Going to be looking at the lewis and Clark Expedition and discussing some of the ramifications of this most important expedition. Some people have classified the lewis and Clark Expedition and compared it to the odyssey of the greek tragedies, just like the civil war is sometimes seen as americas iliad, of that great epic battle. This great voyage will be quite significant and important. A few years ago, the Atlantic Monthly did a survey of the top 100 most influential figures in American History and lewis and clark make the list at 70. What i find interesting is they are the only names on the entire list where they are listed together. So, it is almost like they are inseparable. And the smithsonian did one just five years ago on the 100 most significant americans, and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark once again made the list, and sacagawea also made the made it. This young teenage shoshone woman was considered one of the 100 most significant americans. So, there is an impression across the United States that the lewis and Clark Expedition was significant and that the people who went along are important for our countrys history. Today we are going to discuss the expedition in three main facets. We are going to look at it, the causes and historical context, the event itself, and the significance of the expedition. I wanted to start out with this quote from Thomas Jefferson. This was in a letter he wrote George Rogers clark, the older brother of William Clark. This was written in 1780, so after the a few years declaration of independence and a few years before the constitution is ratified. And he says, we shall form to the American Union a barrier against the dangerous extension of the british province of canada and add to the empire of liberty an extensive and fertile country, thereby converting dangerous enemies into valuable friends. Even during the time of the articles of confederation, jefferson is sending letters to various people to formulate this empire of liberty he had in mind. Now, jefferson was a child of the enlightenment. He knew the significance of enlightenment through exploration. That people on the ground seeing things and writing them down and recording those would be very valuable for science. So, his attempts to explore what became the United States are legendary. These are just three of the attempts he made. First was to George Rogers clark in that letter we just read. He was a military soldier who had won some campaigns during the american revolution, and he said he wanted him to lead this expedition. Clark replied he was not in very good health, but if he decided to do it in the future, he should think about asking his little brother william, who will eventually join the lewis and Clark Expedition, so that is pretty cool. The second was john ledyard. This explorer had an interesting idea that you could explore the western part of the americas by coming from russia. So, he actually tried to cross sia and both through jim come chaka and alaska to come down the coast. He was stopped by catherine the great. One of the great czarinas from russian history. Andre michaux was a french botanist. And jefferson, as a Founding Member of the American Philosophical Society in philadelphia, got enough support to try to get him to at least find the flora of the west and bring that knowledge back to his friends at the Philosophical Society. Unfortunately, all three of these expeditions do not reach their zenith, nor are they successful in the terms jefferson had hoped. When you look at a european depiction of north america in 1800, you see that the spanish have been quite active along the california coast. There are some french and spanish communities throughout the south and southeast. The pink indicates areas established or settled by the british in the colonies area. Jeffersons vision of this empire of liberty was very powerful. He may not have ever traveled west of the blue ridge mountains, but his mind certainly traveled all the way to the pacific. In 1800, he learned from his friends in france that there had been a secret treaty in which the french had regained all the areas that had formerly been known as the Louisiana Purchase that had been given to spain during the french and indian war. This was pretty significant because france had been a growing empire and now was led by one of the great modern military figures, napoleon. Now there is not a crumbling, weak spanish empire on the on americas western flank, but an aggressive, militaristic french opponent, or potential opponent, on the flanks. The other thing that changed his way of thinking was the publication of a book. You know jefferson loved books, he collected thousands of them. He went into great expense and debt to do so. When the library of congress burned down during the war of 1812, jefferson actually gave much of his private library to form the corpus of the new library of congress. As you go there, you can visit it and see some of the collections that jefferson donated to the library. He was very keen on this book by alexander mackenzie. Because voyages from montreal to the pacific was a northwestern fur traders account of traveling along the rivers and streams to the Pacific Ocean. Even though it was too far north into canada to be effective for yearround travel, this greatly intrigued jefferson, because mackenzie