The beginning of a new era in astronomy for the 1st time scientists have detected the ghostly particles that are not just extraterrestrial but extragalactic. They come from millions of like years away where stars explode or super massive black holes swallow cosmic matter in tremendous force neutrinos theyre among the most abundant particles that exist and the most mysterious every 2nd 100000000000 of them are a strong bodies a close to the speed of light without ever noticing they move on in good through the universe because they can fly easily through most matter. I mean the neutrino. Thing nothing we can imagine. Has 0 size 0. Mass or very close to 0 and it interacts so we agree with everything. But somehow or other the neutrino isnt nothing it might be the key to the universe. For astro physicists the universe is one huge laboratory and which most things still have to be discovered. The matter of which the stars planets interstellar gas clouds and humans are composed only accounts for a mere 5 percent of the universes mass the rest is an enormous unsolved puzzle the human eye is woefully inadequate to see everything in the universe astrophysicists are looking for operators that will help them investigate the tremendous events in the cosmos to which they have any number of theories but precious little concrete information the suquamish and from then on simply neutrinos and in our case neutrinos with particularly high energy they are neutrinos conveying a message they are messengers they tell us something about the object from which they come to us this object must be something in which incredibly high energy is released many times higher than in the some. Good cooking so we are looking for instance at neutrinos arising from dark matter and i lay ssion processes these may give us an indication of what dark matter is is. 10 years ago an International Team of scientists started to build a gigantic detector to catch these High Energy Neutrinos in one of the most remote places on the south pole. Deep in the ice the scientists are looking for flashes of light triggered when a neutrino collides with matter. With immobile drilling station the Research Team has noted countless homes kilometers deep into the Antarctic Ice cap. Here the ice is so deep and pure that the detector which measures a cubic kilometer has sufficient space and ideal conditions for hot water drill which draws down its own weight as it melts the ice has prepared the way for photo sensors in the Crystal Clear eyes. The other layer of the ice sheet consists of snow snowflakes changes there pressed down deeper and deeper over many thousands of years from graceful ice crystals to compact transparent ice. To meet a high flakes are transformed into fur a layer of compacting argues more and more snow presses the air out of the 3rd. Becomes denser and even more compact until finally it is a body of ice almost free of air. And. The scientists have introduced photo sensors the size of basketballs into the ice on separate strings like threaded beats up to a depth of 2 and a half kilometers within a single day the drill hole freezes close to. Yeah. When the works completed a cubic kilometers of ice is full of sensors. The gigantic detector is now ready. Deep within the Crystal Clear ice where it is pitch dark fountains of highly sensitive photo sensors wait for minimal but far reaching traces of light. And these traces only occur when a neutrino collides with an atom in the ice. 2013 scientists found the 1st conspicuous light signals in the ice cube detector. Doesnt appear as its commonly found we can trap the neutrino itself when it interacts with matter very rarely if were very lucky it collides with an atomic nucleus releasing secondary particles some of which move hundreds of meters 2 kilometers in straight trails through the matter for me and this key behind them they pull a cone of light which is called chattering called radiation after the man who discovered it. And this light is what we did tanked with the ice cube we found High Energy Neutrinos for the 1st time but. Thats where they had such high energy that it was extremely unlikely they were created in the earths atmosphere exactly. The steel in the it atmosphere thats right ones and. These neutrinos must have come from outside our solar system. Where such a High Energy Cosmic neutrino which is much smaller than an atomic nucleus collides with an atom in the ice it creates a white signal that spreads over several 100 meters. To discover is a bird with a breakthrough after decades of research. Scientists worldwide are searching for these messenger particles from the distant universe also on the other side of the planet in europe a Research Institute on the french coast of too long is a base for a tremendous Mediterranean Project the cubic kilometers neutrino telescope or came through. A small prototype of the deep signorino detector already sends data here. Each box corresponds to a one of the detection strings each cross represents the. Height of the time of the the photon that was the detective. 20 years ago we started the development of the telescope. It took some from while to learn. The tricks of the trade of how to build very large infrastructures very deep in the sea with in fact the text strings but the project that were building now that will be many hundreds. So this will dramatically. Increase the chances that guarantee that we will be able to have big us detection of cosmic neutrinos neutrinos are all around us but we have no idea where they come from these elementary particles that have a 1000 times more energy than those from the Worlds Largest particle accelerator the large hadron collider in geneva. Tributes one of the most trivial neutrino sources humans all of us have in our bodies a small amount of a radioactive isotope of potassium potassium 40 undergoes b. To decay which produces neutrinos. Our bodies emit between 45000. 