Can work. My name is to be a wall or particularly on the sort of the chief body type that you get in. The amazon basin often called the green lung of our planet has been inhabited for centuries by hundreds of different ethnic groups. The nearly 6000000 square kilometers of rainforest extends over 9 countries in south america. The year while a p t live in brazil shingo indigenous park the Largest National park created to protect Indigenous Peoples they are devoted to protecting the threatened rain forest. As frontline witnesses of the effects of Climate Change their voices have joined a chorus of scientists who say that saving amazonia is a matter of the utmost urgency. Im the future leader of the i want to pity people. Now carry on my fathers struggle that i. I grew up with my fathers struggle to protect nature and i fought for the land and to keep the river clean. Those are my fathers goals. Because i was raised with them i must continue his struggle and think of the future of my children. Just missed. The i want to keep population is growing and once again today lets show you all up to a month to point out. Years ago in the year while a pretty nearly died down and there were only 7 people that. Among the 7 was my grandfather pyro and his brother sorry your. Son but me a handful in the 1960 s. The young team had no increase the numbers just several 100 but the future is uncertain. Tell baseball there are a ton a is that to see the chief of the tri. C we have gathered here and i will name the names of the 1st weitzman that was orlando of the last. And cloudy oh we lost more yes they put this land in our hands so we must take care of it. I return to witness the disastrous effect of the 1st contact between tribal peoples and european settlers decades ago. The settlers brought with them Infectious Diseases to which the indians had no immunity. Such exposure wiped out numerous tribes. The push began to protect the rain forest people from extinction. And activists including the villas boas brothers demarcated the lands of local tribes on the shingle river which became a National Park in the 1961. And. The. North sea. This footage from 1973 shows the quadruped ritual with which the Indigenous People of the uppish in good river honor the souls of their ancestors. The ancient ceremony is still carried out today. Just a year after the death of the old. P. T. Begin the ceremony lasting several days to liberate the spirits of the departed. The giant flutes are the voice of the souls of the forest. Song drives away evil spirits. Love to teach pain their bodies will be ok shifts. You. How. The tribes people have come to accept that they have to struggle to in order to preserve if they. Shall be has left the tribe to study in the city. As he has returned for the quadruped festival of the day. I live on the coast and by shot a scientist to see ive been here a week and ive been doing a lot of fishing and this week ive caught about 100 fish with them when. I move. In the world outside the shingle reserve theres no more respect the rivers are being abused the fish are being decimated. They want to destroy everything. It would break my heart if we lost our land up in their mind if. I want to return here but i have to study more because i want to show the community what ive learned in the city and i. Thank. You thank. You thank you. For. The slope. In the center of the village its time for the villages to start stamping to awaken the dead. The core group is one of the major festivals in this single tribal world but in this day the villages are uneasy. Pims of smoke coming dangerously close and threatening to disturb the age old ritual. Calling firefighters. Police come to the village to put out a fire would be i came out of the. Forest fires are among the greatest danger is not only in the shingle reserve but in all of the amazon basin. The fire is often said deliberately for big landowners who want to clear the forest and use the land for cattle grazing all monoculture crops. Some of the much the meds again this is the strategy we adopt the fire is moving towards the village in the center of the village is an area without hot and we have to get the front under control that is heading for the village so if it gets too close to the straw roofs will catch fire which would be a disaster. Marketed as your life you see the tree there standing alone can reach it on foot yes lets go. To the 1st thing in the dry period from june to october the amazon basin is ringed by wildfires. In 2016 a massive anon was raised in with the worst drought in 50 years. The president theyve been working here for a year on your feet and they come when we need help. If. Its cooking the fire burns up part. Additional Medicinal Plants some of the resources we use not that its but they might get it you dont. Like. The firefighters have limited means at their disposal the brigade of young indigenous men has only rudimentary could. Write a story viewable by sure i am a mule to a posh owl and i belong to a firefighters brigade from brasilia i am here to supervise the brigade from the shingle National Park. Live. Music every 4 feel the situation