Was brief but impactful. History colorado hosted the event and provided the video. We have dr. Judy gaughan here. Associate professor of history at the Colorado State university in pueblo and is one of the organizers of the womens Suffrage Centennial summit in colorado, a values partner in the womens cocentennial is writing a book holly andrie clydde american first. Thank you for being with us today. Dr. Gaughan dr. Gaughan thank you, mike. I want to say thank you to the center for colorado womens history for hosting what is a fascinating lecture series. Hopefully it will continue to be fascinating today in february 2018, as i was happily strolling the streets of rome metaphorically speaking, i joined 16 other women to celebrate the centennial of womens suffrage. As the first meeting of that is soon to be name womens Suffrage Centennial of southern colorado i learned the significance of this did not strike me immediately. I began to do research to celebrate the colorado centennial 125 years of , women in colorado having the right to vote, 27 years before the nation. As i started to do more studying about that, i did i got more intrigued about the person of Carrie Clyde Holly. In particular, i was intrigued by the notion that almost no one in the country, including people in pueblo, had ever heard of her. The first woman in the history of the United States to pass a law, or get a law passed. I left the streets of ancient rome, or more accurately, i walked down two paths. I decided her story needed to be told and so i am writing a book about her. Today, i intend to share with you what i discovered. First, a little outline because i am a professor and i know students like outlines and so i assume you do as well. I will start by talking about her colleagues in office and what little we know about her early life. The colorado suffrage vote of 1893, the campaign of 1894. And the sexism i will talk about the session, the bill that passed and some of the struggles and the sexism that she faced. Then, i will talk about her life after her year in office as a lawyer, a stateswoman, and a separatist. Ash suffragist. Suffragist. So lets start with her colleagues in office. First, we can turn to clara cressingham. She was elected in the county that denver is a part of. She became secretary of the her interest in governing was to take on a leadership role. She became secretary of the republican caucus. She tried to pass legislation on labor mediation and a bounty law for the sugar beet industry. Colorado was just beginning to plant sugar beets and it was a relatively lucrative endeavor and she wanted to ensure its success. It was vetoed by the governor. She also claims to not be interested in what she referred to as sentimental legislation. And i will talk to you in a moment about what were what we are talking about when we talk about sentimental legislation. Also that same year frances s. , klock was elected in denver in the city of denver. She was active in the womens auxiliary of the grand army of the republic. Veteransa civil war support group, supporting Union Officers anyway. They would probably be happy with us tearing down confederate statues. She is a member of the grand army of the republic and one newspaper credits orher win. She credits her when to the vote credits her win to the vote of the soldiers. She chaired the committee and on military and Indian Affairs in the house of representatives and tried to get the state to fund a Reformatory School known as the state industrial school. The legislature had already passed and created a school, but had not provided any funding for it. So she was trying to get that funded. Her bill is not passed by the General Assembly. Finally, a moment to mention joseph stewart. For the women, this was the first time women were in office. This was not the case for black men. He was not the first. Before women in colorado could vote about 11 years before after the 16th amendment to the u. S. Constitution that said race, color, or previous condition of servitude could be used to prevent voting. The reason why i am including stuart here is because his agenda in protecting the rights of black people parallels how his agenda was objecting to the rights of women. She had more in common with him then her other colleagues who were women. Stuart had one of his bills become a law. It made it illegal to exclude colored persons from hotels or theaters and there was a fine attached if you did. Like holly, he proposed several bills that were not passed, including a bill on the intermarriage of different races, and also forbidding extortion and discrimination in disseminating telegraphs. Apparently, if you were black, you had to pay more money for telegraphs than if you were white. He was active in civil rights the same way holly was active in civilrights. Lets turn to holly. She grew up at the eldest. She was born in new york city and grew up the eldest of seven in stamford, connecticut. No one had cell phones so there were no selfies, so there are no pictures of the holt family. These are pictures from the 19th century. Probably pictures of people who were a bit wealthier than the holts, although they were uppermiddleclass at least. Her father was a lawyer and he was descended from samuel clyde, a revolutionary war hero. I expect he was proud of his heritage that she maintained the use of the clyde name all her life. Her mother we do not know a lot about her upbringing. The plan was