60s. This event was part of the association of the study for africanAmerican Life and conference, and they provided the video. So glad to be here, and so very excited to chop it up a little bit about brother winfords excellent book. Let me jump into my comments. It chronicles the life of the civil rights period. This is a trench at work in this work he replaces wheeler in the center of a compelling civil rights narrative there by casting a new light on the role this banker played in the middle of the century. I can speak to the way his book is making history, and also the Civil Rights Movement, the black peoples struggle in North Carolina in particular. So from wheelers bank in d durham, he was a insider and power player that understood the calculous of social change dictated approaches to the pursuit of freedom. This is going to be one of the questions i certainly want to knock around with dr. Winford in terms of the dynamic enter play that we see with wheeler and the ways in which he is trying to move and operate and navigate in the middle of the 20th century. So in this book we are introduced to a figure that embodies the potential for and limits of social change. So this is a much needed contribution to the huh store august raw fee of the black freedom struggle in North Carolina and the larger region. Again, we have lots and lots of pockets of scholarship, and we are still i think we are still very much in the process of connecting the tissue when it comes to the civil rights period, when it comes to the role of activist and it comes to the role of bankers and businessmen, the ways in which they bleed and merge and demerge in particular moments. Because of the length of his arena in politics, his name can be found regarding civil rights in North Carolina. To be sure one cannot accurately tell the story of the movement in the tar hill state without mentioning wheeler and his accomplishments. However these frequent mentions have been no substitution for his movement both in the state and nation. His book fills a significant gap in the historical literature. And the book illuminates the larger mainstream economic structures and the evolution of black freedom in the nation and in North Carolina in particular. This book does the crucial work of crafting an Important Role of farmers played in the region during the movement. So you know, brandon displays a very solid command of the sources at his disposal. I really needed the wheeler papers available when i was still working on my back greater freedom in wilson, North Carolina. Were not open so i am green with envy that brandon was able to access these papers and he does a great job with using the wheeler papers and that really comes out, and that really shines through in his book. So the presentation of the material i think is really thoughtful and thorough and meticulous, and he spent a good deal of time with wheeler, and i think he has produced a work that will be essential reading for anybody doing research and writing in the region for sometime to come. His insights on the perils and prospect of racial change from an institutional perch like wheeler possessed will point the way of creating more studies like this one that understood the here and fore. His writing style is accessible and wheelers stories is rendereded in a humane and critical fashion. I could go on and on about the book, and i really appreciate that contribution and this book. I think its really important for me to point out wheeler was a graduate of moore hill college. I am looking forward to talking it up with you and our guests. You talk about the nature of activism, right, and you refer to black business activism. I am curious about how people are thinking through and what activism can and should look like, so i am curious about how you are thinking now that the book has been out for a while, how your thinking has matured and evolved when it comes to how you are thinking about activism and the types of activism that wheeler tried to that wheeler tried to engage in. I think about the late great ray gavins who was one of my professors and mentors, one of the tkaepbz of North Carolina civil rights history, a titan in the field. The title of his book the perils and prospects of southern black leadership, and that phrase, the perils and prospects, thats a phrase that knocks around in my mind a lot when i read your work, right, just in terms of, you know, again, the perils and the benefits and the high risks and high rewards associated with wheelers style, with wheelers brand of leadership and also wheelers theory of change, right . I am curious about what you see in wheelers time as the perils and prospects of his style of leadership, and what inroads was he able to make with the struggle of freedom, and how have the times changes from our Vantage Point here in 2020. Another question we can knock around is a central notion of wheelers, and for a large contingent of folks in the move, right, and one was racism was bad for business, right . The south could not move forward as an autonomous as an autonomous unit without addressing the ways the impact of racism on all matter of institutions, so its a central notion. The eradication of racism, it will move us forward. Racism is bad for business. So it begs the question, right . What if its great for business, right . What if racism is making us really, really profitable . What is racism is not, in fact, bad for business . How do we contend with the profitability in his moment . We see this with the urban renewal controversy. How do we contend with the realities in his moment, right, and how do we contend with the realities in this moment, in terms of thinking about your work and putting your work in dialogue with taylors work on the housing industry, and so thinking about thinking about the relationship we have, the relationship activists have to the nature of White Supremacy and the different sorts of analyses we can produce when we think differently