is alarming that if you go into the wild piles of destroying many hectares of forest you logical want to. Become an alcoholic. The last resort to prevent the worst is just also count a fire in the underbrush. From i would think we call this ping a fire we open up a line of defense and the ping of fire serves as a counter fire in the hole. It runs counter to the main fire and that way we can control the entire defense signed into law pulled out do you think we should we prefer you to feel. For centuries the Indigenous Peoples cleared land by burning safety. By the high levels of moisture in the forest but dwindling rainfall has now reduced that natural fire protection. Now their theory is that much of the rain forest could turn into a savannah. To measure the effects of Climate Change on the amazon basin a Research Center was set up in the rain forest. The amazonian tool tower observatory opened in 2015 is several hours drive from the knowledge on the move my name is antonio monsey im a meteorologist and my specialty is the interaction between the biosphere and the atmosphere over the past years my work has mainly focused on the effect of Greenhouse Gases and their exchange between the atmosphere and the surface of the ground should. All the world were heading to the r 2 tower the tallest weather observatory in the amazon it was built to hold the equipment that measures the interaction between the tropical rainforest and the atmosphere and the effects on the climate in the region often is almost one of the most feared you can be more than a. Few. 325 meter high tower rises above the forest canopy the unique Metal Construction supports measuring instruments designed to monitor one of the most sensitive ecosystems on our planet. Jim and meteorologist stefan vase is part of the mission designed to predict a mess odious future. Her busy. Yes its what youve got to screen to sink we can see as far as 40 to 50 kilometers at certain times of the day she should fight we collect a lot of different data depending on whether its the rainy or dry season and i think i said we dont just want to see the difference between the seasons we want to find out whether there are long term changes sumi for example see how much the c o 2 concentration will rise in the coming years you know sort of giving i would have a little bit with this tower we aim to monitor the ecosystem over the long term and to follow the developments of global Climate Change over a period of 10 to 20 years that stem the rise in c o 2 concentration in the atmosphere the rise in temperature of the probable changes in the amount and intensity of precipitation and how all that affects the ecosystem of the amazon rain forest and its relationship to the atmosphere that the selfesteem of this what else does that tell us all but the last set of almost one year tell us often the Amazon Region faces many threats today yes i had the problems one of them is manmade deforestation into my one and however the biggest threat is fossil fuels seeming to for sure they pose a very serious problem. Because the increase in atmospheric Greenhouse Gas concentrations me can trigger climatic changes that will make the amazon basin much drier definitely to the point where there wont be enough water left by sea to sustain the current ecosystem for all of that you know did i will see a fair mindedness that says the most awesome of those numbers on. The latest Scientific Research on the role of the rainforest matches the observation. Of the Indigenous Peoples who have lived here for centuries but for them the forest also has a spiritual significance. The amazon basin with more than a 1000 tributaries has driven evolutionary processes in countless species of animals and plants. On the shingle river the lifeline for the humans in the region toppy and his son merits are 2 of the 1st witnesses of the changes in store. Thanks. To the marker down. Here and this is the trail of a jaguar. I always tell my son not to go out into the forest alone its much too dangerous because the jaguar could get him. Its already attacked one member of our tribe which are you are jumped on him a tree and clawed open his chest. Great about this so its very risky to go into the forests alone where some of. The forest is an open book and he passes on his knowledge with justice and well. When i was little i didnt realise how important the forest was. Down with Climate Change the air is sometimes so warm and if there is no rain in. The rainy period is true. Theres less rain. In the morning. Thats made it clear to me that we have to protect the forest. Because here in the shingle region we have only a tiny island of forest. But it. He shows me medicines and how to protect the forest so it will still be here for us in the future. That this is a sacred place where there wasnt beauty the forest extends a long way in this direction i dont know how many kilometers nothing has been slashed and burned areas still in doubt it. We teach our children by showing them the secrets of the forest. He was the one here who sends a very powerful energy. Even to the energy of the spirits of nature. For the you can