[applause] i would like to welcome all of you to this special evening with acclaimed author neal bascomb to discuss his work on the captors and trials of Adolf Eichmann. Neal also did a webinar with students earlier today. The program has been very well received so far. Tonights program is a part of our exhibit that i hope many of you were able to see in the last hour or so that you are here. This is about the capture and trial of Adolf Eichmann. It is currently on display. In those special exhibit hall. This is presented here in new orleans and a wonderful coproduction with several esteemed partners. The museum of the jewish people in tel aviv, israel. And the museum of heritage in cleveland, ohio. If you have not been able to see the exhibit yet, it is open until january 25. Eichmann was the head of the Jewish Department and managed the transport of millions of people to nazi camps and vanishes after the war. Neal was host more about how teams from the Israeli Mossad capture them and brought him back to israel where he stood trials for his crime. In his work, neal bascomb has presented this true story as gripping we as it was a spy thriller or any spy novel that you might read. So many of our staff numbers have been raving about it. Students really enjoyed their webinar with you. We are really excited to have you. He is a New York Times bestselling author. He focuses on true stories of adventure or achievement. The story he tells about eichmann captures both, and i think it fits squarely with the museum mission. It is our goal to present lesserknown stories like this one from the war, and it is particularly meaningful to see the emotional connections that our visitors are making to the story. Im happy to introduce the writer who has brought the story to life. He is honoring so many minimum and that the criminal not get away with the atrocities committed during the war. Without further ado, i like to bring to the stage author neal bascomb. [applause] neal good evening, everybody. Earlier, one of the members of the staff asked me if i get nervous speaking in front of audiences like this. The truth is, there is probably a small part of me that still get service. But after those 3000 middle schoolers, i think that i can handle this crew here tonight. Ive written a lot of different books about many vast different kinds of subjects. Ive written about a russian battleship, the black sea, about breaking a four minute mile. I written a book about the sabotage of the nazi bond program. My most recent is about a david goliath kind of story. People often ask me, how the heck do you choose the subject . I dont quite understand. My wife rather ungenerous he says that i pick them based on where i want to travel next. I dont think that is necessarily true. I look for stories about will people are doing as to what we think are impossible. Stories are ordinary people being put in extraordinary situations and coming through it. Ask myself two questions before i start a book. The first question is do i have something new to say about the story . This story about Adolf Eichmann and his capture. This story was largely missed. It was largely written by people involved in the operation. Eichmann was in argentina. Everything went swimmingly, and nothing went wrong. It was a perfect operation from start to finish. That cannot not be further from the case. Gathering the various Mossad Agents and clicking archival information, i was hopefully able to tell the story in a fatal way to what actually happened. The second question asked is does this story have something to say . I think of all the books that i have written, i think that this has one of the most important things to say. Many about memory and the importance of justice. I came to the story and college. I did not have much money. I walked dogs, a very glamorous job. I walked dogs for extra cash. One of my clients turned out to be a holocaust survivor. She was a lovely person, but she had a mutt that was terrible. She would bring me over for tea, and after we got to know each other, she told me that she was a survivor. She said she never really spoke about what happened to her during the war. She said she never felt able to tell her story, until Adolf Eichmann was captured, and told the story about the holocaust that came out at the trial afterward. For her, a kind of gave permission to tell the story. As i later became a fulltime writer, this was a thrilling narrative and an incredible spy story that had a remarkable impact on history. That is why i told the story of hunting eichmann. Lets first talk about Adolf Eichmann. I will briefly give you a snapshot of who he was. The context is important. In 1933, 1934, he took on a position as the head of the Jewish Department. His role was essentially to help target jews in germany and helped make plans for the future, in order to emigrate and push them out of germany. By the time that 1938 comms, the idea of immigration is now forced deportation. He is put in charge. When germany annexes austria, he is sent to