about that dynamic. Finally what does progress look like . Right . You talk a lot in the book about progress. Again, this is a very this is very dynamic, right, so what does it looks like . Is it simple . We move from progress being a simple representation i should not say simple, representation is a complicated thing, right, to we move from that to instances of trying to make make and sustain fundamental structural changes, right . So the nature of progress, how can and should it be idealized in an efforts to secure greater freedom. I can go on and on but i will not. So yeah, thats what i got. Again, a great book and looking forward to chopping it up with all of you about it. Its my great pleasure to be participating on this roundtable for professor winford. I have to say this, and it will make me look like more of an old head but i remember back in the, quote, unquote, day, meeting brandon for a conference more than ten years ago and knowing at that point that i met him that we would be at this point in the not too distant future. I always had a lot of respbgt for him and it makes us feel more secure that the future of the historical profession in the black experience is in good hands. Brother mckinneys comments were so profound and insightful and intra specktive, i am not a history of africanamericans in North Carolina, so my comments are broader, but that got me thinking about a whole host of stuff and making me want to go back and read the book again myself. The book uses wheelers multifaceted life for exploring the possibilities of what black leadership entailed in the jim crow south, namely in North Carolina and more specifically in durham. The scholarship contributes to several overlapping historical sub fields as professor mckinney pointed out, including black American History, and africanamerican biography, and the history of the black south and the history of the long Civil Rights Movement. I thoroughly enjoy reading wheelers book, what i would classify as being a biography of a man that wore different hats. He was the president of a black bank and politician and power broker and a contributor to the crafting of the civil rights act, and a businessman, a lawyer, a civil rights activist, and like professor mckinney i could go on and on. He was, in essence, a universal reformer who was involved in seamingless and countless movements and struggles and monumental events and local and National Organizations for close to five decades. His rise to fame is remarkable, and i am a bit embarrassed that i was unaware of his contributions before reading winfords book. He maintains that, quote, if we are fully to understand how central economics was to the Civil Rights Movement we must consider black business, end quote. Moreover, wheeler and his civil rights agenda provides an instructive case study for this. Winford is old school in his approach to interpreting and framing history, and i am a fan of this approach that. He explains in a straightforward narrative style how wheeler set and did things in the past, and at the same time he introduces a few concepts to help describe his protag northwest. Winfords study explores wheelers upbringing, family and history and early years. In order to demonstrate how he was soecialized. Further consceptualizing. Winford highlights wheelers role in the struggles for black educational equality and desegregation in North Carolina from the era of world war ii through the dawning of the Civil Rights Movement. He situates wheelers movement to the antidiscrimination lawsuits during the period. His discussion of blue versus durham is interesting. While learning about his legal efforts and is interesting. I thought about the tactics employed by Charles Hamilton houston prior to brown v. Board of education, something that is unpacked in the biography on the man who killed jim crow. Examples of student activism. He demonstrates that during the peak years of the monitor Civil Rights Movement, wheeler who support supported student activists adopted a unique approach. The manner in which he describes his disposition and approach reminded me of booker t. Washingtons shrewd strategies. Winford suggest that is wheeler, especially in his role as a member of the president s committee on equal opportunity was able to use his political influence and savvy to challenge employment discrimination, to fight for africanamerican Voting Rights, and in the final chapter, winford explores wheelers work in the Redevelopment Commission and the North Carolina fund. Wheeler helped the black community by supporting lowincome housing that many africanamericans relied upon while challenging whiteowned banks to democratize their practices. He acknowledges that wheelers support of projects had its shortcomings. His brand did not benefit the masses of africanamericans. Winford touches upon wheelers legacy. Winfords work is much more than simply an account of an underacknowledged and influence of black leaders life work and accomplishments. While he tells us everything we need to know about wheelers time on earth, he places wheeler within historical context. He points how this leader evolved and how he interacted with his contemporaries, junior activists and local and national policymakers. Equally important while doing so, winford addresses the five cs of historical thinking, demonstrates the ability to think creatively and talk about why his subjects acted in the manners they did. The final word on wheeler, most likely, has not been written. As one seasoned biographer has remarked, the notion of a definitive biography is fictitious. Future historians and scholars who seek to explore wheelers life and work will be compelled to use winfords book as a starting point. Hes the leading authority on this historical figure and i believe that winford has set a high bar. Thank you so much. Not much i can add, but more is a pearltives. The cover of winfords biography captures a dignified John Hervey Wheeler. He peers intensely