00 neutrinos per 2nd. But more important ones for us physicists are solar new trainers which we have already identified in fact on every square centimeter say on every thumbnail 60000000000 solar neutrinos arrive every 2nd and they fly through us irrespective of where were standing facing away from the sun not swards a torn a deep cave imagine 60000000000 neutrinos as. The sun burns hydrogen in its core at a temperature of 15000000 degrees celsius light particles and also neutrinos are emitted the sunlight we see has required thousands of years to pass through the sun successive layers only the neutrinos leave the core immediately just 8 minutes after their creation they reach the earth. But these are low Energy Neutrinos. We used to when were looking for neutrinos that come to us from entirely different processes not from Nuclear Reactions but from massive excel aeration processes due to cosmic accelerators like the l. H. C. Accelerator in geneva but that excel rate many many times faster with much Higher Energy were hoping that cosmic neutrinos will give us information we cant get from any other source. Neutrinos are a small part of the cosmic rays that constantly rained down on the earths atmosphere weve known about this High Energy Particle radiation for more than a 100 years but where and how the particles originate is still a possible all we know is that it consists largely of atomic nuclei mainly protons. Here in the mediterranean the came 3 neck detector will be built in 3 sections one of them off the coast of italy another of the coast of france and the 3rd off the coast of greece. They will be 4 kilometers underwater and digitally linked to former. Ion detector. In its maximum extension camp 3 next will be 10 cubic kilometers large whereas ice is the detecting medium of ice cube at the south pole the detecting medium here will be liquid water. But deep sea conditions make entirely different demands on the planning and construction of the detector. To read the data from the water the scientists are installing an infrastructure on the seabed which will gather the data bundle it and transfer it via special d. C. Cables to the analysis stations on the coast. With an instrument the engineers call worm which uses extreme water pressure they dig a deep channel into the upper layers of shell and stones until a strike a harder layer of rock. Upon this Solid Foundation and accompanying die lays the cable and immediately covers it with shell line stone and much protection. Seitan south of berlin is the location of one of the leading centers of Neutrino Research. The german electron synchrotron daisey. This is where a team of particle physicists developed the sensors from which ice cube at the south pole is constructed. In their class and is glassfish you see a photo multiplier tube it is inside here and its very light sensitive. On these in the sense that if as of when a single photon strikes they signed it produces a tiny electrical currents which can be read out by the electronic module thats located in the upper part of the sensor or darfur in a poor nick when you call it a plan here let me show you those sectors like the holy see up this is the this is the glass of beer that protects the sensor from the enormous pressure deep in the ice. On the minute and inside we have the elektra at module which amplifies and digitizes the tiny electrical current and then sends the digital signal out to the surface. Thousands of synchronize sensors measure the precise time and strength of the light events and communicate the data. In their laboratory the researchers are already working on the next generations of light sensors they should be cheaper simpler and more efficient one idea is to conduct the terrain called light through coated tubes the scientists are looking for ultraviolet light. The post doctoral student yakob fun son tim is getting ready for his 1st assignment of the south pole. You have to be really fit to fly to the south pole and i have to get a thorough medical check up when i get the ok ill set off for Christchurch New Zealand south island ill have to wait there for quite a while until the weather conditions are just right. This is that often on the fly 8 hours to the antarctic coast and then maybe after a couple of days take a flight of 2 hours to the south pole. Response service one simple thing. And ive been working on the ice cube project for a long time but ive never seen my experiment im really looking forward to that and going to such a special place which only few people have been to so far. The journey to the south pole is an adventure for the young scientist the antarctic use larger than europe its surface includes land a continental i sheet and a gigantic ice shelf 98 percent of the region is covered in snow and ice some of the sea ice surrounding the southernmost continent melts to less than 3 men. Square kilometers one 6th of its winter surface because of the altitude of its to rain the extremely low temperatures and low precipitation the antarctic is also one of the driest reaches fact the Worlds Largest desert. Gets summer here and its high Season Research has come to the south pole in summer only a Skeleton Crew remains during the dark cold winter to keep the detector running. Everyone who comes here is excited to reach the south pole but some suffer from altitude sickness from the moment they arrive it takes a few days to a climatologist for the researches the new Ahmanson Scott south pole station is no aces in the middle of the ice deserts the current tees their survival. The station can accommodate several 100 people everything here is simple and practical. But scotland amundsen who were the 1st to reach the