had postulated to the british that they could take control of the entire for trade fur trade of north america if they put a monopolistic control into Something Like the Hudson Bay Company or the northwest company to take this over. Jefferson did not want america to miss out on the fur bounties of the american west. He also wanted to have this utilitarian knowledge the enlightenment demanded and expected. And with the 1800 election, he had now been catapulted into becoming the second president of the United States of america third president , excuse me. And his geopolitical issues and intrigues with outside and inside forces almost compelled him to do something about it. So he sends messages and diplomats to france to ask napoleon if he would be willing to sell what became known as the Louisiana Purchase. And it took several years for this to happen, but eventually it did on the 30th of april , 1803. This tract of land stretching from the gulf of mexico to the Canadian Shield was 828,000 land, straddling much of what flowed into the mississippi and Missouri Rivers. This was a huge territory in which the native people still claimed the right of occupancy, but america was purchasing the right of discovery from france. Jefferson announced this to the American People on the fourth of july in 1803 and saw this as a great boon for the country, to double its size like this. He said, i look to the duplication of this area as a great achievement to the mass of happiness that is to ensue. And then postulated, is it not better that the opposite bank of the mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and children than by strangers of another family . He is having this vision now of america expanding even beyond the boundaries of the mississippi, which had been the Boundary Line in 1783 at the conclusion of the american revolution. And this enlightenment through exploration was to take a number of turns. Most significant were the scientific questioning, scientific method, and realtime reasoning that would occur with explorers that were on the ground. His idea for this empire of liberty was one in which america would spread perhaps from sea to shining sea, but at this time that was quite a dangerous proposition. Because there was a french philosopher by the name of montesquieu who said that republics could not exist in very large continental ways, because the further away you were from the periphery, the more prone or apt those fringes would spin off from the center. The question of how big a republic could get and still function was still undetermined. So america became this great experiment for the expansion of freedom and democracy and equality. There were a number of explorers that went west during jeffersons tenure in office. We will focus on this red wine line where the lewis and Clark Expedition embarked they embarked from really the fault of the ohio appear all the up here come all the way down to st. Louis and then the st. Louis portion to the columbia. You will also notice the zebulon pike went on several expeditions. He explored the headwaters of the mississippi and also went on a southwestern expedition to find the headwaters of the red river. And eventually was arrested by the spanish and transported through spain and back around. The freemancustis expedition embarked up the red river and there was another expedition by hunter and dunbar that went up wichita therel. Was another expedition proposed to go up the flat river, but it never happened. There were lots of designs to try to explore these major river systems. One of the reasons why the lewis and Clark Expedition is more famous than all of these others is because some of the others were actually turned back by the spanish. In the case of pike, he was arrested along with his men and taken under house arrest down to santa fe, and then down to chihuahua. The freemancustis expedition was turned back by the spanish. The hunter and dunbar expedition went to the hot springs in arkansas. They had some r and r there with the minerals and returned home. The stephen long expedition wont occur until 1819, so it is down the road. Are you aware that lewis and clarke there were seven excuse me there were four different attempts by the spanish to arrest lewis and clark. They sent out expeditions to apprehend them. And they came within a few hundred miles on two occasions , to nearly arrest them. Jeffersons instructions to lewis were quite clear. The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri River and such, the principal stream of course and communication with the Pacific Ocean, may offer the most direct and practicable wider communication across this continent for the purposes of commerce. This was jeffersons letter to lewis that became kind of his marching orders. Lewis knew that i mean, this letter to lewis was epic, it was over six pages long. It has a whole list of things jefferson wants him to do. So he writes a letter to his friend, William Clark, who he had served under in a campaign in the 1790s, asking him to join him as a cocommander. He says, if there is anything under these circumstances, in this enterprise that would induce you to participate with me in this with its fatigues, dangers, honors, there is no man on earth with whom i should feel equal pleasure in sharing them as with yourself. This was an invitation for clark to join him