That. Testosterone is the most important mile 6 homeowners men who are heavily influenced by testosterone a said to be egotistical and i enjoy taking risks but a number of european scientists have been trying to find out whether testosterone is really as bad as its reputation. To lead. Weve come to the minster University Hospital to talk to talk to michelles its man a german specialist in the treatment of diseases that affect men is also an expert on whole mines. Hooten true feeded you know just astro is responsible for the development of a number of male physical characteristics including hair patterns on the head of it also determines beard growth affects muscles and a mans overall personality as the story gets a much more complex hormones than some people might think. Most testosterone is produced in the testes but a small amount comes from the adrenal cortex. The specific sources of testosterone of alighting cells the hormones that are responsible for developing male characteristics in the body are called androgens the most important androgen testosterone. Levels of testosterone rise dramatically during puberty and then remain at a high level but researchers have also found significant short term increases in this home and immediately after birth. While home thus posts a sign its hard to say why that happens but it seems to be a part of the maturation process in the brain and in the male reproductive system the spirit of man was. Christian of all brawn at the age of 20 he discovered that he had too little testosterone in his body doctors later determined that the cells in his brain were not sending up the proper production signals the cause of the problem wasnt clear. At 1st vote had a hard time even describing the symptoms it took a long time for doctors to come up with a proper diagnosis. This fall and. Realizing that something was wrong was a gradual process but it didnt happen overnight. I kept feeling worse and worse at target i had no energy at all and no sex drive either managed just one but i could feel something just wasnt right it. Could feel and then i was diagnosed with depression. When i realized that something was seriously wrong with me on how to of can from a look it up when i went. Home was a medical student at the time and a body builder he kept a close eye on his metabolism and testosterone levels. And was approved but i couldnt figure out what was going on i got along well with my family and had a girlfriend i was doing well at school and then i figured out that this might have something to do with the testosterone deficiency in my Research Interests one so i had some tests done and the levels turned out to be about 0 thats a bit low isnt a sense of any. How much testosterone diminish actually need. To average men have at least 8. 00 to 12. 00 normal for a leader of testosterone to anything below that represents a deficiency is a tool but the amount also depends on genetics that single misinform like you need to womens testosterone levels are much lower for food about 5 to 10 percent that of men. They use the testosterone to synthesize estrogen to the primary female sex or loss in the few 50 guys that synthesis is carried out by an insulin called around the tanks it can be found in cells in several parts of the body including the brain adrenal glands ovaries and testes. In the face of such testosterone levels because jennifer both chose a potentially risky form of medical treatment. Needed hormone replacement therapy after other possible causes like vitamin d. Deficiency have been ruled out might also like to put out as. One of the side effects of hormone replacement therapy is that it suppresses sperm production which can cause in particular. Were just tossed around as naturally produced in the testicles but the process begins in the brain and hes reciprocally in the hypothalamus sign and. Hides it links the bodys nervous system to the end a consistent through the pituitary gland. The pitcher treats land is divided into 2 sections the anterior portion produces 2 key hormones l. H. And s. And l. H. Is responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone in the testes if as h. Contributes to the production of span. These 2 hormones report back to the brain on whether the body is producing enough testosterone and spurn. The brain or just the amounts of each as necessary. To start strong replacement therapy suppresses the hormones in the pituitary gland that are responsible for sperm production and its like a Birth Control pills. In months. And a month but if a man is testosterone deficient and wants to have children we have to take a different approach. Long testosterone can have serious effects on the body it can too much of this one might make men overly aggressive. This is lee our home of france the center for cognitive neuroscience says john claude dreher is a Research Director here dreyer has been studying the influence of testosterone on Human Behavior and hes found little evidence that to stop strong and strokes aggression in men. Should. Be a vector that the testosterone has on Human Behavior is by no means clear but there is some indirect Evidence Group look at their example high levels of testosterone have been found in some Prison Inmates whove committed serious crimes to these are you more and we did a study which indicated that patients who were given testosterone injections if you could become more aggressive its a 76 you know you know conclusion lately testosterone can also actually improve social behaviors who. Are some pro or neutral in the scene 3. So at this point theres little hard evidence pointing to a link between increased levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior. Ready dreyer conducted an experiment to try to prove or disprove these climbs his 1st task was to measure the testosterone levels in the participants blood. Testosterone is a fat soluble hormone so it can pass through the membranes of cells bind with hormone receptors and then produce changes in the cell structure. Testosterone can be identified and measured in various bodily fluids. Including saliva urine and blood. Before the experiment begins one group of participants is injected with testosterone the other group is given a placebo. And he selects. He tried to determine whether the increase in testosterone levels would contribute to a change in behavior as you have a scrap shows that both groups