Welcome, everyone, to our second class. This is for the people who are here for the first time tonight, the making of the president 2020, better known as the political circus of the century. Im going to be talking about two different and yet related topics the first has to do with the factors that are considered when we look at president ial effectiveness. The second part, id like to look at a few of the more recent president ial elections. So were going to start with this, and im calling on the work of Professor Robert dahlic, a well known president ial historian. He writes, the 20th century saw an unprecedented expansion of president ial powers, primarily due to the vision and leadership skills of nine men who served in the office Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, franklin dellano roosevelt, harry truman, dwight eisenhower, john kennedy, lyndon baynes johnson, Richard Nixon and ronald reagan. Now, professor dahlics analysis only looks at the 20th century. Im going to throw in some of the president s from the 21st century as we go along. So if we can go to the first slide. Professor da lshlllek talks aboe six points. Im going to talk about these. The first is charisma, second is pragmatism. Fourth is consensus building followed by trust our credibility, luck, and im going to throw in, which is on the last slide, and that is something im going to call communication competence. Okay, were going to leave the slides behind for now. So lets start with vision. Vision, according to dallek, is that president s come up with an idea and they help us to develop something thats going to pull us all together. Its going to be something that is going to unify us. Sometimes it comes to us as a in a phrase. The new deal. The new frontier. The great society. These would be the things that are going to occur when we talk about vision. So let me talk about a few of the president s then who were involved with this. And were going to start with Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore roosevelt was the first president of the 20th century. And he came to the white house at a time when the presidency was pretty weak. It was considered, really, to be certainly not what it is today. But roosevelt began to expand that notion of it. And roosevelt looks at the white house as an invitation to opportunity. And he talks about something that he calls the square deal, and something that he calls the new nationalism. The square deal was the idea that people in america were not being treated fairly by the very wealthy in the country, by the trusts, which were groups of people that had come together in the industry to have certain sway over government. And this was going to be a way to deal with that and to make things a little more equitiable if up. So the square deal was going to try to establish a balance between the money interest and give money back to the people. The same with the new nationalism. The new nationalism was supposed to try to protect Human Welfare and property, and just to generally improve the lives of americans. Now, to go along with the vision Theodore Roosevelt had an idea that all of us benefitted from. He was a conservationist and it was because of him that we had and now have the National Park system. The National Parks, of course, enjoyed by millions of people every year, and theyre an enduring legacy to t. R. Another person with vision, Woodrow Wilson, who spoke about something called the new freedom. He said it stood for the idea of restoring unfettered opportunity for individual action and being able to employ the power of the government on behalf of social justice. Now, its kind of interesting that this comes from wilson, because, if you have been following whats transpired since the death of george floyd, then you know that some of the ideas that wilson expressed were in nature, but he didnt seem to propel those ideas while in the white house and instead really did fight for some social justice revisions and legislation. Okay, if were looking for the Gold Standard as far as vision, the personal that we need to think about is Franklin Delano roosevelt. Roosevelt of course comes to the white house at a most serious time in American History. Its the depths of the depression. 25 Million People are out of work. And he goes to the Democratic National convention. He becomes the first modern president ial candidate to fly to a convention. Just the fact that he flew was a big deal, because president ial candidates were not flying around in the 1930s. But he flew to chicago and he stood in front of the people and he said, i pledge you, i pledge myself to a new deal for the american people. And that showed extraordinary vision on the part of fdr. I assume that many of you know about some of the accomplishments of the new deal. But during the first 100 days, and we now talk about 100 days of any president ial administration, some of the legislation that would become part of this new deal is put into effect. And it includes things like the aaa, which is the agricultural adjustment act. It includes the federal emergency relief agency. It includes the National Recovery act. Now, interestingly, what finally pulls the country out of the depression i want to ask if anybody knows the answer to that what finally goes beyond the new deal and gets the country out of the depression . Anybody know . Hard for me to see. Does somebody want to speak out. Yeah, world war ii. World war ii. Thank you, chase. All of a sudden putting people back into factories and being part of the War Industries and, yes, finally world war ii extracts us, lifts us up from the terrible hold of the depression. Now, roosevelt does something as part of his vision that speaks to communication and is really considered extraordinary in its own ways. He decides he is going to talk to the people on radio. And of course the series of chats, the series of talks he gives with known as the fireside chats. What always makes me smile is there was no fireside. He was speaking from the white house, but it didnt matter. People felt that roosevelt was talking to them. President s had given speeches, but roosevelt was talking to people. When roosevelt died, a man stopped his wife, eleanor roosevelt, on the street, and he said to her, mrs. Roosevelt, i miss your husband. I miss the way that he used to talk to me about my government. Its extraordinary. Certainly no one would say that about any of our past president s perhaps in the last 25 or 30 years, certainly that i can recall. By the way, people seem to think that roosevelt was constantly on the radio, constantly speaking and giving these fireside chats. In fact, over the almost what was it . 