He is the coauthor of the book the last road north a guide to the Gettysburg Campaign and he works as a historian at Gettysburg National park. Hes here to talk to us about one of the worlds lesser known but vital actions of the battle on corpse hill. Ladies and gentlemen, dan walsh. I want to begin by thanking all my friends and colleagues in the emerging civil war, chris monkowski, chris white at the American Battlefield trust tore having me today to present you this often forgotten story of the battle of gettysburg. Over the last 157 years, so many of us are familiar with the stories of Joshua Chamberlain and Little Round Top, pickets charge, Seminary Ridge, but often what gets lost is some of the stories that would occur on the union armys right flank on july 2nd and july 3rd known as corpse hill. As a monument to honor george green after the battle of gettysburg, illuminary dan sickles would give a dedication speech to this monument that had been dedicated in honor of green and his performance at gettysburg on july 2nd, 1863. Sickles said, quote, the battle fought here by general green to hold possession of culps hill has a conspicuous place in history. It is memorable not so much for the combatants engaged as it is for the skill of his general, the commanding of his troops and what would follow the defeat of the union forces. Sadly today the story of greens brigade and greens generalship in 1863, the position on culps hill that his men would occupy for several critical hours during the second day of the battle has largely been forgotten. It is a story today that we are going to bring back to the forefront. But who was george sears green . We already heard general sickles praise for george sears green, but who was this man who worked so hard to honor the right flank in 1863 . George sears greene was likely the oldest officer in the battle of gettysburg. He was a direct descendant of Many American history luminaries. He was a descendant of one of the pioneers that had helped Roger Williams settle the colony. Several of his ancestors had served as Lieutenant Governor as well as being an ancestor of general greene in warfare. He would go to providence before he was all set to go to Brown University to complete his studies. Unfortunately, financial setbacks in the family and greenes personal life would force him instead to move to new york city and find a job at a dry goods store inside of a merchants office. While in new york city and working to provide some income for himself and his family, greene received an appointment to the United States military academy. He would enter west point at the age of 18, and he would graduate as part of the class of 1823 with high honors, second in his class of 79. He would serve as a lieutenant of artillery upon his graduation, and then he would go on to teach mathematics for four years at west point. He would fall in love during his time at west point, marrying the sister of one of his classmates, elizabeth vinton, in 1888. But he would eventually be sent to maine and fort sullivan in 1863. His wife and three children would all go with him to fort sullivan where tragedy would strike and alter greenes course for the rest of his life. Elizabeth and all three of his children would pass away while greene was stationed at fort sullivan in maine. Greene would retreat much inside of himself, as you can imagine, as this tragedy affected him, but one of the things he did to deal with this loss in his life was to turn to study in education. He began to read books on law and medicine. And in just three years time, he would resign his commission and he would be prepared to pass not only the bar exam but also the medical board exam in both professions. So heres a man that is a graduate of west point, an educator of west point, he now has additional degrees in law and medicine, and he decides to not work in any of those fields but tackle yet another challenge, another educational challenge, to begin work as a Civil Engineer building railroads. He would later find love again. He would marry Martha Barrett dana and have six children beginning in 1867, and three of his four sons would go on to serve in the military in the union army during the american civil war. When war broke out in 1861, greene and his family were living in new york city. When lincoln would put up that call for volunteers after the firing on form sumter and Charleston Harbor as we heard in mark ma lloys presentation in this symposium, greene didnt offer his services. He would wait and wait. Finally in 1862, he could wait in longer and greene decided to offer his experience in the u. S. Army and efhe was assigned to t infantry. In 1862, little had been written about greene and his performance on the battlefield. There had been several notes here and there by other officers in the brigade to which he served, several beneath him in new york. It was perhaps colonel william fox in his dedication remarks in the life and military services of general greene would later write perhaps the best description of general greene as he came to gettysburg and would fight there on july 2nd and 3rd, 1863. Fox wrote, general greenes appearance at this time was about 62 years old, thick set, 510 high, with iron gray hair and a gray beard