Today, weve been talking were. Going to be talking about the ohio dynasty of us president s and as weve already discussed, ohio had been moving from the periphery to the center of u. S. Politic before the civil war and then, of course, played central leadership role in that war itself. And this trend is going to continue. The war in one of the most remarked about political dynasties in u. S. History, one thats often been compared to the virginia dynasty of the early republic. Both virginia and ohio laid claim to the of course played a central leadership in the war itself. This will continue after the war and one of the most remarkable dynasties in u. S. History. One that is compared to the virginia dynasty of the early republic. Both virginia and ohio laid claim to the mother of president s title, even to the point of fighting over Henry Harrison and his 30 days in office. Even taking it out of the equation i am not really sure it is a fair fight. The virginia dynasty for example has some of the most famous and influential present. Jefferson and washington and madison. Ohio, on the other hand, has a bunch of bearded guys that someone seems to remember. Does anyone want to try figuring these guys out . Yeah, i think weve got mckinley. No. This is what im talking about. This is what im talking about. Thats fine. Thats the way it is. For that reason, i dont think that its productive or instructive to fight under the unofficial title. Rather, i think the ohio dynasty of president s have done much more meaningful things to say about ohio and its role in u. S. History, not really reflected in just counting the numbers of president s. It goes far beyond just the president. As we discussed, historians tend to be interested in the whys of history than the whats of history, and thats where the more meaningful importance lies. For example, lets look at how historians view the ohio president s. Every few years or so, historians engage in a gazing exercise where they rank the u. S. President from best to worst. And while these rankings stay as much or more of the storage and ranking than they do about the president s they rank, they can be indicative of the way people receive the present. For example, you have the makings of the virginia dynasty and the ohio dynasty. You can see virginia does very well. Blooming the top 25 , green is the next, yellow is below average 25 , orange is you dont want to be there. Look at virginia. Lots of blue and green. Ohio . Not so much. There is a lot of yellow and orange for most of it. There are reasons for this. There are other factors at play that go beyond the specific actions of these guys. For example, what we consider to be z standards of the good presents of changing over the years. We look at it to be strong and forceful leaders. Back in the day after the civil war there was a consensus that people like Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Jackson had overstepped their bounds. They went too far. The proper role of a president to execute the law but not tread on the purview of the legislative branch. So by those standards, the standards of that time, most of these guys were doing exactly what they shouldve according to that line of thought. By not being too forceful. Respecting the boundaries of the executive and legislative branches. This might help explain the way of ohio president s have fared in historical ranking. It but we will see those rankings will change over time. Lets talk about ohio and National Politics on the post civil war. Starting with the white house. It is an era of political influence, unprecedented in u. S. History, by any standard objectively. From 1860 to 1900, nine president ial elections. In ohio, it was one of the major candidates in all but one of those elections. The sole exception was the election of 1884, the candidates from new york and maine. Not one, but i was cleveland native. In any case going 89, electing five different men to the presidency is extraordinary. Matched only by virginia, washington, monroe in the early phase of the republic. Add to the fact that they alternated amongst William Howard taft and freddy roosevelt. This may make seven president s over 50 years and in 1920 you had no choice. You were forced to vote for ohio. Harding or for ohio democrat, james cox. Pictures running mate, some guy named roosevelt. First we need to understand what the main political issues were. These are mostly very different than the issues that animate the particle was close. There is lingering issues from the civil war. One of them had to do with the question of how to protect the civil rights of the freed men in the south as Southern State governments and vigilante groups like the ku klux klan produce rip them away. Although they were lobbying for the expansion of their families, in general, republicans advocate for these measures engaging and waiving the bloody shirt, painting the democratic opponents of being the party of rebellion and postwar brutality. Another huge issue of the time is what to do with the u. S. Currency. During the war, u. S. Should taper money. Many people wanted to