Tv we hurl from the National World war two the merica animals of world war ii. She highlights the meals, dogs, patients who are integral part of this war effort. Thanks for joining us today. Im really happy to talk about low forces. And he burns and i coauthored this book published in 2019. We did it after exhibition of a larger topic of animals at war that we have in the museum. And for the book we actually decided to narrow the focus a little bit, just to talk about the u. S. Military in their use of animals but the war. I am going to talk but for meat animals today, and if we have some time i will try to get in a couple of other fund topics as well. We are going to talk about meals, dogs, pigeons, and horses. We will go to the first flight here and mules. Although they are often looked down upon because of the stubborn an object nature,s freeze government mule is one a lot of us are probably familiar with. They are indeed hardworking and widely used and military before world war ii, and they did prove vital in some areas. But why is . Meals they have a sort of nature and care footed. They were really vital on some of the terrains that were possible by military vehicles. They require less green than horses. And are a much more dependable working animal. They are quite intelligent, which is quite contrary to popular belief, its actually their intelligence that helps them recognize their own limits of strength and endurance. So this quality that is often read as stubbornness is really a form of self preservation. So like horses, mules will not work themselves to death. We will go to the next slide. During world war i, the army used meals with hundreds of thousands and kept nearly 80,000 after world war i during that into work period. As the u. S. Military became more mechanized and was drawing more and more on wheel and track vehicles along with aircraft, the use of wheels declined. But as the troops were working through the terrains of north africa and italy, and even more so in the china government, wheels would prove really vital and the army would then prepare local meals in italy, and then eventually by 14,000 more during the war. According to a manual about meals in the military, this is what it says about a good deal. It is a pack meal should be 14 and one half a hand in hand and way from 1000 1200 pounds. He should be compact. Starkly built, and have a short neck, it short neck, large bear with deep girth. Straight, strong legs, short pasture and good feet. If that wasnt enough, mueller also of the chosen based on their personality. They had to have, composure quietness, calmness. Those traits were also important when you have hundreds of meals all weve been together through narrow pathways and often intimidating jungles. So similarly, the u. S. Military selected mules based on their knowledge of animals and fear of certain animals. Mule handlers were expected to be cached patient, to be kind, and firm. They restarted to train the meals with positive in reinforcement. When it acted the way that it wanted it to and strictly private of things like strikes, switches, and other things that may instill fear in the middle. All the mules for trained to be written, led, stand quietly, walk, stand fully packed, swim, move not heard and they also had to be immersed in the sounds of battle. Battle inoculation was really key to making sure the mules did not panic when they encountered loud noises. They would be worked in and around motor parks that would allow them to become familiar with the sound of gasoline smell of gasoline and sound of engines. The animals learned that the noises around them would not hurt them and as a result, when they encountered them, they remained calm. In all units, the most welltrained mule was deemed the bell and lead pack mule could she wore a special bell and the other mules were trained to follow the bell. If she climbed the hill, they climbed the hill, if she swam the river, they swam the river. They actually used the pack saddle you see in this photograph. It was used for all kinds of pack loads, artillery, equipment, even ones that were the heaviest weapons cargo loads as well. By itself, it weighs 72 pounds, and when you would at the attachments it would take for the different kinds of loads, it could weigh 95 pounds alone. It can hold up to 300 pounds of cargo. 300 mules carrying 300 pounds each, one pack unit could carry 45 tons, a lot of material. During world war ii, mules worked around the world. They served in africa and italy, but formed the decisive backbone in the chinaburmaindia theater. This was one of the most geographically challenging in world war ii. Mules proved themselves even more versatile than a jeep. The first famous pack unit were a really successful and selfsufficient military unit. Selfsufficient because the cargo loads they supported in the Field Artillery battalion, they had traveling medical and veterinary units. It was really the ultimate proof of the animalss importance and a mechanized army, because the mobility of the mules and rough in rough terrain was more important than speed. If you follow the white line in the photograph, you can see how long the mule train is in the jungle. The task force was the second of2 longrange penetration units that fought behind japanese lines in burma. The job was to function behind the lines deep in the jungles of the mountains of southwest asia and protect and keep chinese supply routes going. The u. S. Really wanted to continue to keep Japanese Forces occupied in china as much as they possibly could. From any vantage, this terrain was intimidating, and it was impossible for most motorized vehicles to cross. These strong, surefooted mules were needed to carry