in an equal capacity, even though the president and secretary of war had not given permission for that rank. Clark wrote back and said, i cheerfully join you in an official character as mentioned in your letter, to take all the dangers, difficulties, and fatigues, and i anticipate the honors and rewards of the result of such an enterprise should we be successful. This was a pretty exciting time for lewis and clark as they began preparing, now that the official news had been released in july for the following years exploration. And you can see this journey that lewis and clark will head on. This is about 8000 miles. It is going to be a very long trip. 864 days. So this is a major expedition and it required a lot of logistical preparation. One of the first things they did was try to find out about the region. So they gathered maps that had been published about the area. I love this map by nicholas king. It is called the map of the western part of north america. You can see that the Mississippi River and the great lakes, and even the route of canadians is quite well defined. As is the Pacific Coast, where vancouver and captain cook and others had mapped and charted the Pacific Coast. But i love this word right in the middle. I have looked at hundreds of maps in my life and this is the only time i have found this word. I have blown it up so you can read it and it says conjectural. Basically that means we dont know what is there. And this is amazing, because lewis and clarke are pretty much they know where their destination is, but they are not quite sure what they are going to encounter in the interim. There were all kinds of stories of what they might find. They might find exotic animals or blueeyed welshmen. Lost tribes of israel. Mountains of silver. Mountains of salt. A northwest passage. Large, furry beaver that were six feet long. I mean, who knew what to expect in this area . So, they are kind of exploring naturalists, they going to Pay Attention to the flora and fauna and landscape and the native peoples to try to understand better whats going on in that region. They also knew if they got onto the great plains and there were not any trees to build boats, that they may need to have another form of transportation. An erector setd boat called the experiment that he could put together and cover with hides in the event that they needed a boat and they did not have trees. The fact is, after they crossed the great falls of the missouri, they did need additional craft, and they put this boat together. But unfortunately they did not bring any duct tape or caulk to keep the seams from leaking, so the boat ended up not being as useful for that purpose as they had hoped. He also made one of his important acquisitions when he bought a newfoundland dog named seaman. We dont know whether he was a black dog or the red and white colors of the newfies, but seaman will play an Important Role as the mascot and pet along the journey. He and clark meet near the falls the ohio on clarks point clarkspoint near louisville, kentucky. In october they started discussing the kinds of things they will need to have a successful voyage. Clark has been in the military as a captain as a lieutenant, excuse me. And lewis was now formerly a formally a captain. They kept up the charade they had both become captains, so they refer to one another as captain, even though clark is not promoted until later on. Clark bids his family a fond farewell. His family lived at the fault of the ohio in kentucky, had been a which had been a province or county of virginia until it became a state in 1790. They head down on this boat, or barge, that was about 55 feet long and could tow 10 to 12 tons of material. They also did some recruiting as they went to the forts. Some of the officers tried to give them the people they wanted to get out of the fort. Vote off the island, so to speak. Lewis and clark were quite careful in who they chose. They wanted unmarried men that could participate in these dangers and fatigues. And there were only one or two married men that went on the expedition. Almost all of the others are single. And when all is said and done, about 55 members embarked in st. Louis in may of 1804. Sergeant gaffe was one of the noncommissioned officers. He passed inspection. And they built a winter encampment on the illinois side of the river because the transfer of the louisiana territory had not taken place yet, so they were waiting for that formal ceremony to occur. During the winter, however, they were quite busy. Lewis went to st. Louis to procure supplies and clark spent most of the Time Training the men in shooting and the other things they would need to be successful. Now, there were at least five journalists who kept records of this expedition. Lewis and clark would be some of the most important writers. There were several stretches in which lewis either did not write or we have lost those entries. Clark wrote all but 10 days, and even those 10 days when he was gone on a hunting trip, he summarized. He basically accounted for every day of the expedition, which is quite remarkable. When you look at the words of lewis and clark and their enlisted men, they wrote more words than are contained in the holy bible. So this is a pretty extensive record. It has been digitized. It is available for free for the public at the university of nebraska press. It