So today were going to be discussing skills for the future. And were going to about the evolution of the types skills that are required jobs over time and so today were going to be discussing wefor the future, an were going to talk about the evolution of the type of skills that are required for jobs over time. And what we expect in the future. So how many of you have heard about robots taking over our jobs . How many of you are actually afraid of that . Can i see a bigger show of hands . How many of you have heard about it on the news all the time . That youre about to not have a job, because theyre taking over . All of you . Seriously. And how many of you are afraid of that, that it may actually happen. Okay, about three quarters of you, maybe, kind of, sort of, a little bit. Lets start out by showing the graph. That is a graph of Employment Level in the United States from january of 1948 to 2023. When we take a look at the long term picture of the level in the United States, you can see that the Employment Level in the United States has always been increasing. Yes, its true our population has been increasing as well, but sow have jobs and the Employment Level in the United States. These shaded areas represent recessions. And as you are aware, when were in a recession, we see a decrease in the unemployment rate. So its important for us to stay focused on whats going on in the long run, as opposed to these short term disruptions in our economy. So hopefully this helps you feel a little better about that, but the fact that we have seen an increase in Employment Levels over time, and we do expect to see an Employment Level increase over time as well. When you think about all the changes that we have experienced in our economy from the 1950s, to the 1960s, this is about when computers were being started to be used in businesses and in communications. In the 1970s and the 1980s, heres when people started relying on personal computers. In the 1990s, we started relying on the complex mobile phones we have. And now you can see the number of people applied in our country increasing. So we should not think about computers and robots as substitutes for human skills. Rather, we should think about them as compliments to human skills. And this graph does show us what has happened to the percent of employment in the Manufacturing Sector. As you can see over here, we have seen a decrease in jobs in the Manufacturing Sector. We take a look between january of 1970, to january 2012, you notice how about a quarter, or slightly more than a quarter of our labor force was in the Manufacturing Sector in the early 1970s, and weve seen a steep significant decrease in the employment in the Manufacturing Sector to about 10 or so by the end of this period in 2012. So while employment has increased, there has been a shift in the types of jobs that people are working in our economy today. As you can tell right here the Manufacturing Sector has been shrinking. And this is where a lot of these minimum class jobs are. Many of these jobs are in the midwest, like michigan, perhaps. And you know, in the midwest we have seen the increase in the employment within the Manufacturing Sector, but weve seen increases in employment in other sectors. So in the next graph im going to show you what has happened to employment in selected sectors. So i got this graph from the st. Louis federal website, where its pretty easy to go out and grab a lot of data from the bureau of labor statistics, for example. And i picked some specific sectors in our economy, such as construction, legion, hospitality, retail trade, professional and business services. Financial activities, climate, education, and Health Services. Transportation, warehousing and manufacturing. And in this graph, i went back all the way to 1940 to today, the latest data that i could find in march, 2023. So this top line over here shows us all employees in the Manufacturing Sector. So what was going on in the Manufacturing Sector was until up to about the mid1940s or so, we saw an increase in the Manufacturing Sector, after which, it stayed pretty much stable, pretty much steady, and then we have started to see a drop or decrease in the more recent decades. But were seeing jobs in other sectors opening up. For example, this right here, this slide right over here. Youll see a steady growth. Jewel see a steady growth in jobs. What sector is this . Yeah. Private education. Private education and Health Services. And theres a few others as well. So because of interest in the shift that has been happening more recently, i decided to just go break off this graph, just so we could take a closer look at whats happening recently, and start this graph from january 1970, and where we were ending in the previous graph in march of 2023. So you can continue to see the trend of a decrease in employment of the Manufacturing Sector. We do see a deep decrease during recessions. The shaded areas in this graph are recessions, such as during the 2020 covid recession. But these are short term decreases and eventually, we go back up to our old levels. So when you look at these graphs, i want you to focus on whats been going on in the long run. Whats been going on over a ten year period, a 20 year period, decades, or even over a century. As billy mentioned over there, the private education and Health Service sector has been growing. What are some of the other sectors that have been growing . Yes . Professional and business services. Professional and business services. Yes, i think so, yes. So this has been growing. And which one is this . It seems like its been growing as well. Oh, maybe not. Yeah, i think thats been a long term trend of growth. So which one is this one . Yes . I think its leisure and hospitality. Leisure and hospitality. Its really interesting to take a look at what happened during the covid shutdown when a lot of businesses were shutdown. We saw a lot of a drop in the leisure and hospitality industry. But in the long term, we are seeing a long term increase in that as well. And over here, that are pretty much steady. Maybe theyve been growing a little bit, but theyre pretty much steady. So what are these sectors here . Yes . Construction, transportation and warehousing financial activities. Construction, transportation, and warehouses financial activities seem pretty steady. It is important to see that some factors, such as the Manufacturing Sector has been shrinking and decreasing, that does not mean that there are not Jobs Available in other sectors, because you do see this shift thats taking place in our economy with the type of jobs that are available in our economy. So whats really going on in our economy over time, over the last few decades has been structural changes in the labor market. These early structural long term changes in our labor market. There have been different types of jobs that are being created. Were seeing growth in certain industries, but were also seeing other industries shrinking. And these rapidly changing labor markets are due to two things. Technological progress, and heres where, you know, were all concerned about computers taking over jobs. But i want you to focus on the types of jobs in the Manufacturing Sector. What are the types of jobs in that sector that are so easy for us to, for example, to have a computer take over . Or to program a computer to do . Yes. Like assembly or organizational tasks. Assembly or organizational tasks, why . Why do we think those jobs are easier to get computers to do . Theyre very routine. So you can get a computer to like do that pretty easily. Perfect. Theyre routine. So jobs that are really routine, you can easily Program Computers to do. You give them specific rules. Do this, then you do that, then you do that, and you do that. And its very easy for a computer to take over. Now its these types of jobs that can also be easily outsourced to cheaper waged countries, because these are the types of jobs which we can provide specific rules to workers in those countries, and they can follow those very routine rules that theyre going to be following, and complete the tasks. So given that these jobs are disappearing in our economy, the jobs in the past in our economy or going to be very difficult from the types of jobs in the future. And since these jobs are going to be different, we are going to require different skills. A different set of skills from humans in todays labor market, as well as in future labor markets. Were seeing some labor market polarization, where the types of jobs were finding cannot be outsourced are either the very low skilled jobs or the very high skilled jobs. And many of these middle school jobs have been automated, or sent abroad. And we expect this pattern to continue in the near future. What we need today is we need skills that compliment technology, or skills that computers cannot substitute. So lets think about what computers can do, or computers cannot do. Have any of you tried that robot vacuum cleaner . What do you think about it . Are i just like the convenience. Its very hands off, which i think is good if youre busy. Yeah, its really convenient, its really fast, its very helpful if were busy. Thats why i love it. I bought one last year. Im a busy person. Im just going to turn on the robot vacuum cleaner and it swallowed up my phone charger. Completely swallowed it up, it kept going and going. Lets think about how a human would have been different. Once you see the floor charger, once you see that something is happening with it, and the vacuum cleaner is swallowing up your phone charger, you stop. You pull out the wire. Youre pretty much going to find a solution to a situation that is unfamiliar to you that youve never been in before . Thats something that robots cannot do. Because robots are being programmed based on information thats available. So lets think about what computers and rebots can do, and what they cannot do. So computers, as you mentioned speed, and accuracy. I make mistakes sometimes when im tired. Sometimes im sitting around, and i cant figure out what 2 times 2 is, because im tired. But the computer can be going all night, and its going to be accurate. But heres the weakness of the computer. They can only process information given and they make inforrences based on commands. There needs to be some kind of information given to them. Then based on that information, its going to follow a specific command or a specific rule on what to do next. So the computer executes rules. The computers are programmed with a series of rules that specify an action. You have to tell a computer what to do, and there needs to be Information Available for the computer to be able to execute rules. Humans, on the other hand, we process information cognitively, then we decide what to do next. Our brains are very flexible, and were able to adapt to new situations. We can also draw upon our past experiences, and then use past information, and modify that information based on the situation that were currently facing, and come up with what might be the best solution for it. So a lot of the information that we are going to be talking about in the next few slides come from a paper titled dancing with robots, human skills, computerized work. In their work, they discuss how the types of jobs and the types of skills that are required in our economy have changed over time. Lets go back to discussing computers. What computers can, and cannot do. Computers can substitute for a human in performing a particular task when two conditions are satisfied. The first condition is information condition. The computer needs to have some preexisting information. Computer needs to have the information necessary to carry out a task. The second condition is the processing condition. That information has to be processed in a specific set of rules for the computer to be able to execute the information. The rules can be conductive, or inductive. The deductive rules are the ones were all familiar with. This is a rulesbased logic. Where its a logical stepby step instruction thats programmed into a computer. This is pretty easy to computerize and to outsource. A good example. Can you think about an example where were just programming the computer stepbystep to follow a specific set of rules . Yeah. Like the way you Program Thermostats in a house, maybe . So if you want to keep a temperature