austria. He sends a note back to a friend saying, they are finally in my hands. We have this idea of Adolf Eichmann, and i do not know if there are any hanna arendt fans in here of our writing about this trial. Eichmann did not necessarily have any bent, demonic bent to jews or otherwise. That could not be further to the case. He was committed to the job. By 1944, he became the master of the jews. He was the operational master of the execution of the holocaust. Whenever a country was invaded, he would generally start from the outer regions and make his way toward the urban centers, moving the jews in the camp and sending them to extort ration camps. His masterwork, as he called it, and hungary, there were 724,000 jews living in hungary. When he was finished with his work, for 50,000 had been sent to camps. 450000 had been sent to camps. That is who Adolf Eichmann. Was he said we need to use jews as bargaining chips. Adolf eichmann continued his work. He had to be ordered to stop. Remember this look, this sort of power. It will look conversely 20 individual you see later in the presentation. When the war was over, eichmann escaped and he ran. He went to northern germany and worked as a forest worker. His name was largely unknown by the allies. At the trials, when his name was first presented, one of the judges wrote on the side of the piece of paper, who is Adolf Eichmann . He had a relatively low rank even though we had massive power over the jews. People did not know who he was outside of germany, largely. His name became something important a little later. He escapes northern germany and remains there. By 1950, he begins to make his way down through germany and austria, and into italy. Many members of the Catholic Church are hiding out in monasteries along the way. He gets himself on a boat to argentina. This is the red craft task force that he used to escape europe. I found this in the Argentinian Court system, almost 50 years after he used it. You notice the name here. The alias that he took on. He took a boat to argentina, and people often ask me why . The country was a haven for escaped nazis. He wanted to use them to help bolster his estate. To give you an idea of who juan perrone was he said that the trials were the worst atrocity of justice. That is who juan perrone was. Eichmann arrived in argentina and goes out to the countryside. He worked as a dam engineer. He was provided an id, a passport, a job, money. He was provided the whole life when he arrived in argentina. He eventually brought his wife and three sons argentina with him. He was living free. Lets move on to the people who were involved in actually bringing him to justice. The first person that i would like to mention is one of the important ones. This individual here. Simon wiesenthal. We all have this idea of Simon Wiesenthal as important, famous, historic nazi hunter. Imagine Simon Wiesenthal in 1945. He was a former architect, with no police experience. He stumbled out of a concentration camp, weighing less than hundred pounds. He was a really tall guy. Yet a very keen memory of all the guards names. He was determined to go after these war criminals. One of the chief people on that list was Adolf Eichmann. He did some core things, he determined that Adolf Eichmann was still alive and more accurately was not dead. The eichmann family petitioned the government to declare that he had died. I wont go into it, but he proved that that was not the case. The second thing that wiesenthal did is that he collected documents. Evidence that was disappearing in many respects. The third thing he did was discovered a photograph of eichmann. Adolf, despite only being a lt. Col. Believed in his heart that he would be sought after the war. He made it his mission to never be photographed. So that there was no evidence of what he looked like when he was on the run. He made the mistake of having an affair and taking a picture with one of the individuals that he was having an affair with. Simon wiesenthal found this woman and found the photograph of eichmann. It all comes to naught. In 1948, 1950, Simon Wiesenthal and another were the only truly going after these war criminals, with both of them largely giving up by 1950. They collected their documents and put them away and their garages and give up. Eichmann was free, and no one was looking for him. 1957, eichmanns in argentina and working from the dam and was dissolving as a human being. He was at the german club proclaiming that he would happily jump in his grave knowing that 5 million jews would meet him there. He works as a rabbit farmer. That is unsuccessful. He starts a laundromat and is a failure. Ends up working on the line of a mercedes automobile plant, and his sons are there. They end up working on the outskirts of when osiris of buenos aires. It turns out that sylvia hermon, this young lady on the left, finds herself dating a man named Nicholas Eichmann. This eichmann name is a name to be sought after. The world does not know this name really. Nothing is thought of it. Sylvia