is a National Treasure because it can be keyword searched for almost any kind of topic you can think about. Now, the expedition was kind of a village on the move. Lewis was the trained scientist. Jefferson had sent him to philadelphia to meet with his friends, the Philosophical Society in the university of pennsylvania, who received to receive training on how to take astronomical observations, the equipment he would need and things like that. Clark was the soldier. He is the one who made the expedition happen. He is the one who daytoday was getting the boats up the river, making the maps, overseeing the men. York was his body servant. They had been lifelong companions and clark took him with him on the trip. They will meet sacagawea a third of the way into the expedition. We will talk more about her when that happens. They had french voyageurs that who who took who took them upstream. They had regular army. And they also had civilians who were hunters and interpreters, people like john coulter and ard. Ge do yard gerlli they carried with them a huge amount of trade goods to give as gifts to the tribes they met. They also had tokens of sovereignty, like these peace medals with jefferson on the front and the hands clasped of a native and soldier on the back with the words peace and friendship. These are called jefferson peace medals and they are quite famous. The mint has actually made replicas of them. I have some in my office that you can come see. They have textiles these are hudson bay like its similar to the ones we have looked at before. And especially trade beads. The lewis and clark beads here and here. But the ones the natives liked the most seem to be the blue beads. They traded those at almost every stop that they went. They gathered this 10 tons of material and put it inside this barge. And clark had also made some platforms that could be marched on by the men as they were pulling the boat upstream, and also raised as defensive shields boatere boat ever their ever came under attack, so what an ingenious way to do that. Here is a drawing of the barge. On the 14th of may, 1804 day they set out from st. Louis under a gentle breeze, traveled up st. Charles and the mighty Missouri River. It was a challenge to go upstream. The river flows at four to 12 miles an hour, depending on what currents and eddies you are in. This was a very laborious way to try to get upstream. Sometimes they would row. Other times they would pull when they could push against the hard bottom. Furl their sails if the wind was blowing in the right direction. Of course the river would meander, so this may only last for a short distance before you have to try a different method. They even attached long ropes to the front of the boat so they could pull them from the shore. You could imagine how fun that would be, to try to pull this 10 ton boat upstream. In addition to the large keel boat, or barge, they had two red or white carows, a french word for a fancy canoe. And they became the boats that would be used for hunting expeditions, to travel faster, or set up camp or other kinds of things because of their greater mobility. These are the three main vessels that are hauling these 55 men. Clark is the principal cartographer and mapmaker. He was very good at dead reckoning. He also had the gift of seeing the landscape from a horizontal point of view. Think about it as you are looking across the landscape horizontally, but you can see it vertically like you are looking down from an airplane. Thats the kind of maps he is drawing. From the top view. He actually does a pretty good job with his distances. I think he was off Something Like 30 miles after this entire journey of just using a compass and estimations on how far they traveled, so it is pretty amazing. They did run into some trouble. They would get stuck on sandbars or have trees try to tip them over, but there were moments of fun and levity where they would play the fiddle or dance around the campfire. If you did not follow the rules, there were consequences. In this case, the army required flogging. And so, this involved a cat of nine tails. You could see the whip here. It would be massive damage to your back. They would lay these on, usually 25 strokes for offenses, sometimes 50, and in one case 100. The person couldnt even walk for several days after receiving that, as you could imagine. Their trip upstream was full of adventure. Initially the french knew a lot of the names that native peoples and french referred to in certain places. That is what they were using as their name. The further along into the trip that they go, they start naming the rivers and streams for people that they know and friends back home. Even the president of the United States. So, it kind of changes over the course of time. Lewis is primarily walking on the shore by himself, sometimes accompanied by seaman. He is observing the flora and the fauna, he is taking detailed notes, he is gathering specimens. Meanwhile clark is running the barge and making sure all of the expeditions are moving forward. Lewis had a narrow escape with death where he came to the edge of a cliff, nearly fell off. He grabbed his hunting knife and dug it into the side of the mountain to hold himself from falling into the river. Here are the people down below wondering whether he will be dead or not. We will talk about how lewis