13 years that he served in the white house, he gave 31. That was it. Moving on with the idea of vision. John f. Kennedy comes to the white house in 1960 and he talks about something called the new fronti frontier. New is a big word for president s, and kennedy says that he wants to see money spent on social reform and welfare, as well as there being ambitious projects like going to the moon. Unfortunately he never lived to see it, but it would happen before the end of the the decade. Other things that happened during his time went along with this vision, but perhaps nothing more than something that he announced at my alma mater, the university of michigan. And he announced it on the steps of the Student Union on october 28, 1960 at midnight when he told thousands of students that he was going to be proposing something called the peace corps. It remains today, and it is an enduring legacy of john f. Kenne kennedy. One last person with a vision that he tried to follow through on was Lyndon Johnson, who followed kennedy upon his assassination. And he talked about something called the great society. Johnson was never a great speaker, and were going to talk about the importance of being a good speaker as president. But he, too, wanted very much to improve the life of citizens. And during his time in office, we get medicare, civil rights passes the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights act of 1965. Johnsons reputation, unfortunately, is always associated with the vietnam war, which he was mired, in couldnt get out of, and it force him in march of 1968 to say in a radio address, i will not seek nor will i accept another term as your president. He realized that he had lost credibility and things were just not going to go well from that point on. Okay, a second point that professor dallek talks about is charisma or dynamism. What is being charismatic . Besides being dynamic . I think it means that it makes things exciting for people. Certainly we have had president s who have done that for us. I mentioned Franklin Roosevelt a few minutes ago. With his use of radio. And he made it exciting for people to be involved with the recovery of the country. Things were getting a little better. And he was a cheerleader for that. John f. Kennedy, again, a lot of charisma. He was the youngest man to serve as president. And in so doing, there was a sense of vitality. And it was an exciting time to be an american. Some of you who are listening tonight may recall there was a record album that came out during kennedys time in office. It was called if the first family. Made terrific fun of the entire kennedy clan, but the one who seemed to enjoy it mowas john kennedy. When asked about it, he said, the impersonator did a good job, but if truth he understood sod more like my brother teddy than me. So there was that nice sense of selfdeppry ra selfdepp selfdeppry kate kating humor, which was nice. Reagan had a background he came from acting and then switched to politics later on in his life. Started life out, by the way, in case youre not familiar with this, as a democrat. Later became a republican and was elected as a republican president in 1980. But again, there was always that sense of excitement. That things were going to happen, that these people were not going to sit still. Finally, im going to include in that group barack obama. Barack obama burst on to the political scene in 2004 when he gave the keynote address at the Democratic National convention. And excited a lot of people, and many people walked away from that and said, this young man has a good future coming in politics. And of course four years later, he was running for president and of course he was elected. And well talk about this in a little bit, but he had tremendous rhetorical skills. Hes a wonderful speaker, and that really stood him in good stead. As you can see on theslide, professor dallek also talks about pragmatism. Thats the idea of being practical, of being shrewd, of moving the country to where you think it should be. Im only going to use one example here, and it does involve Franklin Roosevelt. But its such a good example that i think it really does speak for itself. America was very isolationist. After world war i, the country simply did not want to get involved in any more foreign wars. A neutrality act had been pass sod that technically you couldnt even declare war. Now, roosevelt was watching what was going on in england. Actually, he was watching what was going on around the world. Hitler had come to power, mu mussolini with the fascists in italy, rise in japan. Roosevelt is watching this, but he cant do anything because the country and the congress are isolationists. They dont want anything to do with anything. Things get really desperate for the english. They are being bombed mercilessly by germany. By the way, if you want to read an excellent book about the gom bombing and what was going on at this point in the American British relationship i recommend a book to you aeric larsen that came out this year called the splendid and the vile. Wonderful history of what went on. At any rate, churchill is appealing almost daily to roosevelt saying, please, were not going to be able to hold