above or below a certain threshold. Yeah, so youre telling the computer i want it at 70 degrees. I want my home at 70 degrees. So if the temperature in the house is above 70 degrees, thats a very good example, thank you. If the temperature in the house is above 70 degrees, then the ac turns on. If its below 70 degrees, the ac does not turn on. In that, were giving the computer specific rule by rule, stepbystep procedure to follow. But rules could also be inductive. Inductive rules would be something that pattern recognition, where the Information Processing cant be articulated as a series of logical steps. With pattern recognition, we could use statistical modeling to look for patterns in data. And based on these patterns of data in the past, we can then try to predict a solution for something that has not happened before. When you think about ai, and all you know, writing the essays and so on, this teacher is concerned about plugging in a command. I actually tried that out. I got a bunch of junk. Try it out, one day. But what the computer does is it digs out information that is already in the internet on the specific topic. And then it processes this information and it spits out something new based on what it thinks we want. Its not always correct. Thats a little harder to program, but thats someone where they were trying to use information from the past, process that information, and come up with something brand new, or what i like to call, maybe, new output, perhaps. But when i tried it out understand i found that it was not able to process those words into that ability to get to that point just yet. So thats something that computers are unable to do. And inductive rules are a little bit harder for us to Program Computers to do. Some of it we have figured out how to do. But theres still a lot that computers at this time or in the future might not be able to do. Heres some uniquely human brain strengths. Fflexibility. We have the ility to process and integrate many kinds of information to perform a complex task. We can solve problems which theres no standard operating procedures. We can work with new information, if you already do the same thing and i ask you to write an essay on education, your essay would be very different. You can go online and use the internet as a compliment to your learning, and you would process all of that information at a deeper level. You would make sense of it, and you would communicate it affectively in a way that answers the prompt that i wanted. And dont forget, we have common sense. We know when to stop. When your vacuum cleaner is swallowing up the phone charger. These are some things that computers do not have yet. And this is a table that i also did borrow from the work my level. Theres rules based logic, as we mentioned before. Those productive rules. And with deductive rules, its pretty easy to program a computer to do. Anyone use turbotax . Its pretty convenient. Step one, whats your income . Step two, your beholdings, step three, your savings. Enter in the information, no, move onto the next step. That will be an example. Or issuing a boarding pass. In the past, you would have to go up to the Airline Attendant lineup, give your passport, or your identify to the attend he want, and the attendant will check into the computer and issue a boarding pass. Today, you can just get your credit card, stick it in one of those computers, and the computer matches your name to their system and issues a boarding pass. If the computer is unable to match your name to the system, thane then then youll receive a message, go see the attendant. These are the types of jobs that are easily replaced by computer, and will continue to be replaced by computers. At we move out here, increasingly difficult to program will be pattern recognition. It is possible for us to Program Computers up to a certain point with these inductive rules. So each recognition on theory. Everyone has a accent. Lets say that were asking siri a question. Siri is programmed. We can program siri to recognize these words that are pronounced slightly differently across different people. But it is not as easy as the deductive rules that we are programming to computers. Predicting a mortgage default rate. With predicting a mortgage default rate, if a bank would like to predict whether a customer would default on a mortgage, what they would do is they would get information about the customer, such as, you know, maybe the customers credit score, how much the customer owes people. The access that the customer has, and they will compare it based on their data set of previous customers. They might have a data set of thousands of customers in the past and take a look a the likelihood of a customer with a similar profile, defaulting on the loan. So thats a little bit more information process that takes place, were able to Program Computers to do that. But theres certain things, at least now, that remains human work. Rules that cannot be articulated. And if the information cannot be contained. For example, writing a legal brief. Lets say that there is somebody that you just suspect committed a crime. Amend you suspect that this person broke into a house for hats at midnight. Ran in, and i dont know, stole some food at midnight or Something Like that. Its your job to go request out and try to find that information, to connect all the pieces together. This is not something that computers are able to do just yet. Moving furniture into a third floor apartment. Why cant we get a computer to move furniture into a third floor apartment . What do you think the reason is behind why we cant get a computer to do that . Yes. It wouldnt know how to navigate that exact apartment. So you said its complex and its unique. Its not routine. Its not something that we can easily program a robot to do. So those are the kinds of jobs that are going to continue to be human work. So the two tasks that are listed in this slide shows us the test that can very easily be replaced by computers, so that can be outsourced. The first are routine manual tasks. These are physical tasks such as inserting windshield on automobile bodies. Thats pretty easy to program a computer to do