is dating Nicholas Eichmann, and she invites him over dinner at her house with her father and mother. One was blinded when escaping germany before the world began. Before the war began. Nicholas is having dinner, and he does not know that sylvia is half jewish. He declares at this dinner, it is too bad that the germans did not finish off the jews during the war. Like father, like son. Sylvia, you can imagine how long that relationship lasted after that. Nothing was said at dinner. They quietly took that in, and their relationship was ended. A year passes, and sylvia is reading the newspaper to her father as she did, the german newspaper. They come across this story about this west german prosecutor. Dr. Fritz bauer. He is the only individual even thinking about pursuing world war criminals. He said to gather momentum in that direction, he wants to publish a list of the war criminals that he was to go after, and on that list is Adolf Eichmann. Sylvia is reading this news report, and they come across the name Adolf Eichmann. There is hesitation. They began to have this conversation about whether or not Nicholas Eichmann is the son of Adolf Eichmann. Sylvia knows the nicholas never invited her to his house. Number two, nicholas had said that his father was a high ranking officer during the war. Three well, actually just two. That is what they talked about. They have a suspicion. They began to suspect and decide, what are we going to do . They decide to write a letter to dr. Fritz bauer. I believe the letter is here in this marvelous exhibit here in the museum. In the letter, they say that they read the newspaper article, and we believe that Adolf Eichmann might be living here in buenos aires. You can imagine what sylvia was thinking after that. Maybe Something Like spies were coming leaping out of the woodwork and would seize capture him the next day. This letter goes all the way to west germany, and first bauer receives it in the question is what is he going to do with it. He cannot go to anyone within his government. Half of the west German Government was made of former nazi officials. Fritz bauer decides that he could try interpol or goat to americans with the information. When he goes to the americans, they sent back a letter saying that, we are not in the business of apprehending war criminals. Fritz bauer says, no one is going to help me. He writes a letter back to sylvia and her father. In that letter, he includes the photograph of Adolf Eichmann and details about him and what he sounds like, and a description by many people. This large, powerful presence. And he says to sylvia and her father, basically, go find him. Go see if you can determine with 100 accuracy that that is Adolf Eichmann. Go find one of the worst war criminals in history. You, this 18yearold young lady and your blind father. What is incredible, is that they actually do it. They are living outside of aires and they take a train in, and eventually they determine where nicholas is living through friends. And she goes in a pretty little dress to a door to this twobedroom small, onestory house and knocked on the door. And who answers but ricardo clement. Adolf eichmann. He invites her in, and nicholas is not there. She cannot quite determine if this person you will see what he looks like by the time that they capture him. They almost look like two different people. She cannot quite tell one way or the other if it was him. She asked him who he was. He said that he was the uncle of nicholas, and he was living there. That is where the conversation ends. Nicholas eichmann comes in, and you can imagine your exgirlfriend showing up to your house. That is bad enough. Even worse, you know that your father is a war criminal who is living under an alias. Nicholas eichmann, not being terribly bright, grabs sylvia and pressures her out of the house. He says, i will be right back, father. You got that, right . I can always tell if the audience is paying attention, if they get that. This is very likely Adolf Eichmann. Another letter finds its way all the way across the sea to dr. Bauer. Dr. Bauer determines that he has enough information to do something about this. The americans will not help me, and my own country will not help me. No International Organization will help me. Ill go to the one people who should execute or about his war criminals. I will go to the israelis. He does not actually fly there. He conveys this information through back channels. It reaches a very powerful individual within the newly formed israeli government. He was ahead of the Israeli Mossad and the shin bet, which is essentially being the head of cia and fbi simultaneously. His job was to protect the state of israel from its neighbors. His job was to not pursue work criminals, to find justice. He feels like, well i cannot sweep this under the rug like most of the world has swept under the holocaust. I had to do something, so i would do the least i can possibly do. I will send a police investigator. To argentina to determine if this information is accurate. For