south pole more than a 100 years ago would be astonished by the comfort and technology. This is an astrophysics hotspot deep in the attorney the researchers are discovering cosmic light signals. Ice cube are searching for neutrinos that have flown through the earth ones that entered the northern hemisphere. Ones that entered the Southern Hemisphere and look for in the mediterranean for only neutrinos can fly through the earth. The k m 3 detector will also search for party. That have traveled through the earth since the mediterranean is more than 5000 meters deep tanya on the east coast of sicily is no ideal spot for research station. The team of european scientists is here to install the 1st section of the detector on the seabed. Physicists have adapted the structure of the photo sensors to deep sea conditions. Water pressure salt and sea currents a formidable challenges the sensitive electronic module has to be protected to make the most precise measurements at any moment. And i feel that i with you the difficulty is that these objects have to be placed at a depth of 4000 meters. Up and we hope it everything has to be correct. Because its extremely hard to pull them back up out of the water to repair them. So everything has to work perfectly before the Mission Begins in this. Testing that. The physicists register the sensors so as to be able to sort the data they will receive from the depths. In the Scott Amundsen station at the south pole jaco from santa is not feeling at home he can reach the ice cube on for. The. Larger head its a tribute a full day for almost no wind the summer temperatures of minus 30 degrees celsius glory. The sunshine. The station is about 500 meters behind me and in front of me its only about 500 meters to the ice cube laboratory where youre from so im going there now to see how our detector is doing it. Steve these rods and flags are the only parts of the ice cube you can see on the surface most of the detector lies one and a half kilometers beneath my feet over years. By secure is a superb neutrino detector a gigantic high tech ice cube. Buried 2 and a half kilometers deep in the eternal iosif the south. Its docked down there isis extremely pure. Light is able to travel through ice cube without much scattering. The eye is of the telescope watch for the tiniest flashes of light 5200 photos senses register the week lights of the particle traces which can travel many hundreds of meters through the ice. White light signals are discovered the sensors transform them into electrical signals and conduct these along the steel cables to the surface to the ice cube in a bar a tree. Into the brain of the telescope. The 1st Computer Center has already been installed in ice cube it registers all the data from the ice field as it roughly and then sends it to Research Centers all over the world. Data from each of the more than 5000. 00 senses in the ice is. Gathered here. This is the detectives control center it receives its power from here. Thousands of meters of cable. And cupboards full of computers. Day and night a small team of scientists monitors the electronics in the ice cube. To keep the detector running some of the scientists remain on the ice during the winter. And it is minus 70 degrees celsius here and as night. The sun stays below the horizon the moon follows its regular course. This is perfect for viewing the iridescent polar lights ionizing solar wind that meets the earths atmosphere and is diverted to the poles. But now during summer at the south pole when its winter in europe the sun never sets. It circles the pole at a fixed distance to the horizon the rhythm of day or night this is suspended the day has 24 hours of sunlight and you cant oriented yourself on the suns position. Its just a single day that never seems to end. Of fun sundins trip to the high tech detector ice cube in the Antarctic Ice pans up to 10 solar days. Its like looking for the needle in a gigantic haystack the scientists continue filtering the countless events in the ice until they come across the decisive light signals. For the future this is the raw data and its what we see the whole detector but not in real time ive only read out one second here as acquittals can the other thats a 1000 times slower than real time can you switch to real time yes the clip last one second and blinks wildly. Filtering the data more and more the researchers arrive at their goal. 600. 00 metre long like trail left by a particle so small that its invisible. Than the one for now we really only see where there was a strong light signal. Yes this is the trace passing through its a mere one producing cherenkov radiation which has been picked up by the sensors you can see that very clearly. Bernie and bert are no longer alone. Since discovering them researches have been able to identify other cosmic neutrinos. The one with the most energy to dates they have named big bird. I think it was awful is that the movie were hoping to be able to identify the sources of these High Energy Neutrinos as soon as possible the big question is how is this cosmic radiation produced how is it exaggerated what are the cosmic accelerators that must exist i hope i dont have to spend the rest of my life researching just these questions but i definitely want answers to them sooner the better. Downtown berlin location of the zeiss planetarium. This is one of europes largest planetariums and the City Administration is making it one of the most modern. The news of the extragalactic neutrinos fascinates the director. To show them in the planetarium dome at the reopening would be sensational. Planetarium director tim florian horton is a specialist in visualizing cosmic phenomena. Using the most modern projection techniques he wants to make the latest developments and discoveries intelligible to his