actually dies on friday. Hopefully you are enjoying by his own hands, the mysterious death of Meriwether Lewis. At night they would write in their journals. Sometimes they would copy from one another. There is a private who keeps record every day. And so after the journey is over, lewis and clark will try to buy all of the journals that were kept by other individuals so that they could put it into one record. They are also noting the flora and fauna. In this case, lewis and clark discovered according to the linnaean scientific system 178 plants and 122 animals that were new to science. This is quite remarkable. You read their descriptions of how they spent half a day pouring water into a prairie dog hole up in south dakota where they were trying to trap one. Believe it or not they did. They made a cage for it and sent it back to Thomas Jefferson as a gift. Could you imagine how many stamps you would put it on a prairie dog to mail it to monticello . They also encountered animals that they had heard about but did not see. We will discuss the grizzly bear situation when we arrive to montana. On the fourth of july, they stopped at a creek and they named it independence creek. They fired shots and cannons and drank the last of their whiskey as a celebration of independence day. Like i mentioned, the most expensive things they took with them besides the scientific equipment were indian presents. They spent almost 700 on that, which was a huge amount of money at the time. You can see the kinds of things they took. Their First Encounter with native peoples occurred near presentday Council Bluffs, iowa, and omaha, nebraska. It is named Council Bluffs because of a council that took place when they met members of the native nations. They did their little get together where they would have a military parade. They would show some of the cool things they brought along, like a magnifying glass and an airgun and things like that. Eventually, this ended up being quite nice. The natives invited them to a barbecue. They brought bison, melons, both of them exchanged different kinds of food and had a little get together in august of 1804. The only death of any member of the expedition occurred just north of there when Sergeant Floyd died, likely from a burst appendicitis or some kind of internal organ malfunction. He was buried on a site called floyds bluff near sioux city, iowa. As they moved upstream, they encountered the mighty lakota nation. The lakotas are the western band of the teton sioux. They are comprised of seven main bands. This encounter was one that was filled with difficulty because the lakotas already had trading relationships with the british. The story lewis and clark were telling, that they wanted the tribes to become peaceful. They wanted to build fortifications for the fur trade where they could Exchange Goods did not sit well with the lakotas. They already had the trade goods they needed, and they did not want neighbors to acquire any of them. They tried to prevent lewis and clark from proceeding forward. They took hold of the tow rope and held their boats. Clark grabbed his sword and said we are not a bunch of women, we will defend our boat with our lives. Makes all of these grand proclamations. Fortunately, cooler heads prevail. This gentleman, black buffalo, will tell everyone to calm down. And eventually, they give them more gifts and are able to move forward. This was seen as one of the potential obstacles of ascending the missouri was either to get past the lakotas or have a confrontation. Fortunately for lewis and clark, after the expedition, clark will spend a lot of attention and time as indian agents in formulating a positive relationship with the lakotas. They actually become United States allies up until the 1850s. So for almost 50 years, clark is able to negotiate a peaceful outcome between the United States and the lakotas, which is a pretty cool thing to study. Further upstream, they come to the earth lodges of villages. This is near where the grand river flows into the missouri. And the arikaras were a very hospitable and prosperous people. They have a very enjoyable stay with them. Lewis and clark make promises to tribes that if on their return trip if there is anyone from villages who wants to return, they will take them. Unfortunately, one of the men who decides to do this is a arikara chief who travels back east and actually dies from disease. When the news of that comes back, the arikaras are greatly disappointed. Some of them suspect foul play, even though there was not anything nefarious that went on. It ends up being a problem that will last until 1823. There is actually a war fought between fur traders and the arikaras in 1823 that results from this arikara leader dying from disease. When they arrived in north dakota, these villages spread along the river were quite important. Lewis and clark decided to winter there. It was already november, getting quite cold. They knew the river would ice over. They built a fort and named it for them. Mandan. E it fort this is the second fort lewis and clarks men construct. They built one for the winter of 1803 and 1804 in illinois. This one is built in north dakota near presentday bismarck. They will also build one on the Pacific Coast for the following winter. Those are the three posts that they will erect. They have the Great Fortune of meeting