and mustache, gruff in manner and gruff in appearance but possessing a kind heart. Men learned to respect him as much as they feared him. He knew how to drill, how to command, and in the hour of peril, how to care for his command, and the men respected him accordingly. Greene would need all of his past training and military experience as well as that ki kindheartedness to look after th his command because the hour of peril would begin in 1863 in the battle of gettysburg. By the time of the battle of gettysburg in 1863, greene had been promoted. He was no longer the officer of the 63rd command, but the battle in brigade of u. S. Soldiers consisting of 147th and 149th new york voluntary regiments. The men came from rochester, utica, binghamton, and many other small towns in the state of new york. It would be these men that greene would lead to battle at culps hill. Before greenes brigade would take a position at culps hill, union deployments on this hill would have started the evening before on the afternoon of july 1st. The union army had fought for approximately nine to nine and a half hours wis of the town of gettysburg itself, ultimately suffering a defeat. By 4 00, 4 30 on the afternoon of july 1st, the union armys corps would retreat through the town of gettysburg. Many of them would begin to rally again on Cemetary Hill which had been selected earlier in the day by 11th port commander otis howard as a fallback position. Not far from the town of gettysburg itself is another wooded hill known as culps hill. As the regiment of the armys third and fourth corps were beginning to rally again, sometime the hour of july 1st, they would be ordered toward culps proper. They had already seen heavy fighting throughout the day on july 1st west of town, men of the famous wires brigade and cutlers brigade. They began to take position on culps hill or at least the western section of the hill proper at approximately 5 30 p. M. As they did so, one of the things they began to do was to entrench their position, build more works. It began as more union armies arrived on culps hill. Greenes army, which included greenes brigade, would not arrive on culps hill until july 2nd. They had arrived late on july 1st as the corps was constructing their position on culps hill. Another division had arrived south of culps hill, a hill that would become popular, Little Round Top. But on the morning of july 2nd, greenes brigade, members of the south corps, were ordered to move their way out and take their place on culps hill. General greene would recall proceeding these orders and taking his men to culps hill. He wrote, we took position at 6 00 a. M. On the crest of a rocky hill. Rock creek running past our front at a distance of 200 to 400 yards. We were kocovered with a growthf heavy timber with large projectiles on the surface. The surface was very steep on our left, diminishing to a gentle slope on our right. As soon as we were in position, we began to entrench ourselves and throw up branches of incredible heights, cords, stones and earth. The same was done by troops on our right. So as greenes men began to arrive to culps hill at 6 00 a. M. On the morning of july 2nd, they began to take this position, and greene described a lot of natural obstacles that made this position so strong. A very steep ascent on the left side of his position, declining rise on his right, these protrusions of rock outcroppings, of heavy timber, a minimal undergrowth, a creek 200 to 400 yards in front of his position, many forces trying to attack the union armys right flank. The left of greenes line on culps hill would be the 16th new york. They would have a strong position as greene described, being the steepest position, or the steepest position in his front. Because the position began to decline and began to lose some of that height, the right of greenes line would not be as strong as steepness gave way. So units such as the 149th new york and the 137th new york on the far right of greenes line would have a much different experience if an attack was to come in their direction. To give you an idea of the change in height from the very left end of greenes line occupied by the 60th new york at the time of the fighting on the evening of july 2nd to the far right of greenes line occupied by the 137th, it was a 90degree drop in overall elevation. So greenes line was a mixed back of some strong elements to his position, but they were going to set out to make it Even Stronger in the coming hours after they went in to their position of approximately 1500 feet in length. But before they did that, one of the things they needed to do was to run security. And so general greene, ordered by his general commander john geary, would throw together a force of 170 men drawn from each regiment of the brigade all going to be under command of John Reddington of the 16th new york. These men would provide a skirmish and push down to the creek itself. They would act as an early alert system that if a federal attack was coming this way, these skirmishes could let the brigade know that an attack was underway. But these 170 men just didnt seem enough to commander john geary, so geary would send more men to bolster the line. They would later be recalled in the afternoon, but quite a