to go to the archives in stamford, but there is this Global Pandemic that has hindered some of the research plans, so hopefully next summer i will make it to stanford, connecticut and a few other places and get a chance to look at archives and maybe find more information. We dont have much personal about Carrie Clyde Holly. They were a family of some wealth, always having at least one livein maid. Around 1881, she married Charles Frederick holly, who had served as a territorial legislator in colorado in 1861 and 18 62 and had served as a Supreme Court justice in the state of colorado. At the time of the marriage, she was working as a he was working as a lawyer in new york city for a Company Based in carrie was his pueblo. Second wife, he had several other children including a son that was her age. At the time of her marriage, she was 25 and he was together, they had two 63. Daughters. Emily and helen. There may have been two additional children born on either the east coast or pueblo, but they didnt survive childhood. One of the state censuses asked how many children have you had and how many are alive. The numbers were 4 and 2. Carrie clyde holly raised two daughters, emily and helen. Around 1889, the hollys moved to pueblo, colorado. Dont know which route she took on the screen. Almost certainly took a train to pueblo. They settled on a ranch or a fruit orchard in vineland in butler county. Carrie wrote Pueblo County. Carrie wrote poetry, raised her two daughters and took a leadership role by serving on the district in vineland. After elected to the school district, she was elected by other members to the presidency of the Pueblo School board. This means she was this means she was in Pueblo County in 1893. I bet holly, who i bet holly, who had worked for suffrage in new york city, was happy to move to colorado on that day. When the governor made the proclamation that womens suffrage became the law in colorado. It took a few days for the registration documents to make their way to the county or the county clerks around the state. On thursday, december 7 the first women in Pueblo County registered to vote. Julia sisson and joanna sperry, whose image we have in the courthouse in pueblo today. On monday, december 11, more women registered including the first black women in Pueblo County to register to vote lulu , lincoln and eudora logan. We try to balance the unfair history of the past and tend to overstate the issues around voting and race and we know that black women in pueblo were active in the Suffrage Movement. Do not let anyone tell you black women could not vote or that its a simple story because it , is not. That is a story for another day and possibly a different speaker. I want to focus on Carrie Clyde Holly. It took womens groups in pueblo and throughout colorado no time at all to transition from working suffrage to working to be educated voters. In fact, working to elect women to office. In september of 1894, the Pueblo County Republican Convention met. According to the chieftain, one of the local newspapers, the convention met at the fort house courthouse but the accommodations were inadequate and an adjournment was taken to the columbia theater. There were twice as many voters in 1894 as there had been in 1893. Were manysays there lady delegates in the convention. The chair asked for nominations for representative to the Colorado State house and was gratified that there were 16 nominations for four positions. Among them was mrs. Carrie c. Coley. She received more votes than any other nominee for representative. On,chieftain article goes misses holly appeared on the by the mayorrted and the convention went fairly wild. Yourselves. Applaud everyone is very excited about the nomination of a woman and i think they like holly herself. The convention went fairly wild a neat little speech the nomination of a woman and they elected holly herself, so she made a neat little speech when accepting office. Just as aocs speech had to be fiery because she is in office and a latina. She said she would do everything in her power to redeem states from populist misrule. At that time, the populist party was powerful in colorado. There were still republicans and democrats, but the populace had taken control of the government. The chieftain was a republican paper and holly was a republican candidate. Let me go back one. So. In the sketches of the nominees that were published in the newspaper, we read about holly that she came from new york a while ago and she lives with her husband, she had two daughters, and for the last two sentences i think are important. A very pleasant womanly lady with a sweet voice and attractive personality who will win votes wherever she appears. She has hosts of friends who will work hard for her. This is lovely, but she was also president of the school board and that is not mentioned, but with a male candidates previous lytic collectivity was mentioned. It is very striking to read the ly story alongside Hollys Hollys sketch alongside the men who were running for office. She is identified by her pleasantness and the help of her friends that is going to get elected and a Competent Person that should be elected. She, in her campaign in 1894, a little bitr about suffrage. She didnt have to argue in favor of suffrage, but she argued about the importance of suffrage. In her First Campaign speech in early october, campaigns were blissfully shorter than, and her First Campaign speech she