enshrined the gold standard. Others advocated for the continued use of paper or the addition of silver and gold which would expand the money supply. And make it easier for people to get credit. While republicans tend to favor the gold standard, and democrats favor standard silver, there were minorities. Throughout most of the 1800s there were a constant debate over how high or low tariffs should be. Businessmen, factory officers, like high tariffs, they protected American Industries and jobs in foreign competition. Farmers and rural people for an labor. Because they make it more expensive and reduce foreign demand for agricultural products. As such the republicans favor high tariffs, democrats want them low. Something that seems to be decreasingly a big problem in the late 1800s is the effect of the spoils system, having on the government. Many people began having to advocate for Civil Service reform to give jobs to people based on merit rather than which station was doing up the favorites. This was a very popular issue. But it was so deeply entrenched in both parties it would take a major event to get meaningful reform. Lastly, in part, because the politicians of both parties, and has meaningful reform, people have grassroots movements to force change to popular action. This flourishes in the late 1800s is the populist movement which formed a National Party and ran president ial candidates in 1892 and endorsed candidates in 1986. It also took the form of the proxy army, a march on washington, Unemployed People will led by an ohio businessman named jacob proxy in 1894 during a severe the russian that started the previous year. They demanded the government eases employment for hiring them for probably works and playing them in paper currency. Although the protest ended up fizzling when they got to george washington. They were arrested for walking on the grass. The march was emblematic of the discontents of the period into being the first popular protest march in u. S. History in washington. People are arguing until they are blue in the face, veins bulging out of the four heads over frequent agents over, lower the tariffs. You have to understand, the hot button issues of the day and they could win or lose elections. So lets talk about how exactly the president can sit into this context and advance these issues. The first of the president s from this period of time is of course ulysses grant. His background was discussed when we talked about him in the civil war. He was a great general. Not really such a great president , though. In fact, he ran, but he is one of the most corrupt administrations in u. S. History. Lets make it clear grant himself was not corrupt. He was not on the take, you is not profiting from this corruption. Grant and his fault had terrible taste in friends. He appointed his friends to office and his friends took advantage of him and his trust and got him to you all things of things that got them into trouble, and there were a number of scandals during the most with spearing, where they bribed government officials to disobey liquor taxes. The most important profitable from the port of new york and into the United States and government appointees that ran this was spending money for merchants and getting money under the table. The star route ring, the government gave out western mail routes to subcontractors who in turn made money by charging fees or charging for a route. These are routes that did not fit. Question . Yeah, that is harding. He also ran a very corrupt administration. Also for the same reason. He had bad taste in friends. In the present grant have a lot of military friends or did he really go to d. C. Part of it was that it wasnt so much like harding. Harding had ohio. He made a lot of friends through his role as a general. And so, these friends were outside, ohio, et cetera. But yes, he did just he stood by him until they really just threw him for this. And these are just a few of the things, few scandals. They were more. And as a result of this, for many years, grant was ranked amongst the very worst president s ever. However, funny things has happened to grant in the eyes of historian. More recently there has been a reappraisal of the significance of his presidency. Yes, it was the most scandal ridden to that point in history. But some of his actions moved large in a better way. He created Yellowstone National park, the First Official national park. He oversaw the enactment of the 15th amendment which guarantees the right to vote to African Americans. He implemented the enforcement acts which Congress Passed to enforce the 15th amendment and protect africanamericans from actions of groups like the ku klux klan and he vigorously enforced these laws and disrupted the clan in the south, and with the enforcing in of the amendments, grant did more to protect and defend the civil rights of African Americans than any other president , for almost a century, including lincoln. Until we get to lyndon johnson. He was an enviable man who was willing to admit his mistakes. Despite what you may have heard recently, u. S. Grant was the first