skirmish force that was sent out in greenes position. One of the men, henry bailish of new york, would write home. Quote, we took our position on the right on the 2nd, and we sent out skirmishes in front. We went out about a quarter of a mile to a piece of woods. There was nothing but large trees and no underbrush with lots of large rocks to hide behind. By 1 2 00 p. M. On july 2nd, ove 8 of 4 8400 soldiers held a strong position on culps hill. Part of those 8400 men were of greenes brigade. And they were covering those breast works. As you may recall, the remnants of greenes brigade and cutlers brigade had begun to entrench themselves to prepare their position. After all, these men had been fighting out in the open north of the west of the town of gettysburg in mcphersons wood lot through the day. They made a brief stand on Seminary Ridge as the union line was crumbling throughout the later afternoon of july 1st. As they arrived, they, too, would begin to provide worth works and breast works to bolster their provision. Not only was it greenes brigade on july 2nd, George Collins brigade of gearys Second Division would also begin to entrench. Captain George Collins of the 149th new york who is pictured here on the slide and screen in front of you in a postwar image, he had later become the regiment historian recalled that morning of building these earth works. He said general geary called a conference of his brigade commanders, including greene, and it was understood, submitted to them the question of building rifle pits. Geary expressed himself as being averse to the practice, on the ground that it unfitted men for fighting without them. So the Division Commander john geary called this meeting as the 12th corps is arriving to culps hill, and he put the question before them. Should we build these rifle pits . Geary said, no. Men will never fight out in the open again if we dont start to take these protective measures. He shouldnt have built them. Legend greene, Civil Engineering background degrees in med and law. Approximate an inkreblly smart manual f manual, and that so far as his men were concerned and his brigade, they would have those breastworks if they had the time to build them. Colonel louis of the 27th new york recalled these statements as the conference broke up, and greene began to issue these orders for the five regiments to construct these earthen works. After the order by general greene personally, the men worked to construct earth works. The works were finished by noon. Many a man who sits before me today grumbled that morning, and throughout the afternoon at the insistence of old pop greene, their term of endearment, and prophecized they would have their labors for their pains. But they rendered thanks and blessings for the skillful plans and blessings of their beloved commander. Construction of the earth works in front of greenes position would utilize not only the terrain itself but the Natural Resources that culps hill provided. They would often write in the civil war and postwar era, gener culps hill was covered in woods. Piles of cord wood which lay nearby were quickly appropriated. The sticks standing on end at the outer face of the logs made excellent battening. It was also written that a log was propped up with a weapon to be fired underneath it, and the log was meant to protect the head. On the morning of july 2nd, culps hill is in a secure position, a secure way. The remnants of the first corps have been there since the evening of july 1st, 1863. Theyve begun to entrench themselves. They made a very strong position of the natural topography, terrain and resources. And now it will sit and wait. Now, robert e. Lees plan for july 2nd is a massive confederate attack on the right of his line. Hes going to utilize the two divisions of James Longstreets corps that are on hand, the divisions of john bell hood, and hes going to add another division under the command of h. Anderson with a created third corps. These men are going to attack up the emmetsburg road, rolling up on the left flank of the army, pushing them out of position on the ground just south of the ridge line itself, and hopefully by the end of the fighting on july 2nd, lee would have secured his victory at gettysburg. That would be the main 2nd. Robert e. Lee needs to ensure no union reinforcements from the right end of general meades line will come to assist their comrades in arms along Cemetery Ridge in the positions occupied by the union army south of the ridge itself. So lee is going to order his second Corps Commander to create a diversionary attack on the union armys right. Those locations of culps hill and Cemetery Hill. By doing so they will make this diversionary assault, will basically pin the butterfly to the board, if you will, of all of these available reinfor reinforcements meade may need to the other end of the line, the left end, to bolster his line that is going to be under attack. The orders are to proceed with this diversionary attack on culps hill in tandem with the main confederate attack. About 4 00 p. M. On the afternoon of july 2nd the main assault goes forward and fighting will take place at such famous places today as Little Round Top, devils den, the triangular field. Fighting will spread to the Peach Orchard and wheat field in stony ridge and further north as more confederate units make their way into combat. And as all of this action is beginning to happen, the diversionary attack has yet to go forward. It is about 6 00 p. M. , we dont have time to get into the logistics and failings of why it will occur two hours later and the breakdown in communication. But it wont be until about 6 00 p. M. That artillery under the command of this young man, major Joseph Latimer of Prince William county will begin to open the confederate bombardment. Benners hill will trade fire on Cemetery Hill and on culps hill proper. It will be every bit as furious as the one much more famous and much more remembered the next day preceding pickets charge. 7 00 on the evening of july 2nd the infantry assault of ewells attack is moving forward and theyre making their way to culps hill and Cemetery Hill. And to the position of george sears greene. As all of this is taking place 12th Corps CommanderMajor General henry slocumb pictured on the left of the screen here on the slide, would receive a dispatch from army signal officers. These army signal officers had seen the movement of a heavy column of confederate soldiers moving to the 12th corps position. Slocumbs reading this dispatch hes received from the signal officers, apprised a confederate attack is making their way to their location. He doesnt know it will be a diversionary attack. And not long as he receives this intelligence and puts it aside he receives another dispatch, a message from gordon meade, the newly appointed leader, pictured on the right of the screen. Meade will order slocumb to remove his corps on culps hill, pack them up, ship them out a mile and a half to the south down the Baltimore Pike towards the location known as Little Round Top. Little round top is under heavy attack. Meades line, a large, you that had opened up because of an enter pricing new york politician by the name of daniel sickells, is under attack. He needs help bolstering the line. Slocumb is conflicted. Infantry is coming towards his position and hes received a message saying we need your help on the left end, pack up and abandon the right flank. Now Brigadier General williams of the 12th corps during the postwar era received an order to send all the men that he could spare. Some of the confusion in the command of the army of the potomac on the right flank. General slocumb was operating thinking he was a Wing Commander on his march to gettysburg end of june and first of july. Its a whole mess of command and control for the 12th corps and the right flank. Suffice it to say williams recalls in a postwar recollection that he received an order from slocumb to send all of the men of the 12th corps that he could to the federal left to help bolster the line. But williams was concerned with this order. He rode over to meet with slocumb in person at slocumbs headquarters along the Baltimore Pike. There williams advised slocumb that it would be unwise to strip the federal armys right flank to save the left flank. And during the meeting, as theyre talking about this, williams is assuming that gearys division including greenes brigade would remain. They would head to the left flank, give one whole division to occupy the right. Its an assumption that would change radically. By 7 00 p. M. On the evening of july 2nd as they are trading shots. General geary would later write that he received an order from general slocumb telling him that he needed to leave the hill as well. And the only thing that he was to leave behind was one lone brigade, and the brigade selected was george sears greenes brigade. When the 12 corps packed up they left behind greene and the remnants of the iron brigade and cutlers brigade to protect the union armys right flank on culps hill. Greene now had to juggle the remaining regiments of his command to stretch out and occupy an entire divisional front with just his men. They would have to undouble their lines. There would be small gaps in their position because of the lack of men to occupy this massive front. But thankfully for greene and thankfully for his men he had spent the morning strengthening a strong because within 30 minutes things on greenes front began to heat up. By 7 30 p. M. The confederate column of attack has reached rock creek. Anywhere from 200 to 400 yards in front of greenes position depending where you were located along the line. These men of Edward Johnsons confederate division had waited all day. Theyve heard throughout the Morning Hours of july 2nd of the federal soldiers felling trees, of stacking logs, of digging earth works. They know the position they are about to attack will be incredibly strong. Not only will it be strong but theyre going to be going in as that famous quote almost with one boot off. Johnsons division is not at full strength. Theyre leaving behind one of their most famed brigades in the division, stonewall jacksons brigade. And so the three brigades of confederate soldiers that will move forward will have no reserve if they run into trouble. These three brigades will number about 4,700 men and will be under the command of Brigadier General jones, a brigade of virginians. Colonel Jesse Williams and a mixed brigade of soldiers from north