started out with approximately the same level of testosterone. Then we gave one group testosterone injection its still insecure and recorded the increase in the level of this hormonal. Now the test subjects are going to take part in a game exercise called ultimatum the game is frequently used in Behavior Research its designed to test whether a person is generous all selfish one of the players is given a sum of money and is required to share part of that with the other if the 2nd player accepts the offer the deal goes ahead as planned but if he rejects it neither player gets any money. More at this point we observed no difference between the player whod been given testosterone and the one who hadnt is still into so i set it up. Now the rules of the game are going to change a bit the players will be able to use the money to reward fair behavior or punish unfair behavior and this is where dre and his colleagues observed a difference between the player who got an extra dose of testosterone and the one who didnt. Seem to be should team. Through its a subtle difference and we confirmed it only in the 2nd stage of the experiment what can you know of the group administered with extra testosterone imposed a more severe punishment when they believed that they had been given enough money but in the same time they also reacted more positively when given more money than expected he did you know. We observed a big difference in the behavior of the 2 groups. So can testosterone also stimulate generosity in men the researchers were surprised by the results but the situation is more complex than that dre a says this is subconscious motivation at work here. So much that young show you know. This nominee and shows clearly. You can improve your social status if you cooperate with people or engage in other kinds of positive social behavior. So more so while testosterone can influence aggression commitments which it also plays a role in the ability to act with generosity so thats been the. Dry eye has been looking for more evidence to support his theory on the influence of testosterone so hes been studying brain activity. That is 2 or more testosterone based behavior that can improve a man social status and that process could be linked to various mechanisms in the brain in a particular way a group of neural structures known as the reward system. Improves social status generates a sense of well being like a reward that may explain the boasting trait commonly associated with excessive manly behavior that you know is 20 percent more to god theres always a motivation behind generosity if someone sees you being generous theyre more likely to think highly of you for example that men will probably be more generous if they know that they are being observed by women. Simply by his own children by the sheep so this indicates another link between testosterone and generous behavior. Lets switch to oprahs we were reading that was 2. So testosterone may be responsible for positive and negative behavior in both cases this behavior seems to be directed at preserving or even improving social status. Psychologist pronto mehta is an associate professor at University College in london. His research focuses on how hormones particularly testosterone influence Human Behavior. The evidence for that myth that testosterone is directly related to masculine traits like aggression has not borne out in the data so there are plenty of results suggesting that testosterone is either weakly or unrelated to aggressive behavior at all in humans including human males so the field is still trying to unpack these kinds of the facts to understand when testosterone might be related to other behaviors like helping and prosocial behavior as well the metro has carried out an experiment that involves the ultimatum game similar to the model we saw earlier. Its actually a way to look at 2 kinds of behaviors one is trust to what extent is the 1st mover trusting and 2 to look at reciprocity of trust if someone is hyper trusting is the 2nd mover going to reciprocate that trust. As in the experiment carried out by john dray out one player was given an extra dose of testosterone the other player was given a placebo. The experiment will measure the level of trust between the 2 the player administered testosterone could use his money to make sure that the other player also profits but will the 2nd player give back some of his winnings as a gesture of gratitude or would he keep it all for himself. But we found 2 interesting facts 1st is consistent with the stereotype testosterone reduce trust in the 1st mover so that is somewhat consistent with the stereotype testosterone being related to. Competitiveness and threat and the environment may be. Mobilizing more selfish social behaviors rates are going to keep money. Next the player has reversed their else. In both tests the player with the extra testosterone shares his winnings with the other this is an example of prosocial behavior. We know that reciprocity in the cooperate of situations where its going to garner status and what we found is that has offered to sit for us across city more arguing that in a cooperate of environment its again a sort of christies auction process or behaviors that you gain status and so though in those situations its a starter and actually my prosocial. Mehta is convinced that to start strong plays a much more complex role in Human Behavior than research has previously thought for example it can promote socially positive behavior but theres always a motivating factor behind that behavior. Over what. You can imagine when we think about our leaders and people in positions of power they have expertise knowledge and experience that theyre going to relate to their subordinates thats part of being a good leader thats also part of some definitions of power where youre helping others as a way to influence others in some ways so you can think of it as process but its also in some definitions an exertion of power. But concepts such as masculinity status and power are up to see differently in various cultures around the world will the test results differ from one country to the next. So my laboratories in london someone elses laboratory in germany someone elses laboratory is in a rural part of the south of the United States that should theoretically be expected to change the results. But the effects of testosterone on the human body at the