few of his followers walking on foot and he managed to persuade the muslims that there was not not right to do this as he walked people would throw glass pieces on the floor. In his spot and his answer to that was to even give more of the very simple sandals which he used. In order to walk and in fact walking barefoot this had a tremendous mortar impact and a padded that we like to draw is between in the christian tradition the crucifixion of christ that is suffering for humanity tormenting the fish in order to make the more of a beat and then there is other retaliation by by muslims in east bengal whether in the majority they turn on him attack them massacre many the hindus and be hard on. The muslims. And again they do the same in india and then in the punjab we see the muslims retaliating by attacking the sikhs and killing a lot of sikhs in march 947. 00 so the whole thing is blowing up in a way thats becoming really completely uncontrollable. In march 947 lord louis mountbatten arrived in delhi. As the last viceroy of india hes been tasked by the british Prime Minister to negotiate an exit deal with indian leaders batten appeared bent on hastening the end of imperial rule and soon came to favor the option of partition. Gandhi said the game and the game in india were narky but dont buy it we will sort it out once you are gone then we will see how to do it but the beauty said we will go only after you decide who should get what and that is opine became absolutely inevitable so gandhi the man to the extent of saying that. Big platform is that bobby. And then of course the Congress Leaders decided that they would accept the demand for partition they felt was able to stir up so much trouble for them that if they didnt concede that the 1st separate nation state of pakistan then he would he would cause terrible disruption within within india after independence and perhaps compromise the integrity of the new Indian Nation state perhaps collapse. Says several radcliffe was appointed temin of the Boundary Commission in charge of equitably carving a muslim majority state from British India. He was assisted by 2 hindus and 2 muslims because he himself knew nothing of india that was why hed been chosen to guarantee objective ety and fairness. Most of indias muslims lived in the north the plan called for the creation of one state with 2 territories east and west pakistan located 2000 kilometers apart. But hindu and muslim communities in bengal and punjab were in extracurricular mixed drawing board is was an exercise in absurdity. On august 15th 947. 00 the partition between india and pakistan was made official. As the clock had approached midnight tomorrow learn there is the 1st Prime Minister of independent india address the nation. Really good with dick cheney. And now the time. When we showed you the marc rich at the top of the midnight hour when they were leaving. India are going all week in light and heat up. But the very morning after Independence Celebrations hindus in pakistan and muslims in india began to flee their homes muslims headed for pakistan well hindus set up for. India. Enormous convoys of people moving in opposite directions the greatest mass migration in history. 10000000 people with displaced many were attacked by robbers and militants along the way a 1000000 people lost their lives. No one took responsibility for the tragedy but hindu nationalists accused gandhi of allowing muslims to steal parts of the hindu nation. We went to the delhi headquarters of the rightwing hindu muss about organization. There we spoke to its then president he maintained that his was the only group that sought to defend indias integrity. Got it in the loss of love i was the only one major son in india richard real good. With the full coverage and explorations there. The never. Do. You want to know did india one india solo the hindu nationalists claim that this was a vivisection of. Something that congress had betrayed the indian people in agreeing to in fact it was very much a part of their own program to have a separate state and serve their interests subsequently to have a separate pakistan state which is always a target is and was always a representation of. Indias other. A few months after independence the new states waged their 1st war over kashmir a province with a muslim majority but a hindu maharajah the 2 sides agreed to a ceasefire along whats known as the line of control it divided the region into with one side and ministered by india and the other by pakistan of the 3 officially declared wars between india and pakistan to have been over kashmir and it remains a flash point to this day. On september the 9th 1947 gandhi moved into the delhi home of his friend the industrialist and Congress Party supporter gunshy does. In january of the following year gandhi began another indefinite fast saying he would only east if he saw a plan to stop the continuing violence hindus who had fled persecution in pakistan with dumbfounded by gandhis empathy for muslims which was inherent in the 2nd indirect goal of his fasting. Going to gandhis Hunger Strike was also aimed at forcing the Indian Government to release pakistan share of assets from the treasury of British India. To nick. That stored in. And said that. Straight. I started di. The proof of should be. Then only i can leave my past at that moment. You know its take me. Did you really not die of Hunger Strike your bullets now. Hindu nationalists found it scandalous that gandhi would fast to ensure india respected the financial clauses of the partition agreement and transfer 550000000 rupees to a country that had launched cross border rates on kashmir. So on the ground did. That. I remember say when i sed. Theres a deep meeting. There. Not end up. Going to. Say this might be. The attack of january 20th was botched. It was unable to reach the window from which he planned to buy his gun he hadnt thought of bringing a ladder. So hard right from the river. It was so high here and. So. I mean he throws. Us. Past. My. Duty to. The. British police. Actions did not take place so probably. The group fled back to puna to plan the renewed attack there are companies who would set off the homemade bomb was arrested. Under interrogation he revealed the names of his coconspirators. Even now there is debate in india as to why police failed to apprehend them and for 10 days. Mark my bandidos to sit in the monitor as you can see in this picture this was taken on 29th and witty on the evil phrase. He would address people who are visiting. Him they would think i mean i dont know there was a thinking amongst them who did not do enough to prove in the party. Setter. I dont try to be a strong argument to be strong and very depressed. Even in their bio clock are fired maybe 5 meters. Apart. Indicates the exact spark they had gandhi variable speed by the assassins bullet. In this pod no adam heart muddies this water. World there he stepped forward. He took 3 steps before Mahatma Gandhi and he saw him point blank. And if you see the photograph. Gandhi with the bullets its on looks like a god. Its almost in the same missile could. There sassing gollin didnt even bullets and i think. That one more made Mahatma Gandhi laws from the ashes from the ark and he became larger than life. In a radio broadcast narrow announce the