carolina, maryland and virginia under the command of Brigadier General george stuart. As this column of infantry reach rock creek and they see the skirmish line sent out so many hours earlier one of those men, Sergeant Martin olmstead would recall watching them make their way to rock creek, the sense moments as they drew closer to the skirmish line. He wrote, quote, soon regiments began to appear and formed a line of battle to the left of latimers confederate guns. Watching as they came into line through a field glass and counting the battle flags i calculate that had there were eight regiments and probably from 400 to 500 muskets in each. And the rear of those forming the frontline of battle will two smaller line of infantry that formed some 200 or 300 yards in the rear in supporting columns. On their left flank a curtain where two or more moving by the left flank in files of four. Then an officer and staff rode along the front of the line and must have made some remarks to the men as i distinctly saw the hats waving in the air, but they were too far away to be heard. Then the whole mass moved forward with their arms at right shoulder shift, their movement in perfect alignment. The confederate charge had begun and the two skirmish lines made contact. Homestead would write about that moment. As they came within reach of us, we opened a brisk fire upon it and the two lines of men were one blazing line of musketery. Together with the dusk of the evening soon brought out to view the flashes. And so near to us came the solid line of battle at one time that its tramp, tramp and the short commands of its officers became clearly audible. He wasnt the only one that record that had moment when the two lines collided. Johnstone of the first maryland and stewarts brigade said scarcely had we reached the crook of the mountain than we were fired upon the enemy who were ambushed. Four of company b fell and many others along the line. Greenes skirmish line, 170 men under the command of john readington of the 60th new york were no match. The skirmish line began to fall back. But it was risky business. Darkness was falling. The skirmish line trading fire, smoke from their weapons began to cling under the canopy of the dense trees on culps hill. Visibility was lessening. And the nervousness of the mean in greenes line further up the slope was growing. The Commanding Officers of the knowledge regiments were doing all they could to wait for the skirmishers to get back before some scared, nervous, tensionfilled private fired off a round and the next and the next and friendly fire casualties may occur. The commander of that skirmish line recorded receiving the brigades of the confederates along rock creek. I therefore fell back slowly with my 170 men, i contested every inch of ground and the enemy was close on our heels and firing occasionally volleys at us. The darkness was so great we could not see the enemy. We fired at the flashes of their guns. They were so close to us that we took 12 prisoners. Captain George Collins pictured on the right of your screen, said that the skirmishers came running back and were followed by a confederate line of battle yelping and howling in its peculiar manner. Some of the skirmishers were killed inside of the brigade and occasionally a stray bullet came by the hepdz of the men in the rifle pit so eager and clamorous it was all they could do to prevent them from opening fire. The skirmishers seeing their danger cried out in an agonizing and beseeching manner. Skirmishers clamored over the earth works and found their places back in line with their regiments. The confederates moved up the slope. The confederate attack neared greenes position he realized there was no way his men would be able to hold out against such a large confederate column. He sent aides out to gather any help that he could. He sent an aide off to his left to meet with james wadsworth, in command of the division who fought valiantly west of gettysburg on the morning of july 1st, the men that were on greenes left. He asked for any help. Wadsworth sent a reply back to greene that he would prepare his reserve to come to greenes need, prepare the reserve of the men of the 84th, the 147th, the 6th wisconsin, but he was not going to send them until he was positive no confederate attack was coming his way. From wadsworth, greene would be on his own. Greene sent word to the Commanding Officer of the 11th corps begging for help to shore up his line. Howard would scrape together about 400 men from four different regiments but it would take time for them to get to greenes line. For the time being, it was greenes men against the confederate attack. The first confederates to reach greenes position were under the command of Jesse Williams from the state of louisiana. The first to hit greenes line and the first to be repulsed by greenes stout defensive position. In a letter to the syracuse standard six days after the battle of gettysburg, the moment of the First Contact between union and confederate infantry on the slopes of culps hill. The rebels advanced in a perfect storm of lead was poured into them. We mowed them down like grass. Still the rascals stood their ground well and returned fire with interest. Our men, however, were protected by their breastworks and consequently suffered comparatively little. Capta captain steubin remembered it was striking. Not a shot was fired until they got within 15 rods and then order for fire was begin and we kept firing. If ever men loaded and fired more rapidly than the 60th did on this occasion, i never saw them do it. The rebels yelled like wild indians and charged upon us at a double quick. As stewarts brigade strikes greenes position they are repulsed. Theyll fall back further down the hill, reorganize and go for it a second time. And greenes left the brigade would assault the works a second time. The captain of part of the assault said when the order was given for that Second Attack just before we fell back, i collecteded together only three of my men i could find around me. And with the flag and about 20 more we went up to the works where the brave flag bearer fell and my men with all but three went up there. I discovered the prostate form of jones and not able to find any of my command. I thought the best thing i could do would be to assist major white carrying jones off the field. Command and control but the confederates will continue to attack, get even closer to greenes defensive position before the attack will fall down. Theyll reorganize and press the attack again. The louisianans will attack a second time, a third time, a fourth time. By the third and fourth attack the louisianans have figured out these linear tactics that had literally been drilled into them on the battlefields of 1861 and 1862 were not working in this terrain. Men moving shoulder to shoulder at the right shoulder shift would not suffice. The men from the louisiana brigade and jones brigade were figuring out the best tactics to deploy against greenes position were that of trees and boulders. As the third and fourth attacks begin to make their way, reinforcements are finally on the way. Those reinforcements were men of the 147th new york regiment. One soldiers behind greenes position said about sundown the rebels had attacked the rifle pitts. It was a hard job to get the men forward in the face of such a fire as they were exposed to in order to reach the pits. The experience of yesterday had experienced on the fields west of town on july 1st. The experience was a fearful reminder. But soon we were able to get the men started forward and with a shout we were soon safe under the shelter of the breastworks. 355 men and another 400 men from the 11th corps were on their way to help greene, to shore up the right flank of the union army. The confederates are continuing to attack, charging, withdrawing, reforming and charging again, but little progress is being made by them. In all the assault was made three times in one hour on greens line. This constant fighting between 7 30 and 8 30 p. M. , the 149th new york towards the right center of greens light was running out. The men were running solo. They were ordering bay yeonets be fixed. The 60th new york on the left end of greenes line connecting with the remnants of the first corps from july 1st were running low. They, too, would be ordered to fix bayonets, to defend this position at whatever cost. I hope for those of you watching are drawing a comparison. Youre thinking theres another moment in the story of gettysburg where bayonets are ordered to be fixed, where holding this flank of the union army was to be held at all co s costs. Much more critical to the union army, much more valiant and heroic story of the men of greenes brigade than those mainers on the far left of the union line. As the attacks continue to develop the far right end of greenes line is under severe attack. The rest of the 12th corps is on their march to shoulder and bolster up the left end down by Little Round Top. As darkness is setting the men coming to save the day at Little Round Top got lost on their march. They would get there long after dark, long after the other units of the 5th corps and other federal units had shored up the left end of the line. It was thanks for coming. Weve got it from here. You can go back to culps hill now. There are no more defenders past greenes position, and greenes line ends here with the 137th new york. There are no other Union Soldiers in these unoccupied breastworks prepared earlier in the day. This is a weak point in any line of the Confederate Army excuse me, in any line of a confederate or union army position, a flank. If you attack them on the flank, you attack them in the rear, youll roll up the position. Greenes line is under immense attack, immense pressure on the far end of the line. One of the reasons for that is one particular unit of stewarts bring gaid thgade will not only the Union Position but discover the union breastworks are empty and they are able to get in the rear and on the flank of greenes position. David ireland will do something similar, order his men to refuse the line, face the direction of this on coming attack but it is too much. The men of the 137th new york will fall back towards a position known as the traverse. Historians have argued for 157 years who ordered this perpendicular pit constructed. Theres a lot of opinions on it. It wasnt needed throughout much of the day of july 2nd but was a godsend for greene in the darkness of the fighting