off to the side, perhaps at some unseen collaborator but just as likely at an unwitting opponent. Wheeler spent much of his profession mall life as an executive with the africanamericanowned mechanics and farmers bank in North Carolina where he started as a bank teller and worked his way up to Bank President by the early 1950s. He engaged in back room racial diplomacy as well as waged frontline battles for economic and civil rights. In his book dr. Winford uncovers wheelers role in the civil rights struggle from the 1950s to the 1970s. In similar ways to a generation of social and cultural historians influenced indeed their thinking emancipated by the movements for black freedom in the mid20th century and these historians transferred method and scholarship, dr. Winford makes an important salvo that takes a harder look into the Civil Rights Movement. These reconsiderations are occurring in response to the unmistakable push from the sources to pay closer attention to how activists put their money where their mouths were and to the pull to untangle the roots of economic inequalities in our present times. The achievements of the Civil Rights Movement in terms of removing legal barriers to access an education, voting and to public spaces stand in stark contrast to the persistent wealth gaps and economic insecurity and lack of wellbeing that continue to plague africanamerican communities. So in addition to reassessing the movements success on questions of Economic Justice, scholars are rethinking the roles of africanamerican Business Leaders, traditional narratives judge the Business Elite as inherently conservative and resistant to social change. They argue its capitulated to white power struggles and defended racial segregation because of their dependence on africanamerican consumers. Dr. Winford complicates this assessment, revealing the complex engagements with the u. S. Political economy among elite africanamerican Business Leaders and elite institutions like africanamerican banks. His work explodes the simplistic binaries of accommodation, protest, of civil rights and black power. Dr. Winford, offers as my other colleagues have said, a meticulously detailed book laced are insights into the treacherous racial class and economic terrain africanamericans navigated in the long civil rights struggle. The biography reveals the multiple ways africanamerican elites argued for the Critical Role of Economic Justice in the fight for greater inclusion and not just u. S. Society, but also into the economy. So both dr. Winford and i have spent more than a decade working on remarkable black Business Leaders, passionate, committed social activists and complicated human beings. So for me, its magalina walker and he, of course, wheeler. And we understand the necessity of not becoming enamored of our subjects, but neither of us can deny the extraordinariness of the people who have ignited our imaginations and animated our scholarship. And i cannot miss this opportunity in my last couple of minutes to share with the round table and with those watching something about the extraordinariness of my scholar brother brandon. Brandon is a professional. Anyone knows him. In late 2014 when i was looking for contributes on a special issue for the journal of africanAmerican History, a colleague told me about brandon. But she really reminded me about brandon. Because we had crossed paths a couple of times, particularly through my mentor, dr. Juliette walker, and brandon made it a point always to stay in touch, to meet up for coffee at conferences and over the years we have shared our work. He comes up with fabulous ideas of, you know for workshops, sends me incredible pictures and sources and we dream about our future collaborations. In closing, im reminded of one spirited exchange we had a little while back about a popular book that will remain nameless. But i remember telling brandon that what was missing from this work was a recognition of, you know, a respect for the creative ways that black people worked around White Supremacy. And all the forces that told them, no, you cannot, you will not succeed. And i wrote text that you needed to love black people. If you were going to talk about how they dreamed of possibility and freedom. And i can say unequivocally that brandons love of black people so wide, so long, so high, and so deep. We are not ready for what he has in store for us and how he will transform and push forward the field of business black Business History in the new millennial. And so i do want since we have a little bit of time, i do want to give dr. Winford a chance to address the comments from the other panel lists. Dr. Mckinneys questions about the nature of black business activism, what does progress look like, what if racism is good for business, and to address any other issues that he might want to. Very quickly. Good afternoon, thank you all for attending today. First let me thank you dr. Harris for proposing the panel and putting it together and ive been really sort of impressed with these monthlong virtual conference. I really learned so much over the past few weeks. Glad to be a part of the inaugural round table and let me also sort of just thank my fellow Round Table Panel list, dr. Scott and mckinney. I cant put into words how thankful i have been for their encouragement and support through the years and always sharing their wisdom and some really good advice and nuggets and i have long admired their work but also the last point that shennette made, their example is what stands out to me. Scholarship stands out with those examples of what it means to be a scholar, what it means to love black people is something that really sort of stands out. And ill take a moment to answer some of the questions posed by charles and ill speak also to some of the critical points made by pero and shennette. Ill talk about the sources and access to sources. I initially inquired about the john willard papers in 2006 and the papers ended