out against hitler much longer. And roosevelt is trying to move the American Public inand the congress towards helping, and theyre not wbuying it. Finally he gives a speech. Im just going read a quick excerpt from the speech. He says to them, he says to the congress and to the country, suppose my neighbors home catches fire and i have a length of garden those four or five hundred feet away. If he can take my garden those and connect it up with his hydrant, i may help him to put out his fire. Now, what do i do . I dont say to him before that operation, neighbor, my garden hose cost me 15. Youll have to pay me 15 for it. What is the transaction that goes on . I dont want 15. I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. And what roosevelt is doing is hes saying to the congress and the american people, we have these old battleships and theyre standing theyre in dry dock, and we really were going to share them. We need to share them with the british people, and were going to do like this garden hose. Its going to be a lend. The british are going to pay us, but then theyre going to give them back. Now, roosevelt knew they were never coming back, but it was the idea that he needed to move people forward. And he was very pragmatic about it. He used this speech. And when it was passed we ended up aiding britain and you all know, fortunately, the end. Consensus building. Getting coalitions to support you. Again, im only going to give you one example here, but its from Lyndon Johnson and its from civil rights. Maybe its no surprise to anyone, but the opposition to civil rights was extreme, it was bitter. There were any number of votes that are taken earlier where civil rights was voted down. But finally Lyndon Johnson interestingly, a southerner, is able to put together a coalition of democrats and republicans who believe in doing the right thing, in social justice. And johnson goes out and he sells it to the people, and he gets the consensus. He builds the support and civil rights passes. And it is the law of the land. Trust and credibility. If no trust and credibility, then youre pretty much kaput as president. If anyone remembers president jimmy carter. Carter lost his credibility over a number of things that he was doing, and it really doomed his presidency. For johnson, for Lyndon Johnson, he lost that trust in credibility because of vietnam. People just did not trust him anymore. The question has been raised, though im not sure that well see it play out yet for a while, whether President Trump has lost a lot of credibility with regard to coronavirus. Well see. That one has yet to be, to play out and, you know, well see it this fall. I think that probably donald trump is very unlucky in that he was kind of moving along very well to reelection, because the economy was quite good, and then coronavirus hit, and turned all of our lives upsidedown. Now, i have a question and, again, anyone, please go ahead and yell it out. Does anyone know, and it was in the 20th century, who was considered to be the unluckiest of president s . I cant hear you. Who would be considered to be the most unlucky president of the 20th century . Nixon . President nixon . Why would president nixon be considered the unluckiest president . Watergate, maybe . Well, think of, you know, an event that really, you cant control. Unfortunately, you know, there were certain issues where president nixon could have done some controlling with watergate. Okay. Going once going twice kennedy . Kennedy. Why would kennedy be considered the unluckiest president . Because he was assassinated. Because well, yeah. Being assassinated definitely is a very unlucky thing, but no, no. Okay. Im going to help you here. It was herbert heave oover. Now, why hoover . Well, hoover comes to office in march of 1929. By the way, Herbert Hoover always get a bad rap. He was really a very, very brilliant man, had fed much of europe after world war i, comes to the white house. Hes in office. Its march, and in october of 1929, the stock market crashes, and the Great Depression begins. One historian wrote that Herbert Hoover came to the white house paused for a grand job of building and instead he was obliged to cash. He was pretty unlucky. Harry truman used to say that Herbert Hoover did not create the depression. The depression was created for him. But it didnt matter. He could not help the United States to push out from the weight of the depression, and he was he lost the election of 1932 to Franklin Roosevelt in landslide. Okay. So understanding that luck would have this effect for certain president s, again, its the same thing for donald trump. He did not create coronavirus, but he is dealing with the effects of it and you know weve been living through trying to get back to some degree of normalcy. I have one last thing to add. That is the ninety i added, which is communication contents. I believed that this is important and i base this on my own experience of watching president s and studying them for a long time. What i found is that a president , and president ial campaigners, too, and you see it right now, have to be both effective effective and their discourse appropriate. You need to be at least a decent speaker, better if youre a good speaker, best if youre an exceptional speaker. Okay . So among exceptional speakers we would certainly have to put barack obama. We would have to put Franklin Roosevelt. Maybe in the next tier down, perhaps bill clinton, but these were people who could take advantage of situations rhetorically, and all of them also had the facility to adapt to changing conditions. If things suddenly could shift, then we know that they were able to respond rhetorically. Other parts of this, too, would be grammatics correctness and cadence being able to string ideas together. So if were looking towards maybe the bottom layer, george w. Bush was not a particularly articulate president. Donald trump is not particularly articula