thought the desperation of independence, but said all men are created equal included her sex as well as men. She wanted to pay her respects to the western men, every one of whom had shown his respect for women. The chance that everyone of them showed and everywhere their wrist maybe a little bit inaccurate, especially in pueblo ,here suffrage did not past although it passed in the entire state of colorado. I love men had to live with it. She talked about womens suffrage and the importance of women voting as part of her campaign activities. She also spoke a great deal about the Republican Party, and she credits the Republican Party correctly with bringing about the evolution of slavery abolition of slavery and other great reforms according to her. She is credited with being the party that originated the equal Suffrage Movement in the state and made it possible for the questions to be brought before the women. This is a point of some contention. The Republican Party was the most powerful party when the state was created. When the state was created the constitution was written in such a way that made it easier for gain the elected franchise in colorado than it was in almost any other state. Worked verys had , so in 1893 on the campaign they were quite bitter when republicans swept the whole state and beyond the state in 1894 because they had the women voted the way they wanted to vote. Women are very annoying that way. Theme washer major the question of silver and how important silver coin edge was. This is a very complicated story and i am not going to go into detail. Basically, at one point both gold and silver where the standard by which american money was measured. To therecently changed gold system then gone back and forth. Colorado was a very big silver mining state. It was not particularly contentious for any campaigner to say prosilver, i am prosilver in colorado. It was financially beneficial for this entire state. The house of representatives in colorado was not going to have any say, any direct say in the question of silver. What they did have direct say in was the election of the senate. The pro silver voters, the house and the senate got to choose, the state house and senate got to choose who the u. S. Senator was going to be and they wanted to make sure that was a pro silver candidate, and it was. In her Campaign Speeches about the importance of the age of consent. The age of consent was part of the party platform. I will talk much more about this in a moment. Holly and others got supportedhe news was across the country. Small snippets, but occasionally stories came talking about them and getting mostly inee women will occupy seats the next legislature of colorado. Surely the world moves. This was a revolution. We are taking it suck we take it so for granted that women can hold political office, but this is a resolution. In every revolution they need a hat. In hollys First Campaign speech that i quoted parts of above, she also was kind of complaining treated when was she campaigned for office. I have noticed among the warmest friends of equal suffrage a feeling of uneasiness as to the advisability of electing a woman to office. They seem to think women would legislate themselves a large collection of bonnets or some equally foolish measure. A will go back in just second. When she got elected what happened, the first thing was what to do with their hats. Bonnets were an issue, but not a legislative one. Rules of the General Assembly of colorado required legislators to remove their hats. It was customary for men to remove their hats indoors, but not women. The women talked among themselves trying to figure out what the best plans would be on what to do with their hats. They decided to wear their hats into the room, but take them off and place them under the desks. Holly actually writes a report of how she passed her legislation, that gets published. In this report she talks about her feelings when she is in the assembly. That is ontice, and purpose, that while that is her head in the picture, it is not her body. Somebody elses body on the image from getty, because i wanted to show her seated but there are few pictures. Unused taking part in legislative or any other among 62 men in a sense General Assembly in the state of colorado which conducts its sessions on june of 1895. This new magnificent 2 milliondollar capital. Capital had been completed in november of 1894. That is exciting as well. Carrie clyde holly seems uncomfortable with stepping onto the floor of the house and with writing and passing legislation. Lostme a second because i my page. However uncomfortable she might have been, she also stood up for herself in the state of opposition on january 2, 1890 5 the staten entered Capitol Building at the legislature. It was customary for male members to present on the floor of the house, but she was stopped at the door by the sergeant at arms who said that members of her family she promptly demanded by what right, this is a quote from the akron daily democrat, by what right several men were allowed to present their wives on the floor if she could not introduce her husband. According to the akron daily the doorkeeper succumbed helplessly. T was her first victory lets turn to her legislation. I want to start with the one piece of legislation that passed. Her age of consent bill that became known as the holly bill. Before looking at what she had to do to get it passed, consider my she why