same regardless of culture and geography when Christian Vall found out that he was infertile he started looking for solutions. But my mother took me to see a urologist only and he told her that i would never have children or that i could have a super would have sex like that but i know my mom didnt think it was funny so i started reading up on my condition it in a stream of bytes of folks. Is there a medical solution to infertility caused by testosterone deficiency. Doc does it smart enough is somehow. When im. Out and licensed and one of the things we can do for men who suffer from this problem is to give them injections of going out on truckin hormones thats never done during your happy form of treatment has been used for years even decades where you had seams and comes the good not a truck pins include l h which is responsible for the production of testosterone in the testes and if sh which contributes to the production of sperm. The treatment was successful christian of all for his body was able to produce testosterone and fish sperm for a short period of time he had the sperm frozen for later use. He starts to listen to what the doctors told me at 1st it would have ended right there but now i can have children. All of the szell ties is a professor of psychology at Friedrich Alexander university in erlang and his Research Work focuses on how testosterone affects the body specifically bone growth. And some effect from distance to own just asteroids and extradite this counterpart in females and contribute significantly to bone strength and density action from Prenatal Development to maturity of your own personal income and in the. Clear example during the 1st 3 months of pregnancy testosterone causes the ring fingers of the male fetus to grow longer than the index fingers in the sling fingers the. Ties notes that in general womens index fingers are longer than they ring fingers in men its just the opposite. Here you can see that in this image of a mans hand. Index finger is clearly shorter than the ring finger. Because. Testosterone clearly has an influence on bone growth even in the early stages of pregnancy it may also be responsible for the Early Development of the socalled power motive. Shawn so this is as a scientist so im interested in finding out where that motive comes from i suspect that its origins can be found in biology. Here is conducting an experiment in which the participants write a fantasy narrative this may help them to determine whether they are motivated by power. The power motive is a common human characteristic that involves one persons efforts to have an impact on the behavior of others this motivation does not necessarily manifest itself in conscious attitudes or the beliefs that we have about ourselves our Research Indicates that the way we perceive ourselves actually has little to do with what makes us tick and what influences our spontaneous behavior. In. This part of the experiment involves a series of 10 tests and finding out how the participants respond to victory or defeat. The test results can be manipulated one participant can win up to 8 of the 10 rounds. The researchers want to find out whether any changes take place in the test subjects hormone levels. We found that the power motive plays a role in the response to winning or losing. Those who won this had higher levels of testosterone than those who lost. And if one of the participants is not motivated by power but wins it has no effect on the amount of testosterone in his system. We cant say that winning or losing is exclusively responsible for changes in testosterone levels. You have to take into account factors such as the individuals personality and motivation the fortunes in. Those factors are shaped by testosterone during fetal Brain Development. But does it all come down to testosterone and its influence in determining for example male think the length and the development of the power motive. Women have only 10 percent of the testosterone levels found in men does that mean that they are less motivated by power. And by play theres no evidence that indicates that there is a connection between the length of womens fingers and the power motive complex. Its a complex situation that will require a lot more research. Scientists have learned more in recent years about female sex hormones but the relationship between women and power has not been widely studied. The field has focused on male reproductive system and males for the past 100 years and has largely not collected looking at female sex hormones in the context of status and leadership and this is. This is a large gap in the literature today. Weve come to the university of cambridge to talk to clinical psychologist simon baron cohen. Part of his research focuses on how gender affects Human Behavior in general and the brain in particular. Weve been looking at sex differences in the mind between males and females on average and one of tests that we use is where you have to find a shape thats hidden in the design as quickly as you can. And we find that on average man are faster at finding this target hidden in the overall design. Baron cohen and his colleagues conducted behavioral studies of children and adolescents they started by testing hormone levels in numerous samples of amniotic fluid the liquid that helps protect the fetus in the womb. And weve measured the testosterone during a pregnancy in the womb in the amniotic fluid so this is the baby in the womb and some women during pregnancy have a clinical procedure called amniocentesis where a needle goes into that fluid to take out some of the fluid and we can measure testosterone in the fluid and babys very in terms of how much of the home and they are exposed to so boys showed more and more testosterone than girls in the only art influence. In the early stages of Fetal Development the genitalia show no signs of gender distinction. After approximately the 7th week of gestation a gene on the y. Chromosome can activate a process that results in the development of testicles later testosterone plays a role in the development of masculine characteristics in several parts of the male fetus including the brain. While looking at these long term effects of the hormones presumably mediated by changes in Brain Development. So were measuring the behavior but the assumption is that hormones have changed Brain Development in males and females because