the individual in charge, he did not speak a lick of spanish. He sends the representative all the way to argentina, and he is there for a few weeks. All in all, he does not spend much time in surveillance. He goes and looks at the house. He sends report back to isser harel. He says that there is no way that Adolf Eichmann could live in such a wretched house. And then, the investigation is over. Isser harel is done, and he says lets move on. Theres always a point when you research a book, that you cannot find a fact. Dr. Fritz bauer was delivered as second source in 1959, just a few months after this. This source determined the same information that sylvia and her father had determined. Under what name he was living under. It also had information like when he arrived in argentina, and what jobs he was given. How much he made. Everything that you would need to know. It syncs perfectly with what sylvia had found. We now note that this came from the west German Security services, but the information prior to that when i was writing this, that was not available. Regardless of that, fritz bauer is now in a fury. He has had this information for about 18 months, where eichmann is living. He doesnt know if eichmann is going to stay there or if he is going to be tipped off. This time, he gets on a plane personally and gets in a room with isser harel and the attorney general of israel, and says, you must go after Adolf Eichmann. He is here. Go. He is so convincing, that isser harel is kind of a little bit ashamed into acting right now. He feels compelled to do something. It cannot deny now that this is Adolf Eichmann and that this is where he is living. What does isser want to do . He wants to kill him. He was to arrange a car accident, assassinate him quickly and quietly and be done with him. This individual here, and many of you may recognize him, the head of the israeli government, has a very different idea. David bengurion sees an opportunity here to make an affine history. History. Nd define he stipulates very clearly why he wants to go after eichmann. He wants to capture him and bring him back to israel and put him on trial. He wants to remind israel why the state needs to exist and remind the world what happened to the jewish people during the holocaust. This information that the world and the teachers are not teaching, that the world was a wants to put away. This is what happened, and it must be exposed. A mission is put together to go after eichmann. After all of this happens, by 1960, a shin bet interrogator, not much investigative experience at one of the top mossad interrogators. He says in argentina, make sure that eichmann is still there, and the team will be spent. The s there, he discovers it up ottoman Adolf Eichmann is now gone. Not only did they need to capture him, detain him, and get him out of the country, but they need to find him again. This is not operation in argentina, thousands of miles from israel in a country that is not terribly favorable to the juice. Nazi community for lack of a better way of putting it. Massage is a pretty small agency and this is a mission way beyond their scope. This is tremendous risk. More dogged than probably any of the people sent on this mission ,nds up tracking down eichmann and even now they do not know with 100 accuracy whether this is eichmann. So he needs photographs. This is the truck he used. I have never seen it outside of my book before. He would threat his way through the neighborhood, take photos of eichmann. Streetse is on garibaldi. And even more remote places. But yes, i cant get close enough. He walks up to the fence around the property. Imagine how close he was. They ultimately determined that by the shapemann of his ears, but all things, by the shape of the side of his face. Theres actually a study that mossad put together, a photograph of eichmann they had of him and its almost like examining the fingerprints with 100 accuracy, Adolf Eichmann. O in team is assembled it is assembled out of a spy movie in some respects. They have a master forger, they have an operations person whos very good at tactical precision. Hey have two strongmen this team is the top of the top of massage. Theres the number 3, 4, 5, 6 individuals all went in on this mission. You can imagine the cia director going on a mission. This is the photograph with the arrow. Surveillance,hey capture him, grabbed him russian to the safe house. Thats two thirds of the book. I do want you to read it. But i well, i do want to tell conclusion and a long conclusion as it is two important episodes that might be important and fairly dramatic. Story was researching the , i spent a lot of time in israel. Would interview these Mossad Agents getting a mossad agent to emote is very difficult. I would ask them how do you feel. Were you scared . They would talk about this operation, the night of the capture, like they had just gone to the drivetrain. It was terribly frustrating. They remembered exactly what would happen, but there was no emotion. They were professionals. I