up being fully processed in 2016. That was a tenyear period where the library auc made the materials available to me, but i had to do some oldschool notetaking, i couldnt take digital images, and then when they were processed and i came back to it to transition to the book from a dissertation, i was kind of lost in, okay, where i already looked at this, but i dont know where it was. So that was a really great process in that it forced me to digest the materials and to make decisions about, okay, what can i take notes on, what can i crossreference in other collections across the country and so it really sort of made me work from that standpoint. So i really got to know these sources from that standpoint. And for people interested in this kind of work, black business civil rights, there are 109 linear feet of materials in the John Hervey Wheeler papers. What pero said, this is not the last word on John Hervey Wheeler. This is a crumb of what is possible from the John Hervey Wheeler collection. A crumb in terms of what we can say about him and his activism and career. Im excited about the possibilities of other kinds of projects that will come out of the john wheeler papers. I want to address this critical point, this question about changing nature of activism. John wheeler, when he really begins his activism in the 1940s and afterwards, this is sort of amid the naacps legal strategy, he goes to law school in the 1940s and looks at his the possibilities of him being a lawyer as critical in this postwar period. One of the things that he often said was and particularly thinking about generational transf transf trancerance of leadership, they had to be careful about how they approached and dealt with the white leadership. They had to walk a fine line because they didnt have the legal the kind of league redress that others would have. They had to be very careful because there was danger in sort of asserting Citizenship Rights for africanamericans at that particular time. He understood this very much so. And so when i think about this idea of the changing nature of activism, i think about it in terms of how john wheeler looked at the changing nature of activism. He kind of articulated the struggle for civil rights as in certain phases, right, he talked about the legal phase. The direct action phase, and then he talked about the implementation phase. And one could argue that with the implementation phase, it was something that he felt was more challenging for africanamericans because thats when you begin to sort of challenge, institutionalize racism and really sort of access resources in terms of what africanamericans could get. And so i think when we talk about the changing nature of leadership, i think his activism was as much in response to the strategies that were necessary and also the ways in which strategies you could build on strategies. Right . Within that context, he found he sort of looked at it from that standpoint and i think he understood that as time moved forward and as certain strategies came to their end, one had to find other ways. I think thats why hes so engaged in student activists in student activism during the 1960s. And let me this was this book was foundational text for my work in trying to really understand ideas about generational transferring of leadership, how to write biography and how to sort of engage ideas and really sort of how to think about someone who is doesnt really fit in a box, right . I talk a lot about him fitting outside of this box. And i got a lot of feedback from folks who encouraged me not to think about john wheeler as this radical, as this moderate, right . He didnt really he didnt like those kinds of terms. He didnt like the word black moderate. And so once i began to sort of think about him outside that box, i really could understand that his sense of activism he was interested in strategies that would help him work towards his larger goals of rights for africanamericans. So citizenship for africanamericans as a pathway to black economic power. Ultimately that was important for this idea of new south prosperity, right . And so ill save some of that for the question and answering. But going to peros point about this not being the last word of john wheeler. One of the things im dealing more with in transitioning from john wheeler as a banker, im becoming more interested in these the questions about how do we consider and think about black business and black banks and bankers on their own terms, right . We often talk about them in terms of their limitations, what they could not do for the Africanamerican Community because of all the limitations of access to the larger marketplace. But im interested in looking at them in terms, im interested in customers, employees, im interested in the community, what happens with Community Inside the bank . When you engage this type of Economic Life for africanamericans. Part of that ongoing conversation deals with that. And so ill end my comments right there. Because i know were running short on time. And so im looking forward to the q a, if we have time. We do. And we have two questions and just in the interest of time. Im going to give you both questions so that way you can answer them both. If we get another one, ill let you know. The first question is from janet and i want to read the question and perhaps explain what i think it is that shes asking. So shes asking, should blacks show empathy for the new financially struggling experimental u. S. If we were given equality after the American Revolution . Would the u. S. Be more or less vulnerable to britain if the enslaved were given equality or expensefree trip back to africa. What i think that ms. Mills is asking is a question about how should blacks kind of look at the current kind of financial picture of the country and really tie that back, i think, to legacy of slavery and missed opportunities for africanamericans. How should africanamericans, i think, perhaps see the United States political economy nationally and globally and then we have another question from kendra boyd. She asks she says, i really enjoyed reading the book. Can you talk a little bit more about wheelers relationship with his wife and how she influenced his activism. With the first question, its a really complicated question and one of the things that ill answer one of the ways ill answer it is this, i like to think about this postcivil war period, this period after the civil war. The way i kind of like to think about it is, ideas of economic emancipation and shennette does a good job of getting this economic sense. But one of the things we dont often think about is the look at reconstruction as exercising or becoming the sense of political democracy, right . We talk a lot about the politics and things of that nature. One of the things we dont tend to talk about is this idea of how Something Like reconstruction was an economic democracy, right . Looking at the ways in which africanamericans had an economic understanding of their freedom from the very beginning. I think its important for us to understand our own sort of ideas about economic freedom, and economic independence and how best to go about achieving those possibilities. In this current moment, i would like to use the term that we really got a sense that our country, our institutions, we were living paycheck to paycheck. And in this moment, things like covid, police brutality, all of that is showing us the limitations of capitalism. The fact that there were no systems in place to help sustain us in this moment of crisis. And so when i think about africanamericans in our economic positioning, weve seen some of where we are today, were thinking about the cost of this moment. And so i think there are lessons and strategies from these entrepreneurs, even whats happening today. Were creating other kinds of strategies to maneuver economically around our sort of traditional systems, right . Thats one way im thinking about that question. In terms of kendras question, thats a really, really good question. Her father was one of the cofounders of the mechanic and farmers bank. When they got married, one of the things when john wheeler went to ask her father for her hand in marriage, her father told her, she was not going to sit at home, right . And so when they got married, right, it was an understanding that she was going to set about moving forward in her career as much as he was going to move forward in his career. And she becomes this librarian, right, and she sort of preserves africanamerican culture in literature as the head of the Black Library. One of the things that she was able to do in that sense is to put together a form for africanamericans to come and discuss works and authors like murray. She set up things like a book mobile. She kind of, in her career, she sort of moved the Black Library toward a sense of modernity. In terms of her activism, separate from john wheeler, she was very involved in womens organizations in durham, right . She was typically during the 1960s, she was pivotal in ensuring that student activists had facilities where they could strategize but also where they could take a break. Shes very much in a parallel sort of running parallel to John Hervey Wheeler. One of the things im sorry to interrupt you. I think we have a sense of her activism, but i have three more questions. I would like to get those you got to keep on stopping me, as you know. Im sorry. We have a question from devon fergus. He asks three questions, but i will pick one. Ill ask his last question, which is how does the color of money parallel or diverge when it comes to your understanding of wheeler in particular and with the mechanics and farmers bank institutionally, and ill jump in with the other two questions. Its a really smart book. One of the things it is more of, its a legislative history of the impact of the field of banking on black Economic Life. More so than it ever is a history of black banking. And in that it does a lot with public policy. And so in that, i think she provides some of the history of black business and black banking which is not in detail. But she skips over black banking, right, the nuances, the ways in which the black bank and where those banks actually were in existence, they made impact and they had an impact in the africanamerican communities, churches, schools, right, black homeownership. And so i think that conversation gets overlooked because were thinking so much about the comparative analysis of where africanamerican banks and by 1959, the combined resources of africanamerican banks was about 48 million. We tend to think about the failures, the limitations of black banking outside of the context of understanding them on their own terms. But its a smart book, good about public policy. And also, it doesnt really do that much when it comes to black banking in the south which is what im interested in. By 1910, the majority of africanamerican banks were in operation in the south. I think theres a lot we can do about having that conversation about that broader history. All right. Great. We have another question from wanda. She asks, did wheeler favor activism that target Financial Independence in the form of strengthening the untapped black consumer strength over rights obtained via legislative channels. Im going to join that with a question that is asking about how wheeler addresses black wealth in light of the fact that blacks spend less than because of their they spend less than 5 on black businesses. So i think those are two questions about the role of buying black and how do what do economic rights look like . Right. I think those are really, really good questions. So one of my big points of the book is folks like julia walker and shennette and others have pointed out that, you know, theres a sense that africanamerican businesses that were successful, they benefitted from segregation. They were not so much interested in the coming of integration. If you look another john wheeler and the ways in which he discusses economic rights, its the exact opposite, right . Because he believed that blackowned institutions in his bank in particular were limited in their possibilities, right . Limited to a specific clientele or africanamerican customers. They still had to compete with white banks. They didnt have an exclusive lock on black customers and black clientele. His activism, civil rights, economic rights, were very much sort of thinking about or in line with what was going to happen to black institutions with the coming of integration. He was very much interested in tapping a larger marketplace to expand his bank. He believed that the bank could compete with any whiteowned bank of comparable size. In that this question about also what segregation was going to do to these institutions, he understood this particular impact and the possibilities of black institutions declining post integration. One of the things he was an integrationist in terms of his framework. But one of the things he felt was important, integration had to be worked out. In that, he didnt see black institutions, whether were talking about schools, churches, so forth and so on, businesses, he didnt see the decline or the end of blackowned institutions. He felt like with integration, blackowned institutions would be strengthened. Ill leave it there. In practice, that wasnt necessarily the case. But he was serious about the ways in which integration had to be worked out. We have two more questions and ill give them both to you. They actually dove tail on what youve been talking about. Kimberly talks about her family and community and church and how they banked on the bank and flew Wheeler Airlines occasionally. But shes saying that she never heard him referred to as a civil rights leader. Shes asking, do you consider wheelers making the black middle class for accessible to activism and the last question will be from vincent who asks, how did leaders like wheeler leverage their memberships in fraternal organizations like omega si phi and other organizations. Really, really great questions. Part of it is, wheeler is a banker and he was in a leadership position politically in burr hadurham, right . And there were a lot of instances when things didnt go his way, people challenged him, and he used the fact that he was a banker, right, he had the moneybags, right . And so i think thats really important as we understand the limits of black leadership. But i also have to think about his role in black educational equality, his role in Voting Rights for africanamericans. There are some things that definitely and also from his middle class status. He doesnt have to do what hes doing as a business activist. In many ways, within the confines of segregation he said he always felt that he was already a part of the american society, right . Free to do what he wanted to do and go where he wanted to go. And so for him as a business person, if someone is part of the black middle class elite coming from atlanta to durham, to take the kind of action role that he ended up taking, was in and of itself a kind of boldness, right . And so i think part of the ways in which we have to look at these figures is we do have to think more in more complicated ways. We have to think about class and gender. But i also think that we have to sort of get outside of what these leaders should be within the strictures of class and we can better understand their motivations when we do that. Thats kind of one way that im thinking about that particular question. Doctor in terms of his memberships, he was he was a member of so many organizations, right . And so and ill sort of end here. He said this sha he was behol institutions. In other words, his goto strategies were the legal approach, organized pressure through organizations, and also being a part of the political process was very much important. He was part of the Democratic Party within the state. And so all of those organizations that he was a part of, he used those were a part of his civil rights agenda. He leveraged the influence in all of those organizations to impact his ideas about citizenship, the ways in which that interconnected with this idea of black economic power, ultimately new south prosperity, right . Thank you very much. Thank you to the panelists and all of the great questions. Thank you all very much. Appreciated those comments. Thank you for the questions, right, those questions are going to be used toward my next book as we wi as well. Really good questions. Thank you all. Weeknights this month were featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan3. And tonight we look into pandemics and diseases. The 1918 flu pandemic altered American Life in ways that are familiar to those living through the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. Christopher mcknight nickels recounts the experiences and what we might learn. Enjoy American History tv this week and every weekend on cspan3. American history tv on cspan3, exploring the people and events that tell the american story every weekend. Coming up this weekend, saturday at 2 00 p. M. Eastern, bestselling authors and Depaul University history professors Kathleen Rooney and miles harvey talk about how they approach Historical Research for their work. At 6 00 p. M. Eastern on the civil war, scott harwig, author, discusses his research on the battle of antietam. At 8 00 p. M. Eastern on lectures in history, patrick alan discusses president richard nixon, Henry Kissinger and their key Foreign Policy initiatives. On sunday at 2 00 p. M. Eastern, former u. S. Senator sam nun reflects on the cold war 75 years later. Exploring the american story. Watch American History tv this weekend on cspan3. A panel of scholars talks about detroits history of africanamerican activism in the 20th century. They discuss in detail the work of longtime detroit residents rosa parks and john conyers. This was part of