theyre exposed to different amounts of the hormone. After the babies and baron cohen study were born he measured and analyzed their reaction to a series of images. What we found was that the higher the childs prenatal testosterone the last 5 contact the child makes at their 1st birthday so this was a surprise for us because you would think i contact is influenced by social factors but actually it seems to also be influenced by prenatal testosterone. The children were tested again at the age of 2 the results indicated that girls more actively sought i contact them boys did and had better verbal skills. They talk earlier and their language develops faster what we didnt know is why why do girls have this advantage in Language Development but now we can relate it back to the prenatal test astern because we found that children who had higher prenatal testosterone had smaller vocabularies years later baron cohen conducted more tests on the children. They were shown images of various facial expressions and were asked to describe the emotion the images cortright. And again we found that the higher the childs prenatal test asked around the more difficulty they have on this test of empathy which is a surprise again for us because were finding as if even though its 8 years later since we measured the testosterone this still and the fact that were observing. To sum up girls did better on tests that involve verbal and social skills. Boys were better at developing analytical skills. The same hormone seems to be involved not only in social Development Like reading faces and language and eye contact but also enormous social skills like pattern recognition and taking things apart to see parts within the homes a bit like when the rubik cube where you have to see the pattern very quickly. The tests indicate the boys are better able to understand abstract concepts but have less empathy baron cohen has used the findings to support his theory of a possible link between testosterone and autism. We looked at their relationship between typical sex differences in autism because what is m is more common than boys. So we were trying to understand why why why why does being a boy lead you to a higher likelihood that youll develop autism and the answer were getting is that one factor may be prenatal test auster and. Research on this subject is still in the early stages and experts are still trying to find out what role prenatal test auster and plays in determining sexual differentiation in the brain. Thats going on is that there is no evidence of predetermination in the brain were sort of pushed one way or the other by a hormonal effect of the early stages of fetal Brain Development and for very Much Development happens later of after birth and infancy and beyond that when the hormones act jointly with a number of external factors in the environment and above all in a child social environment its looking for news and so on and here broncho mehta has been researching the influence that hormones and social environment have on behavior development. Researchers have including my lab have looked at both directions of the facts how hormones influence dominance and status related behaviors and how one social status and the environment in turn can impact hormone fluctuations in a few back loop. Also studied how people. To see for themselves and how that perception influences their behavior. Do people consider themselves dominant or passive and what role does testosterone play and so what we found was that testosterone didnt have a direct effect on competitive Decision Making but it really depended on whether they filled out the questionnaire suggesting that they were high or low in dominance so some of our work does suggest that hormones do impact behavior such as competitive behavior but interestingly in inconsistent with the sort of myth about testosterone as direct a fact this depends on peoples personalities the way we see ourselves. So testosterone influences our personality and in turn our personality influences our level of testosterone. High levels of testosterone a said to make men virile and dominant and society either views such men with respect or contempt testosterone also fuels Competition Among men perhaps its no coincidence that this hormone was discovered during the late stages of the Industrial Revolution and. In the 850. 00 s. Shall edward brown sicker was one of the 1st scientists to speculate on the existence of substances that we now know is hormones he also regularly injected himself with the fluid extracted from animal testicles and claimed that this process improved his sexual prowess and physical well being. Testosterone has long been associated with masculinity strength and vitality. Today testosterone replacement therapy has become popular among older men. In some. Advertisements its tough as a miracle cure much as brown sekhar claimed more than a century ago pharmacies doctors and Drug Companies make a lot of money selling testosterone preparations cells have increased sharply since 2007. Tough to michels its men is regularly consulted by older men suffering symptoms of exhaustion many worry a testosterone deficiency may be the cause for concern to feel. Sitzman tests the patient sperm count and bone density among other procedures. In most cases hes not able to attribute the symptoms to reduce levels of testosterone. Using. This graph it shows that testosterone levels of 10000 men ranging in age from 4 to 90. 