she wanted to get it passed. Statutorysent is rape. According to her original bill, the age at which women should be able to choose to have sex with a man was 21. If that man has sex with a female under 21 years of age he would be guilty of rape and would be punished. When i first started conducting research on holly, being an expert on ancient rome and not 19thCentury America then being one of the first women elected to a legislature could be reconciled with a bill that seems to take authority from the young women, to invent allies her. This seems like reactionary legislation to me. She began to study the age of consent issue and things began to fall into place. On the slide you can see a yellow outline is my primary sources and black outlines are secondary sources or modern scholarship. Sources is thery journal i mentioned before. Holly wrote about how she got in a magazine that was running a whole year series on age of consent. Holly wrote on that. Why age of consent legislation . Why was that important . We go back in time, not all the way to the romans. The Industrial Revolution began in the late 1700s. With the plural oration with the proliferation of cities, women who used to work on the home or farm under the i have watchful relatives were now in the big scary city. They wanted to protect women from the dangers of urban life. One danger was generally envisioned as older men seducing younger innocent women. If their families could not protect them it would be the job of the government to make sure they were protected. These ideas lead to dramatic action when women realize that in america the age of consent was in many places, colorado included, 10 years old. If you were 11 and you had sex with a man, that was considered consensual. Could vote inmen colorado they organized, mostly under the auspices of the wctu, the womens christian temperance union. They organized to raise the age of consent in colorado. They were on board with the efforts of the national wctu, a national countrywide movement. Branch successfully cushioned the petitioned the legislature in 1891 to raise the age of consent from 10 to 16. That was not enough for holly or for the Republican Party. The republican platform in 1894 included what was called sentimental legislation, that is legislation looking after women. So the Republican Party platform was to raise the age of consent to 21. When holly was trying to pass her laws, she was doing it in conjunction with the republican platform. The republican platform was probably that way because of the influence of women on that platform in 1894. We will come back, but we have to reconcile the age of consent with womens suffrage. As is pointed out in the book regulating desire, women of the purity Reform Movement asserted female political power even before women have the right to vote or hold office. The movement was both a moral movement and an assertion of female political power. It was both a broad frontal attack on male sexual privilege and an assertion by women that laws were not objective, that women had the right to legal recognition and the right to petition legislators. It is pointed out that among the female reformers because there were male and female reformers during the Purity Movement in the 19th century but among female reformers, there is a deep distrust of male sexual privilege infused. So, back to holly. Not surprisingly perhaps, when her colleagues argued that men and women should be treated equally in her law, hollys argument about the sexual double standard were more or less ignored by her colleagues. The sexual standard was the privilege that men had to be sexually free and even encouraged and praised for sexual promiscuity, but in the meantime, women were ruined by this. The men in both the house and the senate in colorado felt those who supported the bill and those who opposed it were concerned about another issue with hollys law, and that is the evil women preying on unsuspecting men. What if you did not know the prostitute you are going to visit was under 21 . This was a big piece of the argument in both houses. That itplied basically was not easy to convict a man of rape. Plus, the judge and jury has discretion since the punishment was anywhere from one to 20 years. She was not concerned that black mail would be an issue, that the but the men were concerned what would happen to them if they had sex with a young woman or girl who would then accuse them, trick them into having sex with them. That was a big piece of their argument. So lets take a look at how this plays out. What does it look like for holly . Again, these are not real pictures, but you get the idea. January 23, holly had worked hard to get her bill taken out of order. Made a special order of business, which meant they would deal with it in advance of other orders on the docket. All the galleries in the house and thisatives, and this is is january 24 all of the galleries were crowded at 11 00 when the bill to raise the age of consent to 21 years was made a special order of business. Women were everywhere. They made an almost solid line around the three sides of the house. They occupied chairs beside the members or sat in the aisles. They even knelt on the floor. Members of the equal Suffrage Association were present by the score. The womens club and many other organizations were represented. Most of the women were middleaged or elderly, but there was a good spring clean of girls. At times, the