How does the learning process really work many teachers have to scratch their heads over that question. And scientists also know very little about what happens in the brain when we learn. When we set up a number of experiments to find out but not with school kids. Pigeons are reputed to be not very smart but might we be wrong about them lets take this average pigeon we call it right now were going to do an experiment to find out if i can distinguish between photos with and without humans in them. We show id have pictures of dr and peer. Family and adrian. Caro and gonna. The pigeon passes easily because its works because its identified humans as a category by has been trained and shown lots of pictures with them without people in them. The pigeon clearly didnt memorize the pictures but learned something abstract from them recognizing a human being and you can apply that to any picture. But. The team of neuroscientists observe the pigeons learning behavior in whats known as a skinner box the process. Of learning how to distinguish between pictures with and without humans appears to follow certain principles in order to investigate them the tests are carried out according to strict rules. And you see its always close to the food. The pigeon packs a yellow patch then if it successfully distinguishes between humans and say animals it gets corn feed as a reward if it gets it wrong the light is briefly switched off. For the south an experimental this kind of experiment you need animals that dont get easily frustrated can take a long time and to start with the animal doesnt know what you wanted to do the patients are very conscientious if you give them a task theyll stick with it even if it takes weeks its fantastic. And thats fantastic. Pigeons actually the sole focus of. Work the neuroscientist is interested in our learning works in all animals and in humans since animal perception is similar to that of humans experiments with animals allow him to form conclusions about how the brain perceives and processes learning. The basic mechanisms are not just demonstrated by tests with photos going toward couldnt even manage to teach is pigeons and spelling to begin with they learn to distinguish between real english words and made up words then new words are introduced. If the word is a real one the pigeon picks on it if its a made up word it picks on the star. But. Proves is that. There is a rule to spelling to me which letters go together in a particular language and this differs from german to english for instance but pigeons and humans learn the probabilities of letter sequences according to the same principle. Whether its Elementary School children or pigeons they learn exactly the same rules but exactly like you think. The difference is that pigeons dont understand what all those squiggles actually mean still theres something we can learn from pigeons here for your genes have shown me the importance of hard work to assign even if youre not very smart and working hard can take you far. Even hard working pigeons like i deserve a break once in a while and one things for sure no one will ever call her birdbrain again. Nowadays more and more people are tending to vegetarian or even feel good lifestyle but they may want to protein which alternative to meet. Like turf you made from soybeans all same time a family protein. All mushrooms then during fat and time protein we put them to the test do funky cut the mustard as a meat substitute. They look like sausages but theyre meatless not that the shoppers here know that. This couple samples them what are they made of the answer comes as quite a surprise and not a nice one its mold. Its supposed to taste good the sausages are indeed made of mold but there anything that unhealthy. Wouldnt taste good and. Is a business i wouldnt have noticed if you hadnt told me. So it gives you hope very good taste like sausage was dropped theres no accounting for taste but there are benefits to sausages made of fungus. They have almost zero fat and they dont boost l. D. L. Cholesterol they contain no poisonous funk guide theyre made of for sorry inventor not term a harmless strain high in protein its found in a range of products in supermarkets the sausage is forty six percent fungus with added albumin and wheat flour as a binding agent extract for extra flavor. The juicy looking filets are eighty eight percent fungal or michael protein along with protein from potatoes and pea fibers this substitute mince meat is ninety five percent micro protein and can be cooked like the real thing. But is it really a replacements for meat in the long term and does it taste like meat at this downed eric heiden makes fries and serves up burgers until now theyve consisted of one hundred percent beef but today hes creating one for especially out of mince fashion from micro protein. That you know will people notice it isnt real mince meat if you are think so especially in direct comparison with a meat burger. Where about to find out micro protein has yet to conquer menus the world over but great things have small beginnings. Scientists at this state of the Art Research Lab and geese an intentional germany have been working for years on the perfect beacon the substitute. Although their fungal meat is made of common edible mushrooms. For meso why do you use oyster mushrooms. First its a very flavorful mushroom were going to intends to taste it. Plus its very high protein in. And it has a nice texture so you dont have the squishy spongy feeling in your mouth it sounds promising lets give it a go. Lovely. The researchers dont wait for the fungus to develop into a mushroom all they need is the web the massive threadlike filaments known as the mycelium. The process is demonstrated here on a small scale. The liquid nutrient contains fructose to feed the fungus the flasks are shaking to aerate the fluid without oxygen the from this wouldnt produce enough micro protein its then freeze dried and stored for later use. The fungal protein can be produced in a relatively small space with a low energy input compared to Meat Consumption its far more sustainable on environmentally friendly. Normally the team produced their micro protein in this bio reactor it takes three days. This impressive looking more to della was made without the use of eggs or other binding agents derived from animals its currently a prototype and not yet commercially available. And im granted a sneak preview. Its not quite the same as mortadella but it does have a good strong taste. And if youd never think it was made from that mushroom stick. And how well are burgers do itll be interesting to see whether our test tasters can distinguish the meat from the fungus version. Thats im not saying this is mate and this one isnt. And how about this guy. Im not me. Its definitely not made the right again this is me. Not me but its a circle not bad snow delicious so its time for you to try one well the creator himself be won over by the fungus burgers. As for mr burnet is from personally i dont like the taste that much comment but i could imagine that vegetarians and vegans might like it that. You have shown that make up and. As a as a dyed in the wool need either im unlikely to go gregan overnight but if youre looking to reduce your Meat Consumption this is a decent alternative here. Mushrooms and other kinds of fun the other special type of organisms not plants not animals. Theyre a world of their own its fascinating inhabitants. And the impact mushrooms have on the environment can be seen especially when theyre gone. Close besler has a mission. To bring mushrooms out of the shadows. Germany is home to over six thousand types of mushroom most of which grow wild in forests but not as much as they used to and that is potentially problematic. Invite if there are two central process is underway in a forest ecosystem senses the buildup of organic matter tree growth and the degradation of organic matter autumn leaves that accumulate trees could never grow to such heights without the help of funky its put simply would be swamped in dead leaves and dead wood without fungal species they help it all break down. Top of the. But fundy are woefully underappreciated. In germany treason manage forest supplanted very close together so they go straight and cut down as soon as possible natural forests a completely different dead trees are left to grow and diet their own pale. In the Bavarian ForestNational Park close beslow shows us the remains of a primeval forest. And it there are the good people its the range of funky found here is more or less unique in germany theres a lot of dead wood here and old trees which is why there are such diversity of funky here. But in fact the whole of germany could be like this. Of course close beslan knows theres no way all forest can be left to its own devices. Hes investigating ways that phunky can be encouraged to flourish in managed forests and has set up experimentation zones at first glance they look unusual hes had trees felled entreats helps chairman and the key question is does leaving dead wood alone lead to a greater perforation of fungal the answer is clearly yes it does diversity of trees also encourages diversity of fungal such as would decay fungus only the fruiting body the mushroom is visible the rest is in the tree trunk or similarly only the fruiting bodies of soil fungal a visible the actual fungus is in the soil its made up of very delicate threads. This is the mycelium it forms on the roots of trees and plants and supplies them with nutrients. My c. M. Can spread out to cover large areas these underground network store water nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus which is shed with the trees. And return the tree supply the funding with sugar compounds they cant produce things themselves but they need them to grow many funky feed off dead wood poorest wood provides a habitat for animal life such as insects those searches are trying to find out which surfaces animals thrive most in their experiments arent yet finished but theyve already reached certain conclusions reached here whats more important than the quantity of dead wood is the diversity of dead wood trees that are Still Standing dead wood on the ground and old leaves thats another decisive factor is the role of light in the Forest Forest managers need to ensure that there are clearings so the dead wood get some sunlight that encourages biodiversity if you fight right now biodiversity is suffering as fungus experts are well aware. Endangered species are added to the global fungal read list. In germany volunteers have examined and evaluated over three million funny as part of the project. And there were. Six players some six thousand types of microfungus in germany can we can only identify a fraction of this number on sight around two hundred types give or take. We have to identify the rest with the help of reference books back home. Or examine them under a microscope. Because. That smells of an unseen. Oh look a rare bracket fungus. The collectors might be delighted by the sheer number of funding they find but the result of the stock taking is so grueling at least twenty five percent of local funky are in danger and days here are many types of funky cant be compiled in q two a lack of information. To rescue as many types of endangered funding as possible. And forest is the only place in germany where this particular groups. To get it to multiply two years ago he succeeded in transplanting it to another factory. Club. Now he can take a sample and conduct a genetic analysis to establish if the fungus has actually settled but it will be a few months before the results are ready. And whatever the results is committed to continuing his work in Fungus Conservation and in the process protecting forests. Well stay on facebook what feelings you associate with forests. How much fussy khan forests are a good place for recreation and Outdoor Activities he says eating dinner in the woods is an amazing experience. Martina compass it disagrees and her post she points to the horrors of the woods like getting attacked by thousands of mosquitoes stumbling over vines and gets in your clothes. But. She compares nature and its splendid forests to oppose some looking beautiful in new clothing and she says we should stop deforestation every way. We. Know its time for. This time it must have been prompted by. All railroads in any case that comes from a. Curry from god i want to know. Why you smoke sometimes white and sometimes. In general white smoke is produced when materials are burnt black smoke is common one plastic spork combustible liquids go up in. Flames the color of small cause a lot to do with the stuff thats burning. And the range of colors is why it didnt vary. With steam locomotives but if its warm outside and humidity is low the steam or smoke out of the stack is really white thats because there is hardly any condensation. The smoke made by this beekeeper looks pretty white. The plant matter in his smoker is still a bit but no matter what the color it will still ward off to be is for at least a while. Smoke is actually bad for both our health and the environment but it is sometimes used to look for example to preserve food. Or as a means of communication like during a papal election black smoke rising from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel means a new pope has not yet been chosen. White smoke means that the cardinals have reached a consensus. Nowadays the vatican adds chemicals to give to smoke its particular color. If you have a. Website. If we answer it on the show you get a d. V. D. With a lighthearted look at how the einsteins most famous the. Most important thing is to. Have a color. Track detention. And thats in a rock set without smoke. Special effects. The smoke was highly sought after. Onstage at the movies. Billowing clouds smoke and swirling particles. This is the stuff of fluid simulation used for out of this world movie special effects. Are seen here in the latest star wars adventure the last jet i. Know real simulated clouds of smoke are easy enough to conjure up with some ink and a tank of water. But for the creators of computer animated effects they can be a challenge. Nears two of a is a professor of games engineering in munich. Hes worked on visual effects for a range of hollywood movies. In twenty twelve he shared a technical achievement oscar for a program that simulates clouds of smoke its a highly complex process. Does come of thats good looks a little weird and says its all about turbulence its the same problem that aircraft manufacturers car makers and weather forecasters have the underlying physics is very complicated and the complexity that arises is far too great for it to be simulated by. The. National encounter. The acclaimed why evil at turbulence software calculates smoke and explosions and recreates them in a realistic manner its been used in numerous blockbuster movies including the star wars spin off rogue one. And in the last jet i the spectacular clowns from exploding spaceships would not have been possible without the munich teams work. What makes a realistic rendition of moving liquids in gases so difficult is the chaotic motion of the individual particles in the smoke or ink how and where they move and how fast is determined by many different factors. Simulation becomes even more difficult when the particles hit an obstacle. So far there hasnt been a satisfactory way to model bad behavior. But now nerves today and his colleagues have found a solution instead of calculating the path of each individual particle their program only requires a rough preliminary design. The system will then independently recognize patterns of motion and completely animation with archive data its based on a technique known as deep learning. The so called leading the idiot idea behind it is to use large amounts of data and let the computer learn to recognise the relationships between data its a hugely promising approach deep learning makes a lot more possible so its an Interesting Development for many areas of i. T. Including these physics simulations voice in and from articles and im off to do physics notes on. The Research Team is confident that deep learning methods will enable complex and realistic smoke simulations that even low budget film studios could afford. And while the algorithms developed to munich would be lending additional relisten to movies the scientists other applications in mind in medicine for instance. The good ones and the blood in our veins can be modeled using the same equations used to create the smoke clouds an interesting idea would be to build up a library of precise simulations such as blood flow behavior for a particular blood vessel geometry and we could then use the learning algorithms to predict how an x. Ray image relates to these flows that would be a very interesting direction for us and. Under the sun here. One day the fluid simulations might even help to save lives. But for now will primarily be seen them on the big screen in the jet i blow away the bad guys and audiences with explosive special effects. The most stories from the world of research and Technology Head to our website d w dot com slash science. And to send us your comments on twitter and facebook. Wed love to hear from the. Lancet for today the next time well be looking at Autonomous Cars are hiding seductive idea but whos responsible when theres an accident to find out next week on tomorrow today see you then caught by. The be. The be the be. The but. The be. The be the but the for the but. The but. The be. Blow truck bombs on civilians. Trimmed situation escalates the bush going to substantial issue military leaders the gobi extent of the British Council mr gerson the bush mum. On. My first vice like the sewing machine. Where i come from women are balanced by this notion for. Something as simple as learning how to write a bicycle isnt observes a little girl i want to have a bicycle off my home but it took me as the by a mob invented by me and my sabers and returns with the sewing machines. Sewing i suppose was more appropriate for those than rising about it as now i also meet south from bozeman back home so i vote by them and social norms and inform them all dead basic like. My name is them out of the home and i work at sea to. Make your small t. V. Even smaller point but dont miss blow smoke. What you want what you want to. Up to date. Extraordinary. Decide whats on. Sunday at the w. It created the milestone. It was an instrument of propaganda interspecies. It underwent a bankruptcy and restructuring. But its still turning out films today. Germanys biggest and oldest film company. Cinematic history from the german empire to the present place. The pioneers the visionary and the business move. One hundred here so far starting february eighteenth. To move. Move move move. Move move move move move. This is the deputy news wire from berlin on the macro vows to stay at the helm german chancellor says chelsea through a full term as head of government and her party now that as you faces a groundswell of dissatisfaction from her own rank and file complete analysis also coming up. Russian investigators searching the snow for any clues as to why an airliner went down soon after taking off from moscow killing all seventy one on board. And veteran braman readers