sense the atmosphere with his feet. If you breathe in the perfect flowers or plants. That. Gives you new energy and you feel much better. For us my goodness people its part of life to take good care of the forest. Islands in the natural environment. The territories marked in light green on the back make up 10 percent of the area of brazil. The 800000 square kilometers has roughly the area france and germany combined are home to 500000 people. But its not only the Indigenous Lands on the river that have attracted the attention of the Agro Industry which is felling more and more forest by the day in the state of muster grosso which borders on the protected area the rain forest has been nearly completely depleted over the past 4 decades. Instead of giant trees soybean silos rise up into the sky. Said his here the forest was never a sacred place but land to be conquered to face. Today brazil is the Worlds Largest soya expose. And with 220000000 heads of cattle it is also one of the worlds biggest beef exports its today the Agricultural Industry poses the greatest danger to the amazon basin. Will feel she had to do it i came here on august 18th 974 ive been living in can lead for 42 years the since i was 11 years old and now im 53 soon turning 54. Hour somebody used to see nothing but forest here there were no houses just trees i thought we cut the road with our chainsaws 50 plus our project we felled trees so we could keep going back then there were just 2 houses you saw wild boars and jack was. 4 or 5 years later the 1st cattle claims. That he cut down more trees to make grazing land for 4 months in the beginning we had 5 or 6 animals intensive livestock breeding didnt start until 978. 00. 1000000. 00 santas he said and they were. Back then the sections came in troops fleeing poverty in the north east of brazil to exploit the wealth of the rain forest. If you could see a photograph from back then you wouldnt believe your eyes there was nothing here but forest where they had thought you said. Uncontrolled settlement led to a host of environmental disasters. The conquest of western brazil began in 1970 with the construction of the trans amazonian highway the plan of the military regime at the time was to open up as the slogan went land without men in the amazon for men without land in the north east. For 4000 kilometers the highway cuts like a scar through the heart of the rain. Forest. The access it created kicked off an unparalleled gold rush. In the 1980 s. The setup a larger gold mine became a symbol of the ruthless exploitation of the amazon. And the gigantic kraisak carved out by human hands thousands of prospect is including many forced labor is scramble to find the precious metal. The destructive history of the mine is today reflected in the 4 known eyes of the few remaining gold hunters who wont or cant give up their dream of eldorado. My name is rhyme although im 64 and i came here in 1989. But. I was a bricklayer and i came because i thought it would be better here but it was worse. There was nothing but forest pastures just forest and there were no roads. You just feel that the 20 years ago there was still a lot of gold and now you hardly find any. One that i saw but ive stayed on to wait for my pension which i will probably never get to leo sorry. If. I feel. Thats her. You extract the gold 1st you run it over the seeds then it sinks to the bottom of the pan. This is a chemical a very concentrated acid thats banned whats really in it i dont know. All told i extracted about 10 kilograms in 26 years. The prospectors destroy the land that they dig huge holes then theyve got a boy. Who. Continues to work the crated polluted area trapped in an environment increasingly ravaged by men made destruction. I want to shake yet. When i 1st came here there was much more rain and the rainy season started in september or october and lasted until mid may. Then everything here was flooded now the rainy season begins in march the river dries up and brings no more water in august. Once thats the fault of deforestation i dont have another explanation i say himself success 50000 hectares of forest were felled back there its sad they say they still make me do want to snuff out of. My station brings misery and poverty and conflicts between searches and Indigenous People. Was injured on the baja oh my it was the indios came into our tents and stole our food and everything we had then. They ripped up the tents no matter if they are made of cloth or plastic and disappeared. What are you going to do well take on india who is armed with a bow and arrow we gold prospectors have firearms and we sometimes fight with the indios but its complicated the media is only interested in the indios they dont care about us brazilians indios can kill you but you cant even hit them or you end up in jail so when indio starts something youd better get out of there and keep your mouth shut if you dont want to die. I dont know why they get preferential treatment the indians dont make any money for brazil theyre not like us i dont really know what they do on the shingle n. D. O. Reserve they have airplanes cars weapons the indios