would speak to them about the 10 days they spent with eichmann. To an individual, you could see their faces were changed. At one point, one broke into tears. The emotional weight of that 10 days in the safe house. It was a weight that was sort of a combination of immense pride, pride of going to argentina and risking everything and grabbing him and successfully detaining him and bringing him and having him in the cesar. This man who perpetrated such atrocities against the jewish people. A sense of wow, we did this. And also the horror of living with this person, of bathing him, of feeding him, of watching him 24 hours. Speaking to him. He was, it from the very moment of capture, rather sniveling. He gave of who he was within less than one hour of interrogation. He was completely compliant. As one of the agents sort of half joked. If i asked him to pick the nails out of the floorboards, he would have. He was wearing dirty underwear and he was scrawny and pale. He was a devout human being. The horror of living and being with this individual, terribly wrenching for them. The second part is about to sacrifice, framed throughout the story. Getting eichmann out of argentina. They cannot walk him. They had plans for a ship. This was possible and doable, but it would take weeks. If there was news of eichmann being captured in argentina, this ship could be stopped. Many to get him out by airplanes as quickly as possible. There is the national airlines. The problem is that it did not fly to argentina and has no service. Isser harel took a look at his calendar and saw that right around this time was the one 50th anniversary of argentinian independence from spain. Not that isser harel could get a lick about argentinian independence, but i gave him an opportunity, a roos, to bring a delegation of israeli diplomats to argentina to celebrate this great event. These diplomats would come off the plane, and on the play would come the Mossad Agents and they would fly safely back to israel with Adolf Eichmann. Everything went consummately with this circumstance. After 10 days in the house, they have a new id. He is coming on the plane. He is and compliant. They put him in the back. They are ready to go. They are ready to take off. The plane taxis toward the runway, and i like to preface this by saying that these employees. Mossad did not have an airplane crew with pilots and navigators and radio men. Who knew how to command such an aircraft. What they had were these individuals who now and again, they would all assembled together and be involved in bringing someone maybe secret. They called them selves the dirty business crew. They were not told anything. They thought their involved and a Democratic Mission to go to argentina. They thought that they would arrive to buenos aires to dance and tangoe and have a nice dinner and get on the plane a few days later and fly back home. 24 hours after arriving, hours before theyre set to leave, they are told that they are bringing back Adolf Eichmann secretly. Everyone needs to be on time. You can imagine the fear involved. Suddenly thrust into this very dangerous mission. Again, i said, everything is going well. They are taxing to the runway. They are told by our traffic control, stock. You cannot take off. There is this remarkable conversation in the cockpit, at this moment. This is the pilot, a veteran of the 48th war. Isser harel was also in the cockpit, and they are having a chatter about what to do. Isser harel is marvelous at his job and had a backup plan for a backup plan for a backup plan. Never in his wildest imagination did he think that he would be on the edge of a runway and will be told to stop. He panics and says lets just go. The direct quote is, lets test the prowess of the Argentinian Air force. Are there any argentinians here . I am sorry. The pilot says, maybe we should take a breath and figure out what is happening. What do they want . I do not have a photograph, but the navigator turns in his seat. The navigator is still alive and was a huge man. He is about 65, very thick. You can imagine him in this cockpit. They are small now, but they were even smaller than three it turns in his navigators see and says i will go. Isser harel says, that is wonderful, you can go. But if things go bad, or you are not back soon, we are going to leave. We will take off without you. You will be left holding the bag, and you will not be wanting to hold that bag. The navigator says, i will go. He said as he walked on the steps of those airplane, on the tarmac, that he felt that his heart was thinking into his shoes, and he wasnt sure if he could do it. He wasnt sure if he could go. He reminded himself that many of his family had died in the holocaust, and this was their responsibility that he needed to take, for what happened before. So he goes. That is the end. Thank you. No. [laughter] youre still listening . It turns out that it was a whole lot of nothing. They needed a signature on a piece of paper. It seems like this sort of insignificant glitch in this whole