sacagawea. Shoshonegh this is a girl who had been captured or enslaved when she was eight years old or nine years old, she was now a young teenager. She was the wife of a northwest company trader and was pregnant with their first child. Who Meriwether Lewis delivers during the winter in february. They name it john baptiste. This little baby goes on the expedition with them along with sacagawea. This is an amazing story. They also take her husband along as an interpreter. Both of them are important liaisons when they arrive at the shoshone villages at the continental divide. Clarks enslaved man, york, he had a tradition among plains people that when you were in mourning you would paint your body with ashes to become black. When they tried to rub his skin and the ash did not come off, they thought this was very significant. There are lots of interactions between the natives and york that are recorded in the diaries because of this interchange. It was very, very cold in north dakota that winter. It got below 60 degrees fahrenheit below zero before their last thermometer broke. People were getting frostbitten in places you do not want to be frostbitten and having a really hard time trying to keep away from the elements. But they did spend time forging things that they could exchange with the mandan for corn. The mandan corn was the whole food source for the winter. They would exchange these goods for the corn. They also joined the mandan in pursuing the lakotas, who raided the Mandan Village in a short foray in february, 1805. One of the mandan leaders they become close to is known as the big white coyote. Shehekeshote will be an important figure. On the return journey, he travels back with lewis and clark to meet with Thomas Jefferson. We have the documents and records of these interactions between shehekeshote and the president. They are quite fascinating to study. Then it takes them two or three years to try to get him home. I told you about the troubles they had getting the news of the arikaras leaders death back home. To take the chief back to north dakota became a herculean effort that required a huge company to transport him back. That expense from bringing him, his wife, and his children back to the mandans will be one of the factors that causes Meriwether Lewis to become financially indebted. I told you already that they gave a gift of a prairie dog to the president. They also sent him a magpie, and they sent him some elk antlers. These antlers still hang at the entryway of monticello in charlottesville, virginia. You can still see them hanging there. I thought that was cool they were still there. They were traveling now upstream in canoes because they heard from the madasa and mandans that the Missouri River had a great series of cataracts or falls in which the boat could not proceed past. They had to construct the seven canoes to proceed forward. They travel through beautiful country in montana like the white cliffs of missouri that are still very favorable canoeing and rafting places. I often take lewis and clark groups on this threeday trip through the white cliffs because it is such a stunning place to be. Its just kind of magical. They arrived at a river that flowed into missouri. They could not decide which one was the principal stream. They decided to have a vote. At this time they had sent about 25 people home on the keelboat from the Mandan Villages. They had 33 members of the permanent party, which included sacagawea, her baby, and her husband. They arrived at this river, and they had the vote on which is the stream. Was it the one to the right, which was kind of muddy and look ed like the missouri had for a year and a half . Or was it the clear stream to the west . 31 people voted that it was the stream to the north, the muddy stream. Lewis and clark are the only ones who voted that it was the clear stream to the west. They didnt want to make the wrong decision, so they decided to send some groups to explore them for a couple of days. They explored and came back and gave their reports, and they had another vote. Guess what the vote was . Exactly the same. 312. Well, they decided to follow the captains because it was their choice. It would be their responsibility. Fortunately, they chose correctly. As they proceeded up from this confluence of the rivers, they encountered a different landscape on the plains. Lewis forged ahead to make sure they were on the right stream. He was separated from the group. In a 24 hour period, he was nearly killed by a buffalo bull, a badger or wolverine, a rattlesnake, and a grizzly bear. That night in his journal, he says, the entire Animal Kingdom has conspired against me he was scared out of his mind up near great falls, montana. Fortunately, the bear did not eat him. He survived that. He arrived at the great falls. He wrote that this was such a splendid view. He said, i was so much disgusted with the imperfect idea that i determined to draw my pen across this and begin again. Then i reflected that i could not perhaps exceed without penning the First Impressions of my mind. He is giving this idea that you just cant write down how cool this place is. Eventually the rest of the party arrived. They know how difficult it would be to try to get boats around this. They know they had to portage. Portage means to take the boats out and take them overland. They cut down trees