organizations and worker centers are giving employees some hope and some empowerment. the book "new labor in new york" details case studies of this new way of organizing and how they could be replicated, potentially on a national level. the author is ed ott, the editor of that book, who also ran the new york city central labor council. ed joins us now. >> thank you very much. i was a co-editor. >> co-editor. thank you. one of the big shifts that's happened in the economy that's led to a decline in union membership has been a shift in the type of jobs. manufacturing jobs have dropped off. low-paying service sector jobs have been on the rise. it's traditionally been harder to organize workers in that sector. but you've seen some models here in new york that seem to be working in a way there. >> yeah, i mean, the whole economy's been reorganized over the last four decades. the model that worked for