artillery on the mountain trail, sometimes in single file like the previous picture. The only way these men could operate behind enemy lines was they received supplies by airdrop. You can see parachutes falling here. Except for these planes, these were the only mechanized transportation available. These mules were the only reliable means of movement and supplies. Sorry, can you go back no, stay where you are. We have something in our collection from hiram boone. He was inducted in the army on september 23, 1943. He was first sent to oklahoma for basic training and artillery training. He worked specifically with the 75 millimeter pack howitzer and mules. He joined a field battalion and was assigned to the headquarters and service battery. Here he did further training with the pack howitzer and mules. As they prepared for burma mountains, they did not know where they were headed but they knew it was mountainous conditions. The rapid unpacking of the artillery and keeping it together for combat. The history we have with him, he said a gun could be unloaded in a matter of minutes and be in firing position. They trained really hard to get that down. They reached calcutta in september 1944. They went on a boat with mules with them. From that atlantic ports tool they got to india, 63 days across the atlantic, through the mediterranean, the suez canal, the red sea and indian ocean before they arrived in india. They spent a lot of time with these animals on this boat. His job in the field was to collect ammunition, food and other supplies from the airdrop speared he had to be in a certain location on a given day to reach the goods before japanese found them. All of the supplies were loaded onto the pack mules to be carried out of the drop zone. Artillery, ammunition, including the 75 millimeter artillery rounds, and rations were dropped by parachute. It was packed loosely enough it would not burst on impact, the mule feed. All of this came to the United States. His personal riding mount was his mule, chick. They traveled together all the way to china. They were assigned to each other. He cared for him and boone groomed him every day in addition to other duties. He said of the mules, they are smart, much smarter than horses. They will not over drink, overeat, overwork. They are superior in rough terrain to a horse and actually smarter than a horse. He held them in good regard. At the end of the war, the mules were slated to be handed over to the chinese military, but many of them had contracted a fatal disease. They had to be put down. Boone said at the end of his oral history, i did want to praise this mule and i frankly think mules and other animals did not receive and have not received the recognition they are entitled to because they all paid the supreme sacrifice. We also have some of the pictures you saw in the presentation, one boone himself took and donated to the museum. It was really amazing to me when i started to do the research for the exhibition and ultimately the book, that i learned about the u. S. Not having a War Dog Program until world war ii. We think of dogs today is a basic tool of military and police work that we hardly question their ability to smell bombs or drugs or the prosciutto you are not supposed to bring back from europe. At the start of the war, the u. S. Only had sled and pack dogs in the military. Other countries in europe had been using dogs successfully in world war i. The french and belgians, germans, messengers, medics and pack animals. But there was some forward thinking that felt the u. S. Military should undertake a war Dog Training Program. They really were able to perceive some of the ways dogs could be useful in combat and noncombat situations. One of the first things they had to do was recruit dogs. In 1942, dogs for defense was formed, and everyday people would volunteer their own docs for service. With those dogs cleared in Health Checks and intelligence checks, they were sent on to be trained as war dogs. You could support the war dog fund financially as well as volunteering your dog. We have a couple of dog tags. As well as certificates for donating to the fund. There were four main tops of war dogs. Scouts and sentry dogs, messenger dogs, tech dogs, and roving dogs. There were also a mine detection dogs. Today we think of that as a basic element of what working dogs do, that at the outset of the program, no one realize they could train dogs to smell for explosives. They were trained to look for disturbances on the ground. This did not work very well and the mine dog program was deemed a failure. Attack dogs were also victim to a bad program. They did not use positive reinforcement, they were trained with negative methods. They did not turn out to be a big success as the military had hoped. They were sometimes viewed as a supplement to a guard dog or if someone who was a threat to a guard. The real heart of the Dog Training Program was sentry dogs. All of the docs were trained to be sentries, but some dogs got more extensive training in other areas. The overall training was less intense than other working dogs. They needed to be moderately intelligent, link, and somewhat aggressive. Sentry dogs were trained to accompany military and civilian patrols in various conditions and to give a warning through parking or growling at the approach of another person. Probably something that many of us are familiar with is the use of dogs as messengers. Messenger dogs could care carry a message for five times faster than a soldier on foot. Dogs have a much lower profile than humans, making them harder to locate and more challenging tissue. The equipment the dogs needed was minimal, just a small canister around the neck or, as you see in this photograph, a pouch around the body of the dog. They were the only dogs trained with two handlers, so the dog would know who to seek out to deliver the message. One of the most famous war dogs was the messenger dog caesar. He was a german shepherd. He was with n company of the third marine raider battalion. Their job was to hold a roadblock. Because of the dense foliage, radios were unable to send or receive signals, and caesar provided a Vital Communications link and completed 11 messenger missions. He was not only an a accomplished messenger dog, but a dog. He rushed out of a foxhole and was called back. As he was returning, a japanese sniper shot caesar. A firefight ensued but he had disappeared. He was later found with his other handler. The bullet hit too close to his heart to operate, but despite his wounds, he survived and returned to duty three weeks later. Although injured and scared, his loyalty to his handlers saved him and warned others of how close the japanese soldiers were. It is really the scout or roving patrol dogs that really changed the way military and serviceman thought about docs the military. These are some of the most highly trained in the military, used primarily in the pacific, they would walk up to 25 yards and win a dog sensed an enemy soldier it would give a signal or alert to its handler. This signal or alert was key because it had to be silent. Handlers and dogs were paired together before basic training and they spent their whole military lives together essentially because the dock and handler didnt know each other very well, they needed to build that trust together. There were a lot of stories about dog men being made fun of by other marines and soldiers, but you get one instance like i just described was caesar, and like i will describe with kurt and they arent very much the respect of those that were. On them you can see some government pictures here often used by the marine corps in the pacific. Having the dogs go out ahead of the calm they can sense the enemy process presents before the bodies of the enemy soldiers or marines would walk through. Kurt was a painter mug at the island of. One he alerted to japanese soldiers, his private was a first class gibson, they killed two japanese soldiers before a mortar shell exploded near them. Those japanese soldiers were part of a much larger for us, and kurds discovered them from stumbling body with his spine exposed and surgery impossible he suffered for most of the day before succumbing talismans. But a sacrifice let his likeness being memorialized to all the dogs for the liberation of guam. You can see that it stands there with the names of many of the other dogs that give their lives for that liberation. So dougs for defense obtained 18,000 dogs during the three years it was engaged for procurement. Nearly 3000 ducks were sent overseas. Dogs prove to be a invaluable resource in the pacific and home front. If the dogs survive the war there would be returned to them. That promise prove difficult to fulfill. The u. S. Military didnt anticipate thousands of hours of retraining and the militarization training says that would because to fulfill such a promise. Through the work of lieutenant, and major, the dogs were given that demilitarize a shun training and set home. So homing pigeons. Believe or not, we still used fidgets in world war ii. One of the oldest means of communication were widely used. They are a specific type of domestic pageant derived from the rock pigeon and not the pharaoh pigeons that many of us are familiar with in our cities. Believe it or not, the earliest documented use of pigeons for communication was with the romans 2000 years ago. And their ability to carry imported messages hasnt really damaged in that time. So even before japans attack in pearl harbor, the American Military had begun ramping up its Communication Program with the army signal corps. During the, war a carrier pigeon was used in almost every theater every access and ally. About a dozen american pigeon units were activated during the war and the army score had about 3000 soldiers and 150 officers assigned to the u. S. Military veteran service. And they cared for more than 54,000 vengeance and 36,000 of those were deployed overseas. The pigeons were used in all the combat theaters, and they actually sought service with ground troops, in some, marines with, bombers and in the intelligence service. In expanding rate of success, senior soldiers received more than 90 of the messages sent by the military. Thats a pretty good right. The pigeons often come to missions under bad conditions, bad weather, night flying, blood showers, and even attacks from any birds of prey. Thousands of soldiers and airmen and owe their lives to the pitch nears who sent their messages one on the other means have failed. However, even as the army move two words nearly total mechanization and the birds were seen is valuable because they were induct undetectable form of communication. They were used one other means of communication were not available or feasible. Patients were also important part of communications when wherein they were also impacted for paratroopers who frequently have little or no Radio Communications. So pigeons got news swiftly and without revealing that location of the soldiers. And pigeons were actually also dropped the especially made parishes or inside bamboo boxes or containers. You can see here eight bird pigeon continue that would be dropped by parachute. And they had to be put inside the continues because other was a sun as they were let out of the aircraft they would fly home. So the soldiers could clip the, pigeons said the, messages said that with the communications and in one of the capsules that were used. Since there were so successful very few of the messages were so coated. There were so dependable at getting to their homes that they dont worry about it getting to enemy hands. Even though their talent was very known we dont always know about how and has managed to go home. We do know that it takes training at a young age. The loft can actually be moved to new locations. And the bird taken hundreds of miles away, and despite the pigeons new location and even the lofts new location the bird will return. So how do they do that . If you go to the next one. Okay, first, young homing pigeons are passionate, this becomes their permanent home. They are we here and moderately allowed to fly short of substances within the loft and when they return to get. It gradually this instills the pavlovian mechanism that if i do this i get food. Theyre taking different distances and dropped, off tossed to stay safe to fly. Home they start at half a mile, than a mile, up to and ultimately getting into 250 miles. So once they, come back to that loss lofts, easily, then they start to move the loft as well as take the bird different distances. So the startup by releasing several pigeons together so they will all fly home together. And taking it dance until theyre flying home in pairs. This is also when they will attach the capsules and get the proceeds to flying with a caps on their neck. All of this training was actually designed to prevent the Bird Association with its home loft in one specific location. This way the birds could travel with advancing forces or aircraft. Stay with them for multiple days if necessary and then released returned to their home loft despite that the loft probably moved in the pigeons time away. So to pigeons who proved themselves during the war. On the left is yank. And when american soldiers stormed and tucked back to new show, yang was released with the message of. Victory he was released in nigeria, nine miles away to deliver the news ahead all other means of communication. Lady asked her is the president on the right and she served in north africa and reset with the urgent message. She competed a flight of 60 miles. Even after she had been shot by pellets which broke one of her legs, and lost a lot of her feathers. She actually collapsed when she returned to her loft but was nursed back to health. Sources, probably another thing that many of us are familiar with when it comes to military and police work. After the bombing of pearl harbor, americans on the mainland were on high alert for enemy attack. Many feared a Japanese Invasion on the pacific, coast or german evasion on the Atlantic Coast or gulf of mexico. The fierce werent unfounded. The japanese did launch over 9000 balloon bombs with a few hundred reaching north american shores. Japanese ships were spotted off the shores of north carolina, california. Military authorities felt it was really only a matter of time until access forces attempted lending operations, even if the landings werent on a grand scheme, small nuisance skirmishes could create a lot of panic and fear in the United States. So ultimately, it became the responsibility of the coast guard to protect and defend the coastline. And germany built and sank numerous ships. And the fear of letting saboteurs called for this increased vigilance in spotting them off the coast. Believe it or not, hitler had a plan to create a sense of unease and panic in the. Yes he was eager to prove to the United States that despite our physical distance from the war and europe, americans were still vulnerable. And he soon after the declaration of war, he ordered a sabotage to begin. It was called operation pastry us. It was to land one or two small teams of saboteurs in the states to create and network of spies in the u. S. The operation started with the launching of two submarines in 1942 each carried a four man team that would sneak onto american beaches. They were equipped with four waterproof wooden crates with materials to create explosions. There were also given Something Like 50,000 american dollars for expenses and bribes. The u584 team landed without incident near jacksonville, florida. They caught a Greyhound Bus into jacksonville. The second team landed on june 12th on the beach near new york. The man rode ashore in heavy fog and managed to change their clothes, they were halfway through burying their crates when one of their team members, who you can see in the picture, spotted at coats scarves men on patrol. So he climbed over doomed to approach the man, and claimed his friends were stranded, he offered to take him to shelter at a coast guard station and it was declined. At this point he became suspicious, he was offered a bribe. So he was armed only with a flashlight, took a bribe and walked away. As soon as he was involved in the fog, he ran back to his coast guard station. This is john colin. He gathered others have the coast guard station and grab some weapons and head back to the beach but the team was gone. They had managed to catch a train to new york city, by 10 30 that evening, a manhunt ensued and eventually all eight of the supporters were captured. The first attempt failed but it was a close call for americans because one team had landed completely undetected. The need to protect and control americas vast coastline was more important than ever. Military authority, we need greater support and keep incidents like this from happening. No animals were present at the landings, but it made clear that the speed of a horse and the consensus of a dog would have enhanced the coast guard control. The coast guards need for horses was a media. There was time to train the animals. However the decline of the armies use of horses resulted in a surplus of trained animals. The u. S. Army sent thousands of horses to the coast guard for use on peach patrol. Most patrols consisted of two men assigned to a two mile stretch of beach. The ban walked the beach together for the 12 hour shift. And these patrols are also tasked with keeping vigil an eye on ocean. They were the beach patrolmen where the first and only people in an area to give insistence women instant such as a peach fire, plane crash or ship wreck occurred. They became the ice meteors of the u. S. Navy and army. Horses were ideal for beach patrol, their speed allowed them to run down enemies, it also ensured that more help would be forthcoming. Often, since Radio Communications were not wellestablished between stations, horses provided the fastest way to communicate. Hand so in one instance, the rescue of two people from a greek ship called the luis was directly to the swiftness and alertness of amounted Coast Guard Beach patrol. It broke up in the Fifth District which is off the coast of north carolina. A man saw the first of 11 bodies that would wash ashore. Their search and rescue missions actually saved two people from the ship wreck. In the eighth district near the texas and louisiana line in the swamp, Army Aviators were rescued when their bomber crashed. They looked for help and ended up getting lost in the swamp. It was mounted coast guard crew who conducted a thorough search of the swamp and found all of the missing aviators. By june of 1943, almost 3000 horses were in use by the u. S. Coast guard, and almost all of these horses had come from the u. S. Army. Dogs were also important to shore patrol. Trained dogs could run down and attack unauthorized persons on beaches, and the beach patrol used about 2000 trained dogs in its operation. They were also acquired through docs for defense. I want to touch on some topics and then i will take some questions. It is hard to believe that bats and spiders made a contribution to the war effort. Bats, there was an idea to use a small, incendiary bombs attached to bats to firebomb towns and villages. Basically we wanted to take small bombs, strap them to bats, and let the bats out over enemy territory. They constructed a special kind of bomb to hold the bats, which you see there. The idea was the bat would roost in the eaves of houses and the bomb would explode. There were these smalltime delayed bombs and they had to put the bat in a semihibernation state and they would gradually come to us they dropped out of the plans. It actually works. At a brandnew airfield, but could not let the fire crews and because of the secret nature of the program. It did not get launched in a fullscale way, it was only in testing. There are some great books about it and one of them talks about how they were in a race against the manhattan project. They thought thats where the bomb might be most helpful. Believe it or not, spiders. How did spiders contribute to the war effort . For a long time, since the 1800s, scientists have been using spider silk and optimal optical equipment. Spider silk is so fine that the strands allow for better focus. The production of military instruments like homicides, microscopes, meant that more silk was needed. People around the country would collect silk from spiders and even sometimes weave it into finer threads and then sell it to the military to be used in instruments. What struck me as the most interesting part of this is that the best silk came from the black widow spiders. Soldiers at fort knox will be sent out to collect silk from the spiders. One more slide. I have to touch on pets and mascots because they were also a vital part of the war effort for many people. They offered a lot of comfort and companionship. With that, if you will go one more. Shout out to my dog downstairs sleeping, and to felix, who is lindsays dog, they are our buddies who helped write the book. I will take some questions. Steven asks, in London England there is a beautiful monument to the war. Is there similar monuments in the u. S. . There is nothing quite on that scale in the u. S. , there are smaller memorials across the country. Usually for specific animals or units that are doing that. But its a beautiful memorial, i have been there. What is the most unusual use of an animal that i have discovered . Probably the bats. I think the spiders even kind of makes sense because its been around before, but this idea that bats were going to do major firebombing, it was really the most surprising thing to me. And then someone asks what are the main breeds of dogs used . Beleaguered are not, initially any dog of a proper size could be used. Opposed to chart in the facebook later, that we made that shows all the breeds that were accepted. Basically anything in the medium to large size frame, it was during the war that we discovered that shepherds and other dogs where the most suited for military service. Believe it or not, dorman are not great war dogs. They are very skittish. The dover man society gifted a lot of dogs to the marine corps so theyre often associated together, but they dont make the best dogs. A lot of shepherds do. And then, elaine asks if they are killed in action with his dog go to another or we have to be retrained by another handler. So often the dogs were very loyal to their handlers, there are stories of their handlers dying in the dogs defending the body. But table he if the handler was killed, the dog would depend on the personality of the dog, they might bond with another. Handler typically they would have to go back and have some retraining, yes. The going faster than i can see. I do have a sense of the fatality rate of dogs or pigeons. I dont. The pigeons are really hard. And the dogs to a certain extent, there are probably some numbers that it can go said on facebook to you. I dont remember the number of the top of my head. Brown wants to know with the patient due on a submarine. Similar to how they would be used. Jumped off of aircraft. You can let them go off the coast or in the middle of the ocean and they would fly away with whatever message they need to send with the submarine, so that was the location of others, have other ships that they dont want to use radio for because they could be giving away their location to an enemy. What about cats . Of course. Cats cats are typically just mascot and, pets which i said is very important. So we certainly do appreciate them. I knew i was gonna cut it close on time. I do have one picture of a cat. Opposed to guys can see it. Lets see. Ive got some other questions here. Lets see. Somebody says im wondering if you are aware that the last cavalry charge for the army took place. Yes i did. Thats in the philippines. The horse chapter in the book is actually sort of split into two. Its put into these by the coast guard, and then this last cavalry charge story, and thats a great story about the funding in the philippines, and have the drawback that they took to get everybody down into the bhutan peninsula, only for most of them to be marched back up. But lieutenant ramsey was the leader of that charge, and he actually escaped the japanese and fought as a gorilla, and that is a fascinating story. I highly recommend the book, ramseys war, if anybody has a chance. But about elephants in burma . I couldnt cover all of them and this is mostly talking about u. S. Militarys use of animals. Elephants could also be used as pack animals. In the book we will have a chapter that we call exotics because i was the example of migrant father grew up in west virginia, probably hadnt been 50 miles away from the house he was born in and those in the cannonball and im sure he said many animals can be seen before. A lot of act to put us, elephants, water buffalo, things like that, theres a whole chapter mostly of just pictures. We would an animal be able to earn a medal . Yes and no. They did initially allow and must be awarded things like purple hearts and all of that, but they took them away. They decided, its a contentious story, its also in the book. But there is a medal called addiction battle, which is a british, society the dickens society, which provides medals to animals who have acted in breezeways. Some of the patients that i talked about earned that metal. What did meet what did demilitarized a shun training look like for dogs . They were trying to be aggressive. They had to get out of the aggressive mood. Thats the only thing that could keep you from graduating to go home if you stay too aggressive. I think theres only a case of the happening once or twice of all the dogs that were demilitarized. But like people, combat is difficult. There were definitely dogs that suffer from stress from the battle conditions that they had. They need time to sort of feel safe and be back in a totally different environment, a home in vermont versus a battle environment. And lieutenant also wrote a great book and he talks about the demilitarized a shun training of the dogs. Lets see. About dogs and animals getting ranks. You stated get a rank. And their rank was always one above their. Handler so if a handler got promoted, the handler got promoted one. Up sort of that typical military style of, rank matters. If your dog out rings to you owe it a level of respect. Lets see. Any Laboratory Retrievers used . Yes, of course. I cant think of a story off the top of my head but they were definitely a breed used during the war. Somebody asked if they use dolphins. I didnt look that up when we were researching the book, it was kind of unclear. It seems that dolphins have been used by the military since then, but it wasnt really clear to me whether we were doing any of that training during world war ii, and certainly we dont have any pictures of it and we dont have any stories of, it so we sort of left it out of the book after all. Lets see. Okay, so the, bear used by the coalition. Again, American Animals for this book, so we can cover the bare, and we did talk about it in the larger exhibition we have in the year before the book came out. The germans use more courses than anybody during the war. Okay. Just a military still used dogs . Yes, actually very much so. Were newfoundlands used . Probably, they were one of the breeds also that was acceptable. Okay, i think thats pretty much all the questions. Unless i see any others. Looks good. Okay, thank you all very much. I really appreciate you taking time to listen to me talk about horses. We have questions later feel free to put them on the space book thing and i will put some other pictures and information there as well. The Supreme Court hears oral arguments unaffordable care act in the consulate cases of texas we california and california. Texas on tuesday 10 am eastern on cspan. The Health Care Law was changed by texas after a 2017 republican tax law eliminated the penalty for not having health care insurance. Listen to the oral arguments live at 10 am eastern on cspan. On demand at cspan. Org slash cspan. Org or the cspan radio app. Weaknesses month were featuring cspan programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan 3. Tuesday night we look back at the allied victories in both the european and pacific theaters. With author and historian, im rick atkinson, 2020 marks the 70th anniversary of the end of world war ii. But the pm eastern. Enjoy American History tv this weekend
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