it. You do have to be careful about the placement of the car, the placement of the robot, the placement of all these parts. But its pretty easy once everything is in place to conduct this task. These tasks can be performed very precisely by computers, because its these types of movements that are repeated over and over again can, and these are the tasks that have, you know, been computerized, or have been outsourced. Then we have these routine tests. These are mental tests i want to be described by the inductive or conductive rules. In the past, you used to have to line up at the bank and give the teller your cash or check. Your teller would type in the amount of money that youre going to be depositing, and then add it up based on the balance that you have in your account, and give you a deposit switch. Today, you just go to an atm, or even do it on your phone. Anyone have the mobile app on your phone . This is a pretty routine Cognitive Task that we can very easily Program Computers to do. Or that can also be outsourced to other countries. Now this type of test though, that as of now, computers are unable to do. The first is solving an unstructured problem. We call these nonroutine analytical tasks. Problems that lack space solutions. An example is a plumber facing an old complicated plumbing problem in an old house. Yes, its possible that the plumber might watch some youtube videos. Its possible that the plumber might go online and use the technology as a compliment. But the plumber still needs to put all of this information together to try to solve this new problem that does not have a preexisting solution so in this example, computers cannot replace human work in these tasks, but they do compliment human work by making information more readily available, such as when the plumber uses the internet to find a source, or to see what the plumber might think would be an issue with the plumbing in the house. The other type of task, the other type of skills that cannot be easily replaced with computers is working with new information. You can think about these as nonroutine interpersonal skills, where your using this for any information, either for problem solving or communicating to others. An example could be what im doing today, perhaps. A professor explaining the evolution of skills required for jobs. So i had to take all of that information that was out there, put it together, and come up with new information based on existing information to help me understand whats going on in our economy with respect to the jobs, the change in the labor market, and the type of skills that have been required in our economy. So this is another example where we do still need the cognitive thinking skills and the flexibility skills that human brains have, that computers dont have. And as you mentioned before, moving furniture up the third floor of an apartment. These are physical tasks that cannot be well described in rules because theyre difficult to program. Thats why you see that increase in the healthcare, and the healthcare sector, because Home Healthcare workers, be many much them are conduct nonreason routine manuel tasks. Theyre helping out the patients needs. The janitor has a nonroutine general task. Because the janitor has to go into the building, into the bathrooms, take a look at which bathrooms need to be cleaned. Try to take a look at what specific issue is in each bathrooms stall. So its a nonroutine task. We will continue to need humans to be able to do these tasks. In this nonroutine manual task, computerization should have little effect on the percentage of the workforce thats engaged in these tasks. So on this graph, we can take a look at the changing work tasks and the u. S. Committee from 1960, to approximately 2009. And its broken up to these five different types of tests that i described to you earlier. As you can see, we still have been increasing since the 1970s. And what are these two . What kind of tasks are we seeing that has been an increased demand in the labor market . Working with the information, and solving unstructured problems. And which one is this one right here that has been decreasing . The manual test and the routine test. Yeah, we see the routine manual test up here and the combo test, those have been decreasing overtime. And this line over here represents a nonroutine manual task. I will continue to see jobs that require these types of skills. So what we see is jobs require a routine cognitive and routine manual tasks are being eliminated. Nonroutine manual tasks, like moving furniture, so many of these are low skilled jobs, 1068ing unstructured problems, such as the car repair or the plumber. Working with information determining a customers internet problem, calling up, you know, when a customer calls up tv for example, or you know, be theyre interpreter provider, and turns so we do anticipate that these are the three types of tasks or the three types of skills that we would need moving to the future, based on how weve seen the skill sets required in jobs, and the labor market changing over time. So think about whether robots are taking over the world now. How do we feel about it now . So how many of you think that robots are going to take over all jobs . Theres going to be no job for you . None of you . Oh, wow. We went from 100 to 0 in the classroom. That was pretty convincing, seeing all of that data. Lets think about these five categories. I want you to help me classify these tasks into the specific task categories. Remember, solving our structure problems, work with the information. Routine Cognitive Tasks, routine manual tasks, and routine nonmanual tasks. Its the last one routine manual manual task and then the other two. What do you think . Safely driving a truck through downtown boston, yes . I would say its a nonroutine manual task. You would say nonroutine manual task, why . Because days of traffic differ. Its not the same every time, but it is youre doing the same general thing every time, and it is manual, because you have to be sitting behind the wheel and paying attention. Or there could be a kid running across the street. Its very different from driving on the highway, at 30 miles an