operation. Let me tell you a little bit about what happens afterward. A normal flight plan from buenos aires would take you from brazil and then brazil onward. Isser harel very clearly says that he does not want to stop in brazil, because what if it comes out that he has been captured. We need to fly all the way to africa. From there, i feel that we can safely make it on. We need to be out of south america. The mechanics and crew and pilot made it very clear that this aircraft had never made that distance of a flight. They largely stripped the thing down. They move, and they fly out. If they had tested the prowess of the Argentinian Air force, they wouldve have used a lot of fuel. The fact is, there are flying in and coming down into the side of the coast of senegal, lights are flashing, and alarms were going, and they were running out of fuel, as it was. One of the mossad agent joked at the time, he would go up and down the aisles at the time, and asked, anybody have a light echo we need fuel. When they landed on the tarmac and were taxing in, the plane right out of gas. You could argue, or i could argue, that if shaul shaul had not gone and checked what had happened, that plane very well may have not made it to senegal. Eichmann would never have made it to israel and stood trial. Survivors like the individual here could not to supply their extremes and the holocaust. The eichmann trial was exactly what David Bengurion wanted it to be. It was a massive success in reminding and telling the world what happened in the holocaust. Eichmann was tried and convicted, and again, if you remember what he looked like in the war and the proud uniform, and what he looks like here, 15 years later, to a remarkably different individuals. He is convicted, hung, cremated, disasters were spread at the seed to make sure there was no memorial for him. All of those individuals from the mossad were never able to tell their role and what happened, their experience and their stories. I am very proud to be one of those telling that now. Thank you all very much. [applause] i am more than happy to take questions as long as they are easy ones. Does anybody have an easy question . I have three. First, did israel have the Death Penalty at the time that eichmann was sentenced . They made a special exception when he was tried. They believed that some other body should try him. The fact that they were willing to do the Death Penalty was also a major can you speak to his escape from germany down to italy . You mentioned that he state and Catholic Churches . Was there complicity, or did the Catholic Church is not know who he was . Neal it is a very murky world during that. During that period. They were well organized and well orchestrated. The Catholic Church, to say complicity that is a big word. There is no evidence that the pope, for instance, had a meeting, and said we should help the nazis escape. I would say the converse of that is true. There were many individuals high up as bishops, who were fervent nazi sympathizers. Those individuals were the one who helped put together these nazi rat lines. Juan perrone and his government were the ones org are shutting the whole thing, with agents in europe at the time. There is a very good book buy an argentinian journalists that provides more about this. Could you speak to how the nazi hunter determined that eichmann had not died on the Eastern Front . Neal eichmann not having died on the Eastern Front, it is the affidavit saying that he had died there. It was written by a cousin of his wife. That seems rather dubious to anyone involved. Other people within eichmanns command were interviewed and interrogated and said there is no way that he would have been on the Eastern Front at that period of time. Im curious about the 10 days in the villa. You said it was a safe house and they were delayed, they had to keep them there. During that time, neither the German Community nor his family raise an alarm . That is a very good question. One, Vera Eichmann could not really go to the police or the government at that time, to declare that her husband, ricardo clement, Adolf Eichmann a war criminal. Despite the bent of the that wouldve been a step too far. The three adult sons knew that their father had been grabbed. They were neonazis in their own rights. They partnered with a group of semifascists. It is complicate it. They put together a search to try to find him. They were unsuccessful. Nicholas at wellpoint says that they wait to be airport about 30 minutes after the departure, and i find no evidence of that. The family was definitely looking, and there were elements within the community, the expat nazi community that were worried about this, as they were worried about themselves. The government itself was not a part of that. Youve knowledged at the beginning that pursuit of justice. Why do you think that after this, there are so many vicious war criminals that played such a role in the holocaust that were walking free throughout the world even after the holocaust . Do people forget . Neal