news of god his day. The light has gone out of our knives and there is darkness everywhere. Near who its you know the movements he held responsible for gandhi says has a nation. The hindu mass and the Hindu Volunteer organization the r. S. S. 20000 r. S. S. Militants were jailed some members do very last us for. Gandhi supporters targeted the brahmins of maharashtra the caste to which the assassin can see belonged and which was closely associated with the hindu. And the r. S. S. Is. The main the most about as it. The trial of gandhis assassins was held at the red fought a highly symbolic location it was there that larry had made his 1st speech to independent india and to this day the Prime Minister addresses crowds from the red force on independence day. India is a democracy the defendants had the right to their trial supposedly for the trial of the red 40 offered mataram god syria the perfect platform to air his views. He refused Legal Defense and though he had lawyers he pleaded his own case but he did do he stated that he had out it to his hindu faith and the back about good to which justified violence. He said he had been compelled to take action for the nation of hindus which gandy had betrayed. He needed to rid the nation of this man who persisted in weakening indias starts pakistan. He described the assassination as a salutary act undertaken in the Public Interest not a rash deed of a lunatic but rather a deed motivated by political realism which had been well thought out and planned as lacked the sim your more efficient. On the. Game properly named in fortnight. Theyre not put on going to see a play. I dont like. It myself its simple strike. The middle resurgence of fundamentalism in india nationalist groups like the hindu must a bar enjoying a revival. At its daily headquarters there is a statue of its late leader vinayak download us of a cur a contemporary of gandhis and a nationalist but one with a very different ideology souther correspond the idea of hindutva or hindu this a concept that inseparably links the hindu and indian identity not im going to say one side said that i have more love than the big mean. There is no question that im going to see you belong to. No doubt but you know was our eyes not belong to god. This is the decision of title. Has nor part in the murder of gandhi there was a very closely linked between the leader off the hindu and the assassin the main assassin and the main organizer of the conspiracy off. And. Not to have a good thing he had been a close associate of what it gives the decade before the assassination and this man thought it occurred was directly involved not just ideologically or inspiring but directly involved in the conspiracy to. Sever curry and a group with the conspirators he was also arrested and tried but denied all charges and was acquitted. Going to remember again he himself said after the 1st assassination attempt. Maybe the assailant is right maybe i am a nuisance in independent india says the dorset down and the more than 1000000 this is the classical greek tragedy in its purest form where victim and assassin have a secret understanding with gandhi felt deep despair his method and his course had failed. Sunni. Despite his efforts violence between hindus and muslims continued and despite his efforts india was fractured into. What use was he on mine for now. Gandhi had envisioned an independent india that was selfsufficient and predominantly agrarian narrows approach was more grounded in economic reality he aim to combat economic stagnation and dire poverty with state centered planning and industrialization that relied on domestic industry after the independents went all out for you know modernization of economic modernization and in developing Large Scale Industries building. Which he. Described as the new temples to india which would replace you know the old temples. Its difficult to know how gandhi responded to this had he been alive after 948 and its likely that there would have come into some conflict over this because mayer didnt really put very much into trying to. Maintain the gandhi and economic program. To this day gandhi disciples gather on fridays to spin cotton at his Commission Site the same handwheel the same motions as back then when carson was spun to create the basis for economic independence. And in about today its more of a ritual than a lesson in economic theory. Youve got. To. Keep. Getting. The galleys principle of selfsufficiency did prevail until the early 1990 s. Measures like high tariff levels and Exchange Rate management protected domestic industry from foreign competition. To see if it does so over the past few decades the country has really opened up to the forces of globalization. A growing middle class shops at new malls of these the temples of india today. On an order if gandhi returned to india today he would be aghast to see how far the country particularly the middle class has succumbed to western consumerism you know. He preached the importance of selfsufficiency thing each village the defense of the week and a form of asceticism according to such dictates as dont consume more than you need respect nature. There was a clear environmental subtext to gandhis message. Theyre going to. On march the 12th 2510 months after returning to power indias Congress Party marks the 75th anniversary of the so much. Hundreds of people walked in the uk must footsteps following the same 358 kilometer route for 26 days. Marches done traditional White Clothing made of homespun cotton. And the iconic gandhi cap. The great grandson of to her lol nehru gandhi was 35 at the time of the procession and had only recently entered politics. He would go on to become passive president. He joined the marches as they reached the coast and could turn out 75 years to the day that the haka gandhi shook the British Empire to its cool by harvesting a handful of salt. With their own 35. 00 millimeter film. Or undeterred video cameras captured the same scene. Globalization has swept aside many of gandhis principles but the man had most fundamental message has endured a message that speaks of the power of peace forgiveness and freedom and can transcend even the hatreds that killed him. When much of europe wanted to kick them out maria microbiome he invited them in. The sun most is home to one of the worst pretty cheap camps in the mediterranean. But one woman makes life a little better for her new neighbors. Mama maria and the refugees of some us. 90 minutes on w. O 2 itself. With its own gravitational pull john. The finest musical compositions. With some histories triumph of. The above. Dont tell me that she wasnt to them dont tell me the 1st female ever wrote. And the joint should come up in the morning blame. Greenfield the symphonies of the hotness pumps. How did the romantic master come to such a pass. The brahms code was october 11th on w. Far enough. This is deja vu news coming to you live from Berlin Germany celebrates reunification day official ceremonies are being held to mark the occasion. Of the teeth it is a nation once divided between east and west a communist and democratic and now real knighted as one mass is hasnt been an easy journey for a look at whos come out ahead and who feels left behind. Also on the program it says last often Prime Minister abbas chances