hour on a straight road or Something Like that. So yes, i agree with you. A doctor diagnosing an illness with strange symptoms. You go to the doctor, youre like i need information. You can identify the symptoms. You could be working with the information. But what else do you think it could be . The doctor might have a computer that the doctor might use to look up. Obviously, you did go see your doctor and you do have an issue, and you tried to look it up. I say you do this at home. You look at all this stuff and say, oh, my gosh, i have cancer. Thats not it. Thats why we still need a doctor who has those skills. Lets assume that that information is out there. Routine Cognitive Tasks. It could be. Very routine Cognitive Tasks. It might actually be solving an unstructured problem. Why do i say that it might be solving an unstructured problem . Because if it is strange symptoms as my lack of concrete definition solution, it might be something new that youll have to dedeuce, just from that. Can it could be similar to the plumber who is trying to solve that problem, isnt sure whats going on, but looks it up on the internet anyway. How about calculating tax liabilities about earnings, expenditure, and families compensation. Routine Cognitive Task . Do we agree with her . Yes. Okay. How about a mechanic repairing an automobile problem not described in the factory manual. Thats a little tricky. I would probably put this under solving an unstructured problem too. Because you know, when theres a problem with the car, there are these computers right now that you can put the car through, that can diagnose certain things. But at the same time, theres certain things that the computer is unable to diagnose. So i will call this an unstructured problem. Aha, how about this, a manager working with the people whose work she supervises . Working with new information. That would be working with new information. Thats where those communication skills are coming in. A lawyer writing a convincing legal brief. I would argue, solving an unstructured problem, probably as well. So an engineer describing why a new idea for a Video Streaming Service is an advance over previous designs. She has something for us. Working with new information. Working with new information. Why did you choose that option . Because they have to communicate the new information about like the streaming service, which is like, more like cognitive, and non routine, and like analyzing the new information, to like, yeah, communicate it. Perfect, thank you. Assembling book orders in an amazon work house. Thats a routine manual. Can it is a pretty routine manual task. A chef creating a new dish from ingredients that are fresh in the market that morning. The chef went out, he bought a bunch of things that are available in the market, comes back, tries to create a new dish. Now which one do we think this will be . Well probably still go with solving an unstructured problem. Testing samples of newly fabricated computer chips. Yeah . Routine manual task. I have a couple more. Counting and packing pills into containers. Routine manual test. Thank you. And last, but not least. Cleaning a what kinds of tests . Someone is ill, right . Unable to make it from the bed to the wheelchair. You have to lift them up and help them out so there are a lot of routine National Tests here and with the personal care aide and cooks and restaunts like i mentioned before that is solving unstructured problems. Software developers coming up with new things as food counter workers, general and operations managers, a lot of skills are needed, financial management. Mates and housekeeping cleaners. I want you to understand it is not just a high skilled job that will see an increase and there are low skilled jobs that cannot be replaced by computers or cannot be outsourced in this grab right here shows annual earnings from 2534 and what is interesting is we just say that there is definitely upper education and those with more education and a higher level of education will make more income in the top line over here shows you the median annual earnings. The second to the top of the masters. Third to the Top Associates degree in someone and we do see the wage gap between the two we see how there is an increased advance. Does anyone know what an Associates Degree is . Its a twoyear degree. Equips people with technical skills. For example maybe a dental hygienist or Web Developer or it could be a Community College in these jobs people with these types of skills. Basic technical knowledge. A couple of things we can talk about his skills for the future. We do see a new economic normal structural economic changes brought by globalization and Technological Progress and there are high skilled and low skilled jobs. And we seem a shocking middle class because of the structural change in our economy. And how there is a switch of jobs and the test of skills required in our economy today. A growing economy is always making transitions. Think about the Industrial Revolution and the kinds of Jobs Available before the Industrial Revolution and lets think about agricultural jobs, farming, for example. You wanted to plow the land and you might use a horse or a donkey to pull the plow and you want to fertilize your crops. You would either go out and fertilize it yourself or use some people and use some labor to fertilize the crop. Once machines were invented we did see a shift and a change in the type of jobs in our economy as well. We want to fertilize our crops we dont need as much labor anymore to be working in the farms this is just to show you that what we are going through right now we have gone through before in the past and we have seen such a shift like this during the Industrial Revolution it was a transition toward new production and new Manufacturing Processes and it spread worldwide and its this transition and a change and a shift in labor markets and the types of Jobs Available. So lets think about what we have been seeing. Something similar i would like to talk about with the computer. With the computer revolution, in the 1960s we started using computers and businesses and communication for some computers and we use them at