and start carting them for 1819 miles across the prairie of great falls. Unfortunately, there was lots of prickly pear that was puncturing their moccasins. It created all kinds of problems. Heres a fellow taking it out of his toes. Eventually they are able to get these vessels to the upper portage. There they make camps. But they also run into huge numbers of grizzly bears. The grizzlies were so numerous at the missouri because they could fish each fall, each of the falls. The fish would have a hard time ascending the river there. They also feasted on carrion of animals that drowned in the missouri. These bears were not afraid of people. This was the only time the lewis and Clark Expedition ever declares war. Lewis declares war against the grizzly bear nation in 1805. They also proceed forward and are excited to meet the shoshone people. These are the tribe of sacagawea. They were very happy to visit with her and meet. They meet the flatheads and negotiate trade with horses. They meet the nez perce. They do the same thing. These tribes were very friendly. They were open to american trade. They were excited to welcome the explorers. They had very good relations with all of these groups. The nez perce told them they were going to have a difficult mountain crossing. They traded for more horses and made the laborious trek across the mountains. They see these Rocky Mountains were not a single chain of mountains like they had anticipated, but were Mountain Range upon Mountain Range. It was kind of demoralizing for them, but they proceeded on. After crossing the Rocky Mountains, they arrived at a prairie. They met another group of nez perce who were very friendly to them. There were lots of stories about their interactions. The nez perce agreed to keep their horses, and lewis and clark make more boats so they could proceed down the river to the Columbia River and eventually to the pacific. And as they shoot the rapids at places, native peoples line up on the banks thinking these crazy white men will crash, and we could take whatever floats to the bank. But they make it through. And eventually they arrive at the Pacific Ocean in november of 1805. We dont have much more time to discuss their return trip. But i will review that with you when we meet again on friday. I want to thank you for your attention for today. If you have any questions, i am happy to entertain them. Professor, i have a quick question. Prof. Buckley go ahead. I was wondering if lewis and clark, if we know that they were aware the spanish were trying to arrest them . Prof. Buckley they were not. In fact, one of the fellas told the spanish lewis and clark were even going was the commanding general of the United States army. His name was James Wilkinson. We will be talking about James Wilkinson as a potential figure in the eventual death of Meriwether Lewis. So they were not aware that the spanish were after them. They did learn later that the spanish had turned back these other expeditions. Great question. Anything else . Thanks for your attention. I hope you enjoyed this. We will talk to you on friday. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] watching American History tv, only on cspan3. The contenders, about the men who ran for the presidency and lost but changed political history. Monday, minnesota senator and Vice President of the u. S. , hubert humphrey. The contenders, 8 00 p. M. Eastern, on cspan3. This is American History tv, covering history cspan style with lectures, interviews, and discussions with authors, historians, and teachers. 48 hours all weekend, every weekend, only on cspan3. The first tv president ial campaign ad aired between the 1952 contest between Dwight Eisenhower and at least evenson. Adlai stevenson. Ads have been part of every president ial campaign since. Ike for president ike for president you like ike i like ike we will take ike to washington we dont want john, or dean, or harry you like ike i like ike hang out the banners beat the drum washingtonike to we all go with ike you like ike i like ike hang out the banners we will take ike to washington now is the time for all good americans to come to the aid of their president. Ike. Bob. Ike. Bob. Im so glad we are friends again, bob. Yes, ike, we agree on everything. Lets never separate again, bob. Never again, ike. Bob. Ike. Bob. Ike. Bob really live happily ever after . Is the white house big enough for both of them . I have been thinking bob and ike or will give the orders bob ike . Lets vote for adlai and john you can find Campaign Speeches on our website, www. Cspan. Org. During the battle of gettysburgs second day, Union Commander george meade called for reinforcements to beat back an assault on his left flank, leaving only a single brigade to defend his right flank on culps hill. Next, author dan welch describes how that brigade under general George Sears Greene repulsed multiple confederate attacks over the course of the evening of july 2, holding the union right despite being outnumbered threetoone. This talk was part of a symposium on the war in the east hosted by the emerging civil war blog. Welcome back to the emerging civil war virtual symposium. Our next speaker i fondly call professor henry hill, because by day he is a music teacher. Henry hill, no relation to Daniel Harvey or ambrose powell
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