articulate, though he has the benefit of great resources in media and getting his meg ossag out, but thats a different story, but communicator competence excuse me is an issue. As we look at the 2020 race, i think that were all wondering about joe biden. And just how competent a speaker he is. Unfortunately, hes had his issues with gaffes over the years. So this is something that, if they hired me right now to work with him and by the way, joe, im available, im available to anyone, i would work with him on communicator competence. And being able to find thoughts and being able to produce good, strong rhetorical responses. So if you dont mind . Please, go. So we talked about, like, george bush and joe biden, and they are both ive noticed something a lot of people tend to like about them is that they have like, folksy vibe, because theyre not particularly eloquent, and so i was wondering how that plays into communication confidence, because some people really love they sound like your uncle at a barbecue. They really have that very hometown vibe . I think thats a great point. I really do. I think with certain people, and i think that this does work for joe biden, and i think it did work for george w. Bush to a certain extent. The fact that theyre not perfect. Really it is not a terrible thing. You know, maybe it makes certain listeners more comfortable with them, and that okay. Im trying to think of others. Harry truman was not a great speaker. But he he was plain spoken, and there was no artifice. There was nothing fakie about his speech, and for that reason, people listened to him. Porch roman by the way really had to deal with something that many of the others didnt have to. Remember who he followed into the white house . It was Franklin Roosevelt. And Franklin Roosevelt died, and truman became the president , and for a year after, many people referred to truman as his accide accide accidentcy. Kind of carrying a big load there trying to continue with roosevelts programs, certainly they were very, very big shoes to fill. So these are the qualities professor dallek teaches us of the effective president s, but what about the less successful president s of the 20th century . Dallek tells us that they lacked vision, or they failed to come up with simple statements or a phrase to explain what they, where they hoped to lead. Im thinking here of three president s of the 1920s. Warren harding, calvin coolidge, and then Herbert Hoover, and im wondering if you ever studied these in history class or in Political Science or maybe even in communications, if you remember anything particular about any of those three . Does anyone have any memories of them . Haley . I remember during the depression they called a lot of the really rundown Homeless People towns and stuff like that hooverville. One of the things i remember. And i went to a High School Named after president harding. Oh, did you really . Yeah. Okay. Well, Warren Harding was a small town publisher of a magazine from ohio. We wouldnt mark him as one of the smarter president s. At one point they were trying to, his administration was trying to negotiate some financial legislation, and hoover said im sorry. Harding said to one of his secretaries, you know, i wish that there was a book that i could buy that would explain these economic points, and then he says, but, darn. I probably wouldnt read it anyway. Thats the kind of person he was. And there is a fair amount of scandal connected with warren harden, but youll have to tune in another night and well talk about scandals. Followed into office by calvin coolidge. Calvin coolidge, a man of very, very few words. He was the one who said the business of america is business. Neither one of these gentlemen was a particularly articulate speaker, not very good communicators. Coolidge in particular. Theres a story maybe a pocanous meaning maybe it wasnt true, but he said so few words that a woman sat down next to him at a dinner in the white house one night and she said to him, mr. President , i have a bet with someone that i can make you say more than two words, and he turned to her and said, you lose. Thats the kind of person that he was. Of course, with hoover, again, he was a brilliant mining engineer, but he was not a good communicator. Remember, too, that the three men that i mentioned, harding, coolidge and hoover, also did not have the benefit of radio. Radio really, you know, comes into its own around 1927, and i if memory serves me, heaver do does hoover does make a few speeches on the radio, but they dont use it very much. I havent mentioned dwight eisenhower, and he was actually one of the better president s. Was not a man as historians would tell you of many words. Was not one of the greater communicators, but did have some vision. Its because of eisenhower that we have the interstate road system that we have. So i dont know that i you know, i would put him as one of the more successful president s, but the other things that we might consider with these less than successful president s is that they werent pragmatic enough to make the deals that needed to bring the country along to be instep with them and lacked the ka charisma and strength of character to really, really lead. So as we look at all of these, i think you can see certain elements in every president , even those who we call failures, had some of these qualities, probably not in, in great not in a great amount, but perhaps there was a part of harding that was pragmatic. Perhaps coolidge did have some ability to have people trust in him, but people that we remember are those that have all of the characteristics that professor dallek mentioned. Are there any questions . Otherwise, im going to tell you a little bit about some president ial campaigns, but any questions . I had a question. So you said that president wilson passed some social justice legislation rile he was president. I was not aware of that and wondering if you could good some examples because i have heard some things that were pretty bad about him in the opposite direction, like that he resegregated the military and the also wildly known about that he screamed the pro klan film birth of a nation at the white house, and i was wondering if you could explain some of that . I was a little perplexed by that point. Okay. And i just found out recently that you may have found it out before me that while wilson was the president of princeton university, no black students were admitted. Yeah. Well, i didnt know that, but im not surprised. Yeah. And i dont know if a decision was made about this, but there was supposed to be something done with regard to the name of the Woodrow Wilson school of pub lk affa lic affairs. Im not sure if his name was removed from it. It was . I wasnt sure. Okay. Thank you. By the way, it might not surprise anyone that he wasnt really in favor of women getting the vote. But then when voting passed for women, when the 19th amendment passed, he certainly went along with it. I always found it interesting that he didnt support the vote for women, because he had three daughters. And you would think, maybe. Okay. So i know that there was some legislation passed during his time in office that had to do with trying to trying to do some things to increase public housing. And this was this came about as a practical solution. Because, and i dont mean to gross anyone out, but there were so many rats in washington. And they were such a problem in some of the neighborhoods that he was in favor of it. Truthfully, wilson the achievements are more in the area of Foreign Affairs than in domestic legislation, and im going to have to ask you to hang on to the next class, and ill bring back some more examples, because ive got to go back and just refresh my memory. And doing this right now, im just having trouble recalling, bupt but i do remember legislation about public housing. Just remind me of that for next time. Okay. Very quickly. I want to shift gears and to talk about a few elections, and maybe just tell you a little bit about some of the communication elements that were functioning there and also to possibly refer back to a few things that professor dallek said. Okay. Well, you folks are going to be seeing a film very shortly. Its called recount. And that is a film about the election of 2000. On the left side of the screen you see pictures of al gore and joe lieberman. Who was a senator from connecticut, and george w. Bush and richard cheney. The election took place, and as some of you may remember, or you may have read about, it seemed first that gore had won, and then it seemed, no. That george w. Bush had won the state of florida, so he had won. Al gore, who was bill clintons Vice President , conceded. By the way, not one of the great communicators of all time. Nice guy. Nicest guy in the world, but not a great communicator. And then it seems that there were some problems with the physical ballots being used in florida. And because of that, as you hear, as youre hearing right now, we might be waiting for maybe a few days, possibly a week, to have the results of the election of 2020, because of our use of mailin ballots this year. Well, in 2000, we waited from election day until december 12th, and that is because of all of the litigation that took place in this particular race. Its a great story if youre not familiar with it, youre going to learn all about it, but, again, a fascinating election with an unexpected outcome. 2004 has never struck me as one of the more interesting of the elections. The incumbent was george w. Bush, and Vice President richard cheney. The challengers were john kerry, who was the senator from massachusetts, and jon edwards, who was a senator from south carolina. There was a the Vice President ial debate had the spectacle of cheney absolutely wiping up the floor with jon edwards. At one point, cheney said to, to edwards, you know, senator edwards, i go down to the senate every tuesday, and i never see you. I dont recall having seen you. There was also a controversy that developed that had to do with something called the swift votes. Well be talking more about it, but there were a group of veterans that said that some of the things that john kerry was claiming that he had done during the vietnam war really had not been his achievements. The debates between kerry and george w. Bush, if i had to rank them on one to ten, id gish them an eh. Because there wasnt any electricity. There certainly was no charisma. Even with that, though,ing kerry came, perhaps, a little bit closer than was expected, because bushcheney piled up 286 electoral votes to kerry and edwards 251. That brought us to 2008, and that was, again, another election to remember. On the left and interestingly, please note that he has dark hair, is barack obama, and below him that youngster from delaware, joe biden. On the upper right john mccain and sarah palin. The governor of alaska. By the way, Something Interesting for to you do, which has nothing to do with anything, but take a look at the pictures of the president s when they were inaugurated and look at them four years later. The changes are professor yeah. They age. It is not an easy job by any means and it just takes so much out of you. You know, today Barack Obamas completely white haired and thats not uncommon for those who have served, you know. Certainly you look at bill cl , clinton, its the same thing. Professor go ahead. Also a really good movie about his election produced by hbo is called game change. Thank you, yes. Yes. The woman who plays sarah palin, immaculate. Truly, highly recommend. Even if you dont like political movies, its a very funny movie. I dont know if youve ever heard sarah palin talk. Okay. And that comes from a book by John Heilemann and mark and i cant think of marks last name, but the name of the book is game change. I had thought that maybe i would assign it to you, but the truth of the matter is, its 12 years ago already and theres so much material being put out. Thats fine. Its enough. So its a, its a hotly contested race. The debates between both obama and mccain and sarah palin and joe biden are of entertaining. If you watch the debate between mccain and obama youre going to notice something that you wont see in all president ial elections, and that is respect. Respect for each other. They may have been on very diametrically opposed politically, but they respected each other. Later on were going to be looking at some of the election humor from this year, and in particular were going to be looking at a saturday night live recording of a debate im sorry an appearance between Hillary Clinton, who lost the nomination to barack obama and sarah palin. So thats something thats funny and something that well look forward to. 2012, a different election. The incumbents were barack obama and joe biden and now mitt romney, previously the governor of massachusetts, and paul ryan, who was from wisconsin. He was a congressman. He would later become the speaker of the house. This is, i think for this is a lesson to us all in the fact that one comment can so very eses ly sink your ship and one thing that really went far sinking the ship of mitt romney in 2012 was a comment that he made when he was asked in one of the debates about women in his administration, and he made the unfortunate dhaumt comment that a binder full of female names. Sounds innocuous but got blown up and he was ridiculed for it. It hurt. But there was also something very unlucky for romney and ryan in that election, and folks in new jersey might really remember this. October of 2012. Do you remember an event that took place . If i told you it was a weather event hurricane sandy. No one remembers. Superstorm sandy. Sandy. Superstorm sandy. Right. Some of you may remember that barack obama came to new jersey and he and Chris Christie had their arms around each other, and later on the Republican Campaign said that one really hurt. It was, you know i mean it was certainly, you know, not not meant to be that way, but, boy, you know. There we have the media image that just ends up hurting mitt romney. Theyre defeated, and thats that. Okay. 2016. We are going to spend a lot more time on 2016 in future classes. I think everyone should remember this pretty clearly. Of course, it was Hillary Clinton against donald trump. Tim kaine was senator from virginia and mike pence the former governor of indiana. Ive said this before. I might have given you seven in the first class but im going to say it again, and that is, if someone tells you that they knew that donald trump was going to win in 2016, they knew it, they were convinced. Theyre full of baloney. There was nobody who identified trump as the likely winner in 2016. 5 38, real kalil politics, morning consult, huhuh. Everybody thought that Hillary Clinton was going to win. Even trump did not think he was going to win. Though ive always wondered about that, because i think hes a very competitive man, and i think that as the election went along, his audiences grew. The enthusiasm for him grew, and i think that he really enjoyed it, and i will tell you that i know that Melania Trump was not very happy about the win. She certainly had no desire to be first lady, but, you know. Shes there in the white house. So there are a number of reasons, of course, why clinton lost in 2016, but it wasnt the debates. By almost every source that ive been able to pull up, everyone ranked her as winning all three president ial debates. The Vice President ial debate was kind of a blah affair. Nothing really much came out of it, but it was those three president ial debates. Hillary clinton is a good speaker. Shes very articulate. Trump, not as much. But he also had a particular charisma which she didnt like. Which she didnt have. This was an election between two candidates that people did not particularly like. Its been said if joe biden has one thing going for him in 2020, its that hes likable. So, you know, you can sort of factor that in. So these are just some, this is just a quick look at the 2016 election. And well go back and be revisiting it. As we go forward, think of those qualities that professor dallek tells us to consider in president ial effectiveness and you can even look for it in campaigning, and we will be continuing our discussion in our next session, and i look forward to seeing you then. Have a good evening. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3 go inside a Different College classroom and hear about topics ranging from the american revolution, civil rights and u. S. President s to 9 11. Thanks for your patience and for logging into class. With most College Campuses closed due to impact of the coronavirus, watch professors transfer teaching to a virtual setting to engage with their students. Gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union, but reagan met him half way. Reagan encouraged him. Reagan supported him. Freedom of the press which well get to later, i should mention, madison originally called it freedom of the use of the press and it is indeed freedom to print things and publish things not a freedom for what we call institutionizing the press. Legends in history on American History tv on cspan3 every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Lectures in history is also available at a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Youre watching American History tv. Every weekend on cspan3 explore our nations past. Cspan3 created by americas Cable Television companies as a public service, and brought to you today by your television provider. Coming up on American History tv, a 1945 film from the u. S. Office of war information about how americans voted in the 1944 president ial election in which franklin delnor roosevelt won a fourth term at u. S. President. 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