home in the 1980s or so. In the internet in the 1990s and you are becoming really familiar with the internet in the modern cell phones we have today and in the 1990s and 2000. This is new technology that has not assisted before. With the computer revolution we are seeing the types of jobs are changing. Another example would be secretarial work. You need a letter to be written out. You have your secretary write a letter for you. Today you have Computer Technology and it is so much easier. You said on the computer and open up one of your programs and type your letter in. The computer revolution that started about 1960s to 1980s could also could protect and its just shifting and changing the structure of our economy and the types of jobs and skills that are necessary in our economy. Some of the skills can be automated like technology. Those routine skills, manual tasks such as Assembly Line and routine cognitive test and human work in the future will center around this kind of work. Working with new information and carrying out nonroutine manual tasks. This is part of a National Transition that a growing economy goes through. Every time that we have a technological change such as this it does have a structural effect on our economy and it does have an impact on our economy. That being said we need to prepare our labor force with the new type of skills that are needed many of the manufacturing people have been laid off in the midwest. The jobs, they might not have the skills necessary to compete in these jobs that are opening up today. So there is a need for us to rethink our Education System because the type of skills that we are providing with our students today are not going to be the same type of skills that are going to be needed in the future. What we think about the skills for the future it is important for us to refocus our Education System to reap prepare young people to do jobs young people can do. Everyone needs foundational skills that teach you in school. Literacy, numeracy, just to be fully functioning citizens of the country. But, beyond that, different students will need different learning experiences. Its not just cookiecutter anymore. A lot of those cookiecutter routine tasks that we have trained our workers to do in the past are no longer there. It has either been outsourced or they have been replaced by computers. So here are some of the skills needed for the future for those analytical skills. Critical thinking and problem solving. We spoke about how there is only so much the computer can do deep thinking skills. We should be fostered in school, communication skills. As weve seen the change in the kind of jobs in our economy and the tasks required, strong interpersonal and character skills to be able to collaborate and be effectively communicating and we can find so much information out there today that people could not find in the past. Go to a google search. How do we put that information together and how do we communicate that information to others and that is something computers are unable to do, and flexibility as well as adaptiveness. Something that we can do is we can come up with these solutions to things that did not exist before. We can adapt to new environments and we can adapt to unfamiliar situations. And we need to be able to make sure that we are training our students to be successful in the future job markets by providing them with the skills that are necessary. As i mentioned before, its not about going to college and getting a masters degree in getting a real high level education. Those kinds of jobs are necessary and growing but we also have other types of jobs and our economy as well as i mentioned, those low skilled jobs and what will happen in the labor market hopefully, because what has been happening recently is we have seen increases in inequality with the middleclass jobs being eliminated and a lot of the increase in inequality we have seen has been due to the structural changes we have seen in our economy. I want you to think about the difference between the u. S. And maybe some of those european countries. They have seen similar structural changes. They have seen, i know similar increases in technology. But they have not seen the increases in the level of inequality that we see in our country. Something else that we could tackle other than just providing students the skills that they might need in the future to be successful in the new types of labor market, or did Something Else that you think about that might help us with this problem that we see with increasing inequality with our country. So the type of job skills. What do you need to get a high skilled job . What are you all here for . Education. Think along the lines of that. Access to Technical Technology and resources and access to good quality education. So when we think about it there is a need for us to defend the access for education and we also have to of course, be changing the types of skills that we are providing for us here and a lot of it is centered within the Education System, teachers today, if they continue to teach the same way they did in the past they are not providing our students with the skills that are necessary to compete in the new type of the labor market. In addition to being able to teach and provide students with the skills that are necessary to compete in these types of labor markets, we have to make sure there is access to education provided as well. Do you all have any questions or anything you would like to talk about . This goes back to like, some of the first slides. Why was education or private education and Health Services group together in that one spot . Im not really sure why it was grouped together. It is something that gets pulled out from the bureau of labor statistics and they have those sector together it would be nice to see the sector separate so we can investigate more as to what has been happening within the sector and a lot of it has to do with what is going on with healthcare. The Education Sector has not grown as well. When you think about today we have so many more people and a larger and different population in college today and in the past. Any other questions . Thank you