get everything and what do we get. Nothing you know. Not the. Colliding here each full of prejudice and lack of understanding of the other. But it is essential to build up trust and starts a dialogue to rescue whats left of the forest. In the space of just one century a quarter of the amazon rain forest has disappeared. In a minute we know that we need to have good relations with the world of the whites out there indeed we have to make contact with them especially with our neighbors the farmers. And my father and i have already visited several farms to talk with their owners. Ask them to work with us and not allow lawyers onto our land and no fisherman. Dont leave them we Indigenous People are always told dont quarrel with the farmers but treat them like allies but it works the other way to us they should help us to protect our trespassers out of our reserves its. Relations with the world. The whites are peaceful and based on mutual respect. This year the river has dried out. Water levels have gone down tremendously. Its worrisome to see so many sandbanks where there used to be water but i have never seen so little water in the river. Because the day. Before the dam was there there was always enough water. But after the dam was built the water level dropped and there were no more fish in the might the fish are being held back by the dam wall and can swim into the river running. Through is the harder you are wonderful a true paradise leave the forest alive because you will need it. But the government in brasilia appears unwilling to engage in dialogue protecting the Indigenous People and the rain forest is not a priority. The dam nearing completion on the river is one of the biggest in the world yet the bellemont a dam complex is just one more the forest and its inhabitants. Gigantic projects including 70 major planned to make brazil a global play on the energy. But every day destroys the ecological balance of the rainforest and decimates its incredible biodiversity thousands of its animal and plant species are believed to be still undiscovered. Humanity scientists see that as the truth. I will. Because its a funny thing because if you are frightened of the forest if you dont feel the forest you cant see the forest and strangely enough people who wear boots and shoes is trained on snakes much more often than people who will display a faith so i also do it the safe. I am bill magnussen im with the National Institute on the imus on the in research and ive been here for 36 years and i study by diversity and from all of its aspects from where it is to how to maintain its funny finding people who want to help maintain it. So we have you know this is planned and. Which healthy for the air. And sea as well as. This plant. Provides housing and food for these ants. They dont look like they do very much the moment but we have done experiments where we think and they say hands off and within 2 weeks the plant and thing totally did fall the i did it made stance defended so 3 small plants that we see around many of them are on described. In the stream that we have here and they have species that feed the a male. Species that we can see is enormous if you take into account all of those things that we cant see which is the thousands and spaces of funky that might be in this. The tiny animals that 3 cycles everything that comes from the top and allows the system to would. This is what. Makes the forest work for us. And that is what we dont understand we know it works wed like to know why it works but we just dont know most of the answers to the question of. What makes them a bone system run. Water most people dont realize it but pretty bad thing to be amazonas classified as wetland and that this war would make the whole system that maintains a bio diversity but who just want to maintain the bar diversity the Market Growth of the also maintains the water when the water comes off the ocean unfold from the eastern part of the amazon in one drying in the soil and be taken away. But the be about preparing for asian prices want to back up into the the trees pump it back out into the good and it gets taken further across the amazon and thats. If they exist so until it already is right and gets rolled across to the edge of the entity and then they break that down to the south of brazil to the most important agricultural areas in brazil other places in the world that live and she says its so the agricultural areas of brazil the pin or membrane which is generated by the trade with the animal when youre in juice the forest to the point the system will collapse. Well have a savanna in the amazon and well have a desert in the south of brazil. We have potential for curing illness of providing new forms of food we have been working with a lot of indigenous communities what we need is to give them the improved my. Body to integrate they normally in the wealthiest of. Just surprised has a spiritual significance with Indigenous People. Their beliefs a based on respect for the environment in which they depend for survival. In their creation is the great day its even would seem a breathed life into a tree which then turned into