3 in here there are boys of course have very low levels signs and homes in need of a good to. Hear the levels increase during puberty then we see high levels of testosterone slide into old age. If we rule out disease there are several reasons why testosterone levels may fall. In other mice and for instance given the vast majority of cases these patients produce less testosterone simply because theyre overweight. Obesity is a problem for many older men and younger men too for that matter. Overweight men usually have a lot of visceral fat and that fat releases a number of harmful substances. And it can lead to insulin resistance to my Blood Pressure and lower testosterone levels for. One layer of body fat lies just beneath the skin a 2nd layer of visceral fat is stored in the abdominal cavity needs several vital organs. Excess visceral fat can come in production which can promote the storage of even more fat in the abdominal cavity this causes the spare tire thats common among middle aged men. Testosterone is often associated with doping scandals in competitive sports. Michelle clairvaux with the german elim peak Sports Confederation is an expert on the use of performance enhancing substances including testosterone. Testosterone it plays a key role in regulating muscle mass and how the body responds to exercise size during a prolonged physical activity the muscles suffer a minor trauma so afterwards the body starts repairing the damage muscular tissue and increasing its strength and size storm give us some odds and. Until recently only professional athletes use performance enhancing drugs now amateur athletes are taking them as well. For use of testosterone derivatives called anabolic steroids at commercial Fitness Studios is a huge problem right now. And we believe that 13 to 16 percent of all clients have used doping preparations mostly anabolic steroids and its a lot more widespread among amateur athletes than it is among the professionals. Healthy males produce 410 milligrams of testosterone every day but for those who are trying to increase muscle mass and performance that amount is too little. Christiane tried using testosterone supplements to county his home and deficiency. Scripts. To supplement industry and you can buy testosterone boosters and capsules for just as i knew that they werent going to work but i tried them anyway or does it have for the companies that make these products pioneer emotional its not something thats why i bought them and of course they didnt help at all. But only anabolic steroids synthetic versions of testosterone can produce the kinds of results. That the athletes want the use of steroids to enhance performance is widespread among bodybuilders. And i know unfortunately. In my own research i came across the case of a 17 year old who was using the substances. Comes as a storm it was scary it was injecting more than a 1000 milligrams of testosterone derivatives a week. He was also taking dianabol steroids tablets every day or so and all of thats a lot more than a 1000 milligrams a week and thats a dangerous amount for a 17 year old does this for. The abuse of anabolic steroids can have a number of dangerous side effects including high Blood Pressure strokes heart attacks and liver damage. Excessive increases in testosterone can lead to reductions in production. Because the brain determines that the body has enough to start and cuts off the supply. Prone chalmette or has been studying with the substances besides testosterone can influence Human Behavior for example cortisol a hormone thats often released in response to stress and low concentrations of blood sugar there is some evidence that cortisol levels could impact the pathway between testosterone and behavioral outcomes specifically hormones dont include behavior directly but theres a mechanism through which they are cursed specifically one mechanism is they bind to or scepter for that specific or mark in the case of testosterone that would be the intrusion receptor. This binding process takes place throughout the body like a key fitting into a lock. Made to believe that in stressful situations. To testosterone receptive. Cortisol levels are high that could actually entirely nizer and or impede the relationship between testosterone and behavior presumably through molecular pathways such as receptor reduction and so we theorized what we call the dual hormone hypothesis. This role playing exercise is designed to test the effect of courses on testosterone one participant gives a series of orders to the other if the player whos supposed to follow the orders feel stressed his behavior changes. We found that when levels of cortisol were low that as fact occur that higher testosterone has a related dominance and one cortisol levels are high that in fact wasnt there higher to start and was not related to more dominance so this is suggesting that testosterone stocks dominant behavior in a position of leadership really depends on whats happening in the stress axis in the body. So is it possible that testosterone is just one of many substances that can influence Human Behavior more research on this subject needs to be done at this point experts have come to a variety of different conclusions. Biology does not mean simplicity i think its recognizing in appreciating the complexity that we are human beings were Dynamic Systems we developed and evolved to adapt to different environments and that for a. Mones actually their beauty again is that they are responsive to the environment so your hormones are facts the way you behave but then the environment also affects your hormone release in general testosterone represents 2 of the major societal things about time competition and success. The cliche is that men who have too little testosterone and loses men who have a lot of as a witness. I dont know whether i should be proud of how much testosterone i have or not. But its appends on what society thinks are desirable qualities and residents. And that concept can change depending on the culture and the era. Testosterone is the stuff that men are made of the actual quantity is not so important but every man needs at least a minimum amount. Of damage with it on her phone so since i started testosterone replacement therapy ive felt a lot better on the depression and lack of energy disappeared in 2 weeks and things just kept Getting Better for me im not confused and unhappy anymore. So theres no simple 1. 00 to 1. 00 link between testosterone and male aggression or quest for power latest findings indicate its social and cultural environment factors that determine testosterone so fix unmanly behavior. You speak this language. This music theory can have some. Feeling. And does this say to your heart racing. You come to the right place. 30 minutes w. You come off life. Always the same team the top of the table. The clubs with the most truck the best place. And just keep on with the map and the fair play funny. How can we say football. 16. Welcome to the but is the game here for days. To talk about a. Phrase thats old. Doug. This is deja news live from berlin drone attacks for saudi arabia is crude Oil Production by off set ablaze the Worlds LargestOil Processing facility rebels from yemen have claimed responsibility but the u. S. Blames irans. Tunisians are voting today in a president ial election with 2