visitors. The berlin planetarium is a modern theater of science. In them in the stars and then whenever anything new is discovered we want to talk about it and show it. We can help people understand neutrinos best that we can show their path through the cosmos. That works very well in the planetarium because our audience gets an idea of the enormous distances in the universe. Sign could. Lines on in real time of course they would need months to fly through the solar system so we have to suspend some natural laws we fly faster than the speed of light to a place where in reality we would be destroyed by radiation if we ventured beyond our milky way we wouldnt be able to see other galaxies because our eyes arent capable of collecting light that long to be able to identify them and least someone for tones im in thats my 2nd guess and its a fine line were treading here we want to be scientifically correct but also intelligible for the audience so we have to. Compromises and scientific accuracy to make it understandable he a clay sickly Translation Service for science and was at some speed or revision shaft. To visualize the newly discovered neutrinos born meets up with a Neutrino Research or christiane should be of age and a visual artist in the Animation Department at the potsdam bubbles bag film studios. Their aim is to bring a cosmic neutrino to the screen to make the discovery of an invisible object comprehensible to a wide audience. None of them knows what a neutrino really looks like. Just saying if we want to represent neutrinos what can we show how do we conceive of a neutrino how might it move through the universe. As it is. I just imagine how a neutrino moves and i imagine Something Like the trial of a jet plane without seeing the plane it sounds a 1000000 interested in how it flies its passed through some object. Or i simply imagine a neutrino as the greek letter knew thats enough for me basically what i see is a formula for optionally see the former formula so then i ask myself where did they come from how do they move and where are they headed. Plus when im in a train or high flying through space so subjectively it subjectively. Various galaxies approach i leave them behind then comes empty space then at some point our galaxy our solar system turns up and then a blue sphere in the distance so thats the earth. So far spearing has only thought of neutrinos as particles without a shape the visual artist presents him with various ideas. Though thats more like an atomic model not a neutrino for me a neutrino is more like a point without a result structure very very tiny and square and it would your spokane next suggestion. Goes a model thats more luminous and intangible with the oscillation on the outside. This is a visit that looks more like a dance so nice elves capering around a green sphere in the manner in the right country probably with those bands i see a strange also lation. The smoke of this ones interesting and out of focus might be more interesting and the makes me think of solar eruptions through the vicinity as perhaps the problem is that certain images are already familiar with this one probably looks like star trek and it was around indecisively in space. All excited yes very excited betray no many happy of 44 i saw Something Interesting in a computer preview a sharply defined sphere rather like a billiard ball even if those edges could fray out or blur i think we would be capturing the to sleep particle aspect. But i would make it smaller. If you for me its just a bit too big in relation to the screen. Was. No problem. Just like that lets try that. In the center of a particle physics in mass say the french Research Team is getting ready to install the 1st came 3 net detective jane. These are the the eyes of the telescope and the focal multiplier is a very very sensitive to light they can catch just one single photon. The human eye actually requires about 7 photons before you can trigger that youve detected something whereas these are much more sensitive than the human eye and we need to measure the position where the photon arrives. On the detector with a few centimeter concision cause that in the bottom of the sea we have the sea currents and in fact everything is slightly moving and so inside the optical module we have some very precise accomplices which measure the rotation of the sphere and its inclination in all directions. In the rare event that a neutrino hits the nucleus of an atom in the eyes the create you on which it gets light that activates the individual senses on its flight path from the direction of the flight path the researchers can reconstruct the position of the neutrino source. The amount of light that detects in the telescope actually depends on the the energy of the train so if a low Energy Neutrino will thin for that there wouldnt be very much light. When its a very high. The whole detector will be will be lit up like a christmas tree. 3 net would be a powerful deep sea detector the counterparts of ice cube in the northern hemisphere. Each detector string is 800 meters long and carriers 18 sensors the size of a basketball. If you were able to walk around on the sea there amongst the forest of the things i think youd be quite impressive sight seeing. The telescope is not reject it floats on the water current so every sensor has to continuously redefine its position thats the only way the researchers can determine the direction of the neutrinos. Back to the animation studio. From the planetarium tim florian horne has brought a Software Program that can simulate the known universe. In these vast spaces the team tries to create a Straight Path for the neutrino from its source to the earth. In graphic card a graphic card or a Computer System cant manage to represent these large scales properly we have to use