the history of nazi hunting after eichmann was captured there were trials put together in west germany for a number of war criminals and those responsible for the camps. After a certain period of tiem, and that was successful. After a bit of time, the interest level on pursuing that waned. You could say that the rise of the cold war had a significant aspect to that. Simon wiesenthal, who played a role, albeit tangential to the capture of Adolf Eichmann because the mossad could not speak to what happened, there was a vacuum. Simon wiesenthal stepped into that vacuum. He became the nazi hunter. He, for a number of years was very successful in keeping that momentum going, but it waned. Even to this day, even though across the globe, there were a number of people walking free, there were Government Agencies looking for them. The mossad were looking for them. There is now operation last chance. It says that justice has no timeline, and we will keep pursuing these individuals. A lot of people were harboring individuals like eichmann. Other high government nazi officials for their own ends. We did it in america. Their papers and books and files about this. A number of individuals in Security Services that the government recruited here. Britain did it. Individuals are governments in europe and israel and argentina did it. There was a lot of pushback on that. It is a complicated answer for a complicated world. We will take this last question from facebook. Can you elaborate on the aid of the catholic monasteries gave to eichmann on his escape from argentina . Neal as i mentioned before, and i can go a little more detail. Essentially, as eichmann made his way through germany and through the alps, he would need places to stay, that he would feel secure. Those were largely monasteries and convents. When he arrived in genoa to ship out, he stayed in a monastery there, and he felt very protective and safe. This was largely assembled and put together by the argentinian government, with specific individuals who happened to be nazi sympathizers in italy, switzerland, and germany. Did you have a question . The question was, was there any contrition on the part of his family . I wish i had a short answer to everything. A few things. One, Vera Eichmann who had to know in many senses what her husband did, and knew that he was in hiding. Once bengurion announced that eichmann had been captured, she went and sued, tried to suit the is road government to have her husband returned to argentina. That was a failure, of course. Israel did not bend on that. The sons one of the sons, the eldest, i tried to interview them, of course. I wanted to find information, and a thought time part of their story was important. I was told by a very wellconnected argentinian journalist not to go looking for horses. A, it was dangerous, and b, i would never find him. I neonazis still living underground. He was not contrite. I spoke to nicholas and another who live on the swissgerman border to try to talk to them about what happened and whether thought of their father. They essentially told me that their father had done nothing wrong and that there were a few exclusions. In the phone was hung up. Eichmann actually had a son, a final sign, when he was living in argentina. Very young when his father was captured. He is now a professor in germany, and i connected within. He still lives under the name eichmann. I was curious. His prefaces that he thought his father was in essence a monster and that he deserved everything that he got. I asked him, why would you keep your last name . That must be a tough road to ride, it being named eichmann in germany . He said rather poignantly that he felt like that was the small burden that he could carry for the heinous things that his father had done, which i found really pretty remarkable. Thank you for the question. [applause] thank you. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] war,t on the civil Caroline Wood newhall, a postdoctoral fellow at the Virginia Center for civil war studies, discussed her research on black prisoners of war in the confederacy. She talked about the misconception that all captured u. S. Colored troops were executed and describes how many were instead enslaved, including those born free in the north. The center for civil war studies at Virginia Tech hosted this online talk and provided the video. Eastern, the talksic site manager about these state of medical knowledge at the beginning of the civil war, including surgical practices and diseases common among soldiers. At 8 p. M. Eastern, on lectures onhistory a class president s and communications in their campaigns and an office. In office. Our speaker is dr. Caroline wood newhall. She graduated with her phd a few weeks ago on the university of north carolina. We are really glad that she is here and i think you all will he as well. Its clear she will bring an with lot to Virginia Tech teaching, research, and the outreach program. She specializes in 19thcentury u. S. History, including, of course, the civil war