found, from those low income, working class families, only 4% earned college degrees. joining the table now is carl alexander, professor of sociology at johns hopkins university and co-author of the new book based on his study "the long shadow: family background, disadvantaged urban youth." part of what i'd like you to do, we're hearing about the big policy picture. we know something about tianna's personal story. if you put it in context for us of a 25-year study, what do you know about poverty and what tends to keep people there and what tends to provide an avenue out. >> thanks so much for having me on, first. it's an honor to be here with tianna. her story is riveting, inspiring and it won't surprise that many of the children that we followed over this 25-year period in our project follow a similar path, struggling along the way and working hard to make a go of it. we thought that this was going to be a book about achieving success by doing well in school,