president to be arrested. He was arrested for speeding. He loved to race his carriage and a cop pulled him over, in 1872. What does he do . You know who i am . Nope. You got me fair and square. He laughs, smiles, he acknowledges his fault. Its hard not to like someone who does that. In fact, at the very end of the ministration, he publicly apologized for his at ministration. Some should think that all of them do it. Hes the only one to do it. Taking this into consideration, look at what has happened to his view in the eyes historians. He is very orange, but then, 20 years ago, opinions shift. More recent ones including a couple that were commissioned by cspan in 2017 and 2021, moving up from terrible all the way right up to average. And, maybe thats nothing to sneeze at. But it is an unprecedented reappraisal at president s. While a number of residents have moved up or down, or tile or so, only grant amongst all president s have been moving all consistently of the worst category to being regularly to the above category. You think these documentaries have an effect on this . Yes. And also, a recent biography. And this is its a shift of opinion. Yes, we have scandals. But we have a guy standing up for civil rights 100 years before he became really something that most people are even on board with. So, there is grant. He leaves office, the republicans know that they are tainted by scandals, what they need is to elect somebody who is above reproach and i find that guy the sky, rutherford burchard hayes. He was born in southern ohio, he was going to kenyon college, graduated from harvard law, became a lawyer in fremont, ohio. He was referred former, his wife was a reformer. When the civil war started, he joined as a major the 23rd ohio volunteer infantry, he saw a lot of action. He was wounded five times but kept returning. In the end of the war as a Major General he was the nominated to congress while the still war was going on but he refused to campaign saying an officer fit for duty with this crisis would abandon his host to an Election Year for a seat in congress ought to be staked. That was all the camping you did. And thats all the campaigning he needed to do. He was elected. He did not like congress, and he returned to ohio and served as the governor for three terms the first Ohio Governor to serve three times. And he gets elected as a publican when the democrats actually taking the statehouse. This is this is the popular transcendence, the republican base. Again, he is very scrupulous. Beyond reproach. There are no skeletons in his closet. Unfortunately, his presidency was limited, even before he took the oath of office. A lot of it has to do with the way became president. The infamous election of 1876, this is, despite what you may have heard, the most controversial election in u. S. History. The election happened in november, samuel tilden, the new york democrat looks like he was winning the popular vote by a quarter million votes. He awes all but one of the electoral votes he needs to become president but there are 19 contest electoral votes in louisiana, florida, South Carolina and georgia. And so, these contested votes, they were debating over this. In november, december, january, february. Finally there is an Electoral Commission and then they Vote Along Party Lines to award each and every single one of the contested elected votes to hayes. So, a lot of people tried to cry foul. A lot of people said he was unfairly put into the office, and this is right up until he took the oath of office until early march. 100 sure was not sure. And so, his presidency was already tainted. They kept calling him his fraudulence he. Another effectiveness thing, he does it early on, he says hes not going to run for re election. And he does this for a very admirable reason. This way, i can do what i feel is right, i do not have to make a plan to do something thinking about whether it will help me in the next election. And that is very noble. At the same time, it means he enters office as a lameduck. Everybody knows shes not going to run again, therefore they do not need to play both them. And then, in his first year, theres a nationwide rail strike, he comes down come on the side of management, by sending federal troops to police this straight. This makes him very unpopular with a lot of people. So, again, these things are happening even before he is the president and he really does not look like a president that is going to be very effective. Not to say doesnt do good stuff, he does appoint people based on marriage to the government offices. He appoints performers to the cabinet. He cleans up the new york Customs House. He nominates a young men man, theodore roosevelt, he blocked rossi conkling who was a big republican boss and new york. He does things in which he thinks are the right things to do. But, again, he was tainted by all of this other stuff. When he leaves office, its kind of under a cloud. On the other hand, Rutherford B Hayes is the second most famous u. S. President s in paraguay. And i am not making this up. Paraguay was in the middle of a war with argentina and they decided to stop fighting and have the u. S. President s arbitrate the dispute. And, the administration arbitrated the dispute in the favor of paraguay. In the award, whole bunch of land to paraguay and they loved him for it. In fact they deemed a city after him, they named one of the states, they called the department the state of presidency hayes in paraguay. Even Club President s hayes, named after him. That as a going for him. Right . Of course, hes not going to run. Republicans need to find someone else. They go back to the well by nominating james abram garfield. I think garfield is one of the great whatifs in u. S. President ial history. He was a strong leader. He was the nations only ambidextrous president. He could write equally well with right and left hands. He is a story out of the book. Raised in poverty. For a while, at age 16, he drives a mule on the ohio erie canal. His life was a literal rags to riches story. And i mean that literally. Horatio elder, who is famous for writing these stories in the 1800s, wrote garfields campaign biography, from canal boy to presidency. This is a guy you even though he comes from a very poor family he enrolled in the western reserve eclectic institute which becomes Hiram University over here in portage county. He actually started out supporting the site by serving as a janitor. But, in two years, he finally teaches the students there and then he goes on graduates from williamstown east but comes back and serves as principal, gets involved with politics whether the civil war comes to its head. He ends up serving, actually he started the 42nd ohio volunteer infantry, rising up to Major General before he comes back to serve in congress. He became a major figure in the republican delegation, very influential ohio senator, john sermon. When hayes refused to run, garfield once a Republican Convention and to try to get the nomination for sherman. He is out there advocating for sherman. But he is getting up and he has a great speech and people say you like the cut of the jib. And they start voting for garfield. He says hes not running, and everything is out of order and his friends are trying to hold him down. The thing is, you have stallings. He likes the old spoils system. They wanted to nominate grant again. Republicans knew that was a bad idea. Garfield had a better reputation. Since the convection was that liked, one by one, he gets the nomination. But they end up putting his running mate as Chester Allen arthur who had been kicked out of the new york Customs House because he was a staller and they wanted to placate the faction. That was a fateful choice. Unfortunately, not much to say as a presidency because it was short. He did appoint a lot of African Americans to the office, which is something that was far above that idea of advancing civil rights for African Americans including frederick douglass. He gives douglas a federal job. He advocates for Civil Service reform. He stands up for rossi conkling. He actually has this big republican boss in your. He falls as the result of the actions of garfield. In the end, he was the president most two credits for meaningful Civil Service reform but not in the way that he wouldve chosen. In the train station on the way to a college reunion, garfield is going to the platform and the insane man who was a does a wanted Office Speaker, a man named charles, shoots him twice from behind. Sadly, garfield could have been okay if the doctor had just left him alone. But of course not, they poked and prodded him with unsterilized instrumentation, they tried to find out where the bullet is. He gets badly infected and he lingers for months before dying of a staph infection. This of course is undeniably tragic. His death may actually have been his biggest contribution to american politics. The shocking nature of a president ial assassination by a disappointed Office Speaker built a groundswell of support for Civil Service reform and in its wake ohio democrat George Pendleton supposes the pendleton service act which creates the modern u. S. Civil service. The next election was 1884, the only one that did not feature the ohio delegation, but this was instructive. James g blaine was not from ohio, but did not serve in the civil war. They lost to cleveland. The gop would not make that mistake again for the rest of the century. So, next in the 1888 election, they settle on benjamin harrison. Hes born and raised in ohio. The grandson of william Henry Harrison. He graduated from miami in oxford, set up in indianapolis is a law practice and join the civil war as a captain, finishes as a brevet in your general, rises as a National Politics and 1888 hoboken convention, he checked all of the boxes. The future of the children. He had the advantage of the pedigree and the subsequent election, the republicans sold him more or as much, too the relationship of his grandfather, william henry, as they did for his own merit. Like hayes, he lost the popular vote. And for the First Time Since 1875 the Republican Party consoled both houses of congress and the presidency and they said they passed an admission agenda that included a log of spending. This inherited a surplus from cleveland but upon his election one of this orders cried harrison is president and god help the surplus. And he was absolutely right. He oversaw a dramatic increase in attention spending over 169 per year just for the tensions. He also greatly expanded the u. S. Navy, expanding the way to ocean navy. And because of this and other things he presided over what became known as the billiondollar congress. The first time they spent that much money in peacetime. And although that he claims to support support them. They were too many deaths that he had to pay for a narrow victory. Right after he gets into office they fire 35,000 democrats from the Civil Service job, replace the republicans and slept Civil Service infections which is exactly the opposite of the way its supposed to work. Nevertheless, he does preside over the passive enslavement legislation. The mckinley tariff, we will toggle him the merit. The sherman antitrust act, the anti monopoly legislation which is still the law of the land to this day was passed under him and he finds that. The purchase act was an attempt to expand the currency. That was also under harrison and both of those were drafted by john sherman of ohio. One of the biggest most lasting effects of harrisons presidency was the admission of a bunch of new states. South dakota, montana, wyoming. All of these states were brought in by the republicans in some ways to counter the self will reliably count on you. They would be hoping to admit an entire bunch of things in the northwest which would help them be reliably republican bounce the solid south. But, when it comes time for the reelection, some rivals did not really like him. They did not support him. The economy slowed down. The massive spending during his term was a big turnoff for a lot of voters. Here he is, a local cartoon at the time. Kind of shabby. When he leaves, he is spiffy with a nice walking cane. U. S. Treasury has no surplus anymore. He loses in the rematch with cleveland. Also in 1892, the governor of ohio, william mckinley, he writes down that he intends to be elected to the presidency in 1896. And it was prophetic. Ms. William mckinley was indeed elected 818 96 and may very well be i think the most consequential of all of the ohio dynasty of president s. How you feel about william the only as a president depends in part on how you feel on imperialism because he presided over the spanishamerican war and the beginnings of americans empires. This is going to be his legacy for better or for worse. But the legacy goes beyond that. Mckinley was born in northeast ohio and niles. He joined the civil war. He signed up at age 18. Actually, in the volunteer infantry. Even rutherford commanded it. He served throughout the civil war rising from private to a major which is a pretty darn big promotion or set of promotions. He served with distinction. He served under heavy fire. He was there at antietam. If you go to the battlefield you will see a monument to mckinley. And the park ranger was taking me around when i took the picture. Pointed to the monument and said, open quote this is probably the only monuments on any battlefield anywhere in the world that is dedicated to a thomas airey officer. What is a commissary officer. Yes. Provides food. Coffee. He was in charge of getting supplies for the soldiers. Im not saying that this is discounted bravery. He was getting coffee to the front line, and he could very easily have been hurt by this. So, there you have it. Its going to be split up later. This shows how much people admire him. How did he rank up, and the war . He was an a , to some of the officers. Im not saying he was lincoln or anything, there. I think you answer my question, he said that was after he became president . A lot of monuments were put up afterwards because to find out he was probably the most popular ohio president of all. Because of a lot of things that happened during the administration. It where we will talk about those, you can argue that mccamley himself is as important for the presidency by things he did before he became president as he did during his president s. Thats because the election of 1896 is one that historians point to as being the first modern u. S. President ial election. Electioneering back in 1800s was different than it is today. He did not even have one national campaign. They party in each state ran the campaign. They will be in Ohio Campaign for the republican nominee. New York Campaign for the republican nominee. The mccamley campaign, thanks to his close friendship with industrialists up in cleveland named marcus hanna, it really brought modern Campaign Politics to the United States. They used polling for the first time. They pull different messages and tailor their messages to different communities. In one area he will sell this and in another area you will so this idea. Direct mail. They sent out millions of pieces of direct mail. This is new. Nobody did this before. They also spent a ton of money. If you want to look at election, starting tens of money, mccamley election was 1890s. I remember how it was sort of frowned upon, you were too much of a try hard if you campaigned with it. He was on his front porch essentially. Williams Jennings Bryan ran the First Campaign where he went out to the people and traveled thousands of miles across the country. That is a part of the campaign. A candidate going out. Mckinley had health issues, and he did not want to leave his wife. He was a doting husband. He did not want to leave her. But wilmington is a good orator. He thought he would suffer by comparison. They set up the campaign where if he goes to the voters. Download hundreds of thousands of people in special teams comments in and marched to his front porch hes already been produced for where the main issues are. We have some people. Let me talk to you about paris. Thus how getting cash help when they have a lot of money to spend. And he really sells the idea of a gold bug. He really believes in the gold standard. And William Jennings is a big advocate of the free coinage and silver. Gold, silver, gold. He is really big actually terra , thats what he really wants. The goal that he sanctioned in the Republican Party. Hes really into tariffs. That is his jam. When the votes are counted, mccamley wins by a comfortable margin which is unusual at the time. And this is another thing that is significant. Before he starts, the election of 1896 was called one of the few realize Industries Come into focus. And then something shifts a significant number of people over to that party. And breaks the cycle. Thats what mccamley did. Able to peel away a lot of immigrants and workingclass voters from the Democratic Party. They have a base of immigrants and workingclass voters. Mccamley able to sell things like the tariff. They mean that you have the better jobs. You were protecting american labor. This really did shift the balance where previous elections, it will see all of it close to be contested from the mid1800s to 1892. 1896 breaks the trend. And then, four years later, its an even bigger majority in 1900. You know, 1932, the new deal, Franklin Roosevelt thats a big one. The regular election in 1980 starts with the reagan democrats. This is one of the most important one. And, if he did nothing others than this thing you consider be a figure president ial history. And so, he is somebody like i said provides of the creation of american empire. He is who annexes a hawaii. He annexes hawaii. He presided over the war. He was in many ways every luck imperialist. He was kind of on the fence that. Go to war with spain, go to war with spain. He wanted all of the factions in the. Eventually he decides he will go to war and is Teddy Roosevelt said, the american war, was a splendid little war. American casualties were relatively far in between. And now ohio is the imperial power along with janet rainey in france. When you run for reelection in 1900 the economy has rebounded. The United States won words. The u. S. Is now a major player on interNational Politics. Here is the prosperity at home. Prestige abroad is a landslide victory and again this this alignment and so he is somebody knows that he doesnt get too enjoyed. As you probably already know, there is going to be some bloodshed. Because he goes to the a fellow ohio player, leon shelving and arnica stew was able to chemistry or work in Cleveland Mckinley loves shaking hands. He would do that all day. He doesnt know what to do this guy when he has a heavily bandaged hand. And i think again, to show how much a nice guy he was. People loved him for the we treat other people. Other people, is eating the crap out of him. He yells at him, go easy. My god. What a nice guy. Again, if they just left them alone he probably wouldve been okay. And in the end, and dying of infection. He dies as the most popular assassinated president bennett enter. He was not super popular people forget. Neither was lincoln. Mckinley was. Just won in a landslide. That explains why he gets memorialized. The children from all over the country liberally contributed pennies to build the memorial in canton. His rules are named after him and again, this is the high point of the ohio dynasty of presidencies. So that takes us from 1868 to 1900. On the same premises as manifest destiny. There was some of that rationale. What we were talking about, ohio when it got started. Not a lot of currency. I am surprised that the standard idea has enough sway compared to silver whereas rural ohioans supported it at the time. He really were not affected by the late 1890s. Gold in your room it over silver depends on who you are. If youre an industrial worker, they are more more of the population as time goes on. So, if it were just those ohio president s about the impressive dynasty. But that wasnt just it. They played a major role in all of the branches of the government. They served a number of words and cabinet positions. Some way you missed every treasury attorney general and warden rations if you dont have the blood to back it up. Also, the Supreme Court. He was chief justice so 1873. Until he was replaced by morrison weight for most of this period it is most vile also, for ohio as well. So come the executive branch, check. The judicial branch, check. Gun some of the most influential senators leading the construction efforts and leading the country to war. John bingham wrote the 14th. The democrat from cincinnati ends up writing the Civil Service act. The question is a bunch of guys from ohio. Why ohio. This is a very important question. Not that there are a bunch of ohio president s. And we talk about the issues that are responsible for this demographics first. We talk about how ohio became the Third Largest in the country by the 1840s. The state would have the leg up. This cannot explain it all. They did not have the same record. Where it comes from. Not just how many, where they are from. As we seen that ohio was the first state carved out of the land system and they drew its population from all over the country. They funnel into the state. In ohio drew overseas immigrants in places like germany and ireland. Ohio was as near a microcosm of america as one could find in the late 19th century. As such it becomes an important swing state whose estate and special delegations exist between republican and democrat control elections. The other thing that ohio has, and economic profile. Ohio is a microcosm of the economic debate. Already a major agricultural state, it became a Major Industrial state by midcentury as weve already seen. So coming from a state with a diverse and representative population and economy, the successful politician from ohio would need to be able to relate to and speak to the interest of multiple constituencies including multiple ethnic groups, labor, management, farmers, rural voters, and more in other words, the same skills the politician would need to be successful in the nation as a whole. It is another factor is the legacy of the civil war. They moved from the periphery of the center in the years before of the civil war but the war itself reinforces the idea of the developments. Ohio playing a Critical Role in the war in terms of military and political leadership. It is no coincidence that all five of the u. S. Ohio president s in the 1800s served in the war. They have a lot of hard liners in reconstruction . People giving way were the hardest hardliners, the radicals. And bingham. There is another factor that explains this. Does anyone want to guess what the factor is. Location, location, location. As we discussed, ohio occupying a unique geographical location in the country. Boarded the south, the butternut region near the ohio river shared things in common with states to the south and while it has been as populace and developed in the major Eastern States it was at the same time considered to be a Western State and benefited from a solid area and shared with Western States. Another important factor in this equation is the role of high plays in the Republican Party. They played a major role in the 1850s, supplied national leaders. Elections in the late 1800s were extremely close. The margin of victory from 1876 to 1892 was 1. 4 . The Democratic Party could count on the solid south to win elections without ohio, ohio was much more important in the calculus of the Republican Party. With in the late 1860s and continuing hundred and 50 years to this day. No republican candidate has won the presidency without ohio. Never. Not once. It is still crucially important to the republican caucus. And, its an extremely closely election. It behooves the gop strategically to choose candidates from ohio in hopes that by carrying the thing they will carry the party over the finish line. It also explains to so many cabinet members and Supreme Court justices from ohio because they will appoint ohio appointees to the office expanding the dynasty further. So where does that leave us . For better and sometimes for words that ohio dynasty actually approved to be important from overseeing and implementing the 14th and 15th amendment to creating the Civil Service to creating antimonopoly legislation into expanding United States and overseeing the expansion of the u. S. As a global and political power. Bridging into the beginning of what historians have called the American Century of the 1900s and they played a key role changing the presidency, changing american politics, changing the role in world affairs. Which i think you have to admit is not bad for a bunch of bearded guys from ohio. Questions. What about the stretch of the postwar era. Its all essentially republican. Which is the first democratic to rip the ohio . Speak back Richard Wilson does that. And roseville gets elected four times. Because of a split ticket. A split ticket because roosevelt ran as a progressive. The 1916 election was not split. Significantly, ohio became to swing back republicans. We talked about ricker, the republican Vice President ial nominee in 1944. Thats one of the elections that ohio does not heed during the big long stretch until 2016. Other questions. The final projects are due friday. Dont forget that. The usual room next time. If there are no questions, the class will be adjourned. Thank you. See you friday