and the question arises among some democrats, on this pardon question, of whether the president a few weeks ago intentionally pardoned arpaio, the sheriff, in order to send a signal to the people who are being questioned, hang in there, hang tough, i'll help you out at the end of the day. >> which is entirely under his purview to do. >> absolutely. >> as to federal charges. >> michael, go ahead. >> on the federal charges. >> only as to federal charges. we know for example, that the attorney general of new york, schneiderman, has an up and running investigation with respect to matters within his jurisdiction that are state. but also, i also think david is absolutely right. but the danger in pardoning people before indictments, or before convictions, is that it runs the risk of being viewed as obstructionist behavior, or abuse of office behavior. if you started willy-nilly