a trick. Interlaced the various coordination systems and so basically what faster than light. But you know when were crossing matter whether its an asteroid on. The earth it would be good to try and zoom in on the atomic level i mean the level where as a neutrino i only see an atomic nucleus in front of me but a few electrons circling it because of the end of the day an atom is an empty system through which the neutrino flies completely unhinged it basically the whole of earth consists of these empty systems and thats why its permeable for neutrinos. The atomic level should show why the neutrino can fly on hindered through walls and hope planets flight through the void. In must say the research is the preparing to transport the tech to string. The scientists roll a string with the sensor spheres into a big ball they have developed a special anchor to secure it on the seabed. The final step in the construction hall is to load to the road up string on to the yellow anchor. The 1st sensor train is ready for shipping together with the anchor its loaded and sent off. A Research Vessel transports it 40 kilometers offshore. To nights the 1st 3 string is due to reach the bottom of the mediterranean at a depth of 3 and a half 1000 meters. Long. Up. Slowly at a speed of 12 meters per minute the anchor and senses sink on to the sea bed. They are accompanied by submersible robots steered by engineers on board the Research Vessel. 4 and a half hours later the load reaches the bottom robotic arms attach cables linking the anchor with the deep sea infrastructure the transmits energy and information to the coastal station. Then a boy hoists the frame. The sense of string unwinds vertically from the metal frame like whew from a board and releases the individual photo sensors to their specific final positions. Assembling the 1st detector string is successful. Many hundreds more will follow. Soon came 3 net will also be able to identify extragalactic neutrinos. In the berlin planetarium the research Animation Team wants to take a look at its 1st results cosmic premiere screening. Scientists view the universe as a gigantic lebar a tree for testing the validity of basic laws of physics and to investigate regions in which gravity density temperature are extremely high their stars explode or implode and a black hole is creation. A cosmic explosion. Particle accelerator a 1000000 light years away. At enormous. Checks sent out by a gigantic black hole in the heart of an active galaxy. These jets can reach hundreds of thousands of light years into Intergalactic Space and celebrate the cosmic rays thereby producing neutrino. Neutrino flies slightly slower than the speed of light since it has only a tiny mass at no charge other particles dont slow it down will deflect it from its flight path so it can pass through matter without risking a collision. Atoms of which our bodies a major consist of more than 1009 percent empty space between the nucleus the center and even tinier electrons circling it theres a great deal of space for the neutrino nothing but an electrical field. But unlike most other particles the neutrino doesnt register electrical forces. Has to collide directly with a nucleus for it to be a star that occurs very very rare. This rare events can only be discovered with the aid of the gigantic detector. Only by chance and with a tiny probability estimated by the scientists theres a neutrino collide with an atomic nucleus in the ice cube. Its a very able extragalactic neutrinos to be identified for the 1st time the particles dubbed ernie and bert are mega stars of astrophysics. And they can get is covering these cosmic neutrinos we have opened a new window however we havent opened it fully just a crack we know theres something there but we havent mapped this new landscape yet the cup of coffee at. To me its not near from the if we find more of these particles and trace them to definite sources it will be like a mosaic coming together and 6. Bits and someone can then well be able to say how the source is really function how the wild is machines in the cosmos where. When its going to make if there are highly developed civilizations in the cosmos that happens they dont want to be spied on by underdeveloped civilizations like ours to get it through me on the. Ice or maybe they decide not to use electromagnetic waves to communicate from the but something quite different. For instance neutrinos with us just imagine one day wed see a kind of morse code from extraterrestrial civilizations in neutrinos in no train or its. Tech now after the one found it was the fever for lance newly found freedom. Dance mccoll timers and new comers. From the love parade take center. Vacation authenticity and consumer is them 30 years of technology where are we going and where did we count from. Every journey begins with the 1st step and every language with the 1st word courage because. Rico is in germany to learn german and why not learn with him its simple online on your mobile and free stuff w z learning course nikos fake german made easy. To go into unofficial estimates more than 1200000 venezuelans live in colombia neatly and illegally. Already. Returned a vast way of. To visit friends i dont think id ever go back there to live you know when i lived there again i dont know so im not sure. Bearing witness global news that matters. Made for mines. This is news live from berlin heartache for germany as they are knocked out of the world cup quarter finals. The 2 time winners take the lead but their dreams are dosh this weekend get back to prevail. And talk of deals instead of threats of tariffs at the g 20 summit u. S. President donald trump and his chinese counterpart xi jinping agree on a truce in their countrys trade will refuse somebody achievements and shortcomings for you from osaka