a human. After death a piss in spirit he tends to the tree. Certificates the myope. While i can while they apply to the most important ritual here is there. A minute you know on that seal were benefiting my own called para come on up by i think that our father already towners brother who died last year lets just. Say that this is the tree trunk we felt for him. It wasnt just any tree of the state state but a special one that we cut down in honor of our leaders its not theres a need to say. He was a very important brand i think both the Mother Community and for the fight for indigenous rights in the day to dispose indeed. Basic goods they have thought about the song as sacred and if we sing it while we decorate the tree trunk and its like that before it as soon as the singer starts we start doing. The spirit and the soul of a dead person as president is that he watches us as we honor him because its an infant in the mantle. That the. That the. Way. The singer continue singing until dawn. On earth. When the song is finished up in the dead mans soul travels to another world where the sun and moon forming the village of sort of work days a month out there thats the end of the ritual. For you cloth. Earth. This earth. Itself this. Is. Not. In accordance with tradition all the tribes from the up a single come to attend the quadruped. They own it theyre dead together and complete. A wrestling contest that can help reduce tensions between the individual tribes. And these peaceful Indigenous Peoples are essentially against violence which in their view is something reserved for animals or lesser beings. The british this motif. Is a fish. To do i like it thats why i chose it but today. Tomorrow ill also be fighting with a certain limit to that i mean i will. Fight certainly wont be easy. Because our adversities a strong last. Few feet most of us see some of them for you know its a good fight to have to start training as a boy once hes 14 years old. I have to eat special routes to make him feel strong and helping grow up to be a strong and courageous man for the little of the austrians. And then my. Mother you know that you know well you. Know you see it on the tribes here today or the quarter kourou caught up much you know who i went to and waldo that. C was. Go who cares or competition its just same image you came 1st the champions faceoff i was like i have to be the winner is the one who 1st manages to grab his opponents spot its a done deal but you know enough to knock him down but if you die you can also throw your opponent on his back. And those are the rules to say. Oh. 6 everyones very excited to go hookah is a very important ritual for the preservation of our culture here in the shingle reserve has been the shoot its part of our identity. From us i have to concentrate because it will be very hard. I said but as far as i can see our opponents are afraid of our fighters fighting with us was one of my mother but also let me get a lot of guys. I. Think the touch of. The car it is still an authentic ritual tourists are not allowed to enter the reset. But how long will that continue to be the case superstition of the 1st close. To the top on down the earth or at the end of the fight the tree trunk is lifted into the water. Yes and thats the end of our ritual i know my father and my cousins will be released from their mourning if they return to normal life and can dance again and theyve been struck with the. New things and with the end of. This week chiefs are using new technologies like the internet or the automobile as weapons in the battle to preserve our culture and. Our struggle is taking place right here and you know stuff this is. A return to and his son tapia 2 of the last guardians of the amazon they are fighting for their survival and the survival of the rain forest. If no action is taken against the deforestation of the region then 50 years from now the amazon rain forest will be reduced to half its current size. The Indigenous People will not win this battle without help from the rest of the world. I am. In the amazon and if something is going to reach people it has to close the even the occasional silence the result only training situation is many courses on the under chance for young people in remote indigenous the book to make a commitment coming chores each of the 8 hours of their 30 minutes. W. Africa. Goes youre refusing. To look at that. Period its good to go in. The canteen he makes a sound and environmental projects include sustainable and the. Bar code doesnt grow. In 90 minutes d. W. Clean slate. Carefully. Or simply choose to do good. Action. To discover who. Subscribed to documentary on you tube. In russia firefighters backed by the countrys air force struggling to contain fost wildfires in siberia environmental groups say the blaze is expanded further today and have now engulfed some 45000 square kilometers is. Beijing has issued a strong warning to prodemocracy activists in hong kong saying they should not mistake restraint for weakness the statement came a day off to a general strike that power lies the Territory Police arrested almost 150 people off to violent clashes