on the evening of july 2nd. The men of the 137th would fall back. The men of 6 wisconsin would arrive to shore up this position. They would finally slow down the attack of the 10th virginia and the 23rd virginia as well. It would be the last stand for greenes men from the late evening of july 2nd, 1863. With federal reinforcements in the area, the line secured, darkness settling across the battlefield, greenes men will be relieved at 11 00 p. M. To retire to replenish their ammunition. Although their fight of july 2nd was over their fight at gettysburg was not. They would continue to fight the following day on the morning of july 3rd. Casualties had been high. Greenes men inflicted 1,469 casualties on the three confederate brigades that numbered 4,700 men. Greenes brigade suffered nearly 22 loss of the men that had stood in those trenches on the evening of july 2nd, 1863. Captain George Collins wrote this in the history. At first the killed were tenderly put back out of the way. But afterwards attention was given only to the wounded unable to get off the field without help. Occasionally the dead were tossed from under foot but in most instances remained where they fell and were sat upon by the men while loading their pieces. The bodies of the killed commenced to pugh ttryfy so the stench. The lower extremities were covered by the breastworks. Most of the companies would average one men killed or wounded every time it went in or out. As we reflect back on the experience of george sears greene, when we think about how other events of july 2nd have overshadowed this moment in gettysburg history, greene received an immense amount of praise from all aspects of the army of the potomac in the weeks, months, and years following the battle at gettysburg. Greene always, always credited his men. He wrote that the officers and men had behaved admirably during the whole of the contest. He talked about colonel ireland attacked on the flank of the line and fighting with skill and gallantry and wrote it is difficult to specially commend any, any, individual. But all have my heart recommendations for their gallonant conduct and for the good service that rendered their country. In all their official reports Brigadier General geary praised greene. Williams praised greene. Major general henry slocumb praised greene. And, indeed, 30 years after the battle of gettysburg in a speech given on the battlefield itself, general longstreet, quote, conceded to greenes brigade the credit of having successfully prevented the confederates from turning general meades right flank. General sickels always willing to take credit at gettysburg at the dedication of greenes monument of the summit of culps hill that he himself oversaw actually relented a little. Said it wasnt just he, himself, that helped save the union army at gettysburg but the stubborn resistance of greene alone that saved us from disaster. I think the importance of greenes story in 1863 on the slopes of culps hill was said best in this quote i would like to close the program with today. And it says this. These who are now present, those of you watching at home watching on your ipad, your phone screen, those that are watching on your television on cspan, these that are now present, you, remind this generation, us today, of the debt it owes to the soldiers who won the victory for the union. Not only for themselves but for the millions who enjoy the fruits of the triumph gained at the cost of so many thousands of lives. Thank you. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv go inside a Different College classroom and hear about top exranging from the american revolution, civil rights and u. S. President s to 9 11. Thanks for your patience and for logging in to class. With most College Classes closed, watch professors transfer teaching to a virtual setting to engage with students. Gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union, but reagan met him halfway. Reagan encouraged him. Reagan supported him. Freedom of the press, which well get to later, madison called it freedom of the use of the press and it is indeed freedom to print things and publish things. It is not a freedom for what we now refer to institutionally as the press. Lectures in history on American History tv on cspan3 every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Lectures in history is also available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Week nights this month were featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every week on cspan3. Following more than four years of world war 51 founding members signed the United Nations charter in hopes of preventing future wars and promoting peace and justice. On october 24th the u. N. Was officially established. We feature five films beginning with the signing of the u. N. s charter. Thats tonight at 8 00 eastern. And enjoy American History tv this week and every weekend on cspan3. In october of 1863 confederate cavalry under jeb stuart raided for horses and other supplies. Up next emerging civil war blog managing editor Sarah Kay Bierle talks about this first major Confederate Movement north of the masondixon line and the Union Response as part after symposium on the war in the east hosted by the emerging civil war blog