enthusiasm was the most demonstrative fashion. Hands were clapped. Handkerchiefs were waived. They pounded on the balcony balustrade. One woman later person on the speakers head. Purse right on speaker humphreys head. This was a novel moment in the history of the United States. This was the first time a bill promulgated by a woman came before a state legislature. The women in the galleries and aisles and on the floor were not only there because they supported the bill, they were also there because one of their own was going to legislate and most if not all of the women present had worked hard to make this kind of moment possible. Hollys bill passed in the Senate Despite her colleagues from pueblo who thought it was the place in the body for a woman to make law. The senate was resistant to the bill and holly had a heckuva of a time getting anyone to champion the bill in the senate. Instead, she was met with ridicule, obstructionism, and language so offensive she was unwilling to repeat it. The women in the galleries had to leave the Senate Chamber and in disgust while the male senators were having conversation, or basically an insult party. Nevertheless, finally an altered version appeared in the senate. The bill was returned to the house on nearly the last day of the legislature. So remember, back in january, holly had gone out of her way to say this is really urgent and we need to deal with it quickly. In january, toward the end of january, it ended up in the senate. The senate held onto it and did not do anything with it until the end of march, and the last day of the session was april 1. So they really were trying to not pass the bill, but also not deal with it directly. But finally, an altered version appears in the senate and the bill was returned to the house, but the house members could not agree on the amendments the senate made. What happens is the two chambers get together and set up a committee. So five house representative members and five senators got together and tried to hash out the bill. Holly was on the committee. They could not agree. She was not willing to give up the age of 21. And so then, that committee was dissolved and they formed another committee and that committee agreed not to 21 but placing the age of women at 18. Although holly was disappointed by the low age of 18, she was ready for the bill to become law in colorado. She really thought she was in the clear since there was a republican governor and he had already expressed support, and then she read in a few newspapers that he was considering not signing the bill. If he did not sign it by the end of april, it would be vetoed by default. She wrote to him at length from her sickbed. She would have gone, but she was ill. And she persuaded him to sign it. On april 22 at 11 45 a. M. In 1895, the first bill promulgated by a woman from an official seat in a state legislature became law. Lets talk a little bit about hollys legislative agenda. It was extensive. Details of the proposed laws are recorded in the house journal and Senate Journal only if they are passed. And even then, you get the whole thing somewhere else. We dont know about all of these bills, but we know the topics of all of these bills. She proposed 14. Duplicates, are which is why their numbers dont add up to 14. Three were morality bills, punishing as a crime seduction and taking males or females into houses of ill repute and females into dance houses. Three were connected with education, providing for examination of teachers, punishing truancy. The details of the others are unknown. Three concerned womens rights in the family, inheritance, alimony, and regards to the custody of children. One was about advancing cases to the colorado Supreme Court and one was about imposing educational qualifications on voters. Holly introduced a bill to extend to the female citizens of the state all of the civil rights, privileges, and immunities that were extended to male citizens, and repeal all laws or parts of laws inconsistent with this act. 38 years before the equal rights amendment was proposed to u. S. Congress, holly proposed equal rights to women in colorado. The bill was tabled, allegedly due to the lack of time to discuss it. If you think this is not a big deal, you might consider that finally a few weeks ago, the final state necessary ratified the equal rights amendment. That holly is already calling for it in a law in 1895 is impressive. She wasnt really interested in suffrage, and even after colorado women got to vote, she continued to promote suffrage. She passes a resolution in the house. It is supposed to be a house and senate joint resolution, but she passes it in the house to congratulate california and new york on their opportunity to vote for suffrage, but in the senate, it was buried in a committee of literary light. We never saw it again until the spring, when a petition drafted by the womens Suffrage Movement of colorado, the house and senate honored Carrie Clyde Holly in the house joint resolution 21. Holly became famous not only for the content of her laws but the fact that a woman was capable of passing a law. I really like this because this has been my experience of holly even though in some ways i think she is really exceptional. My experience is what the indicator says. Holly is human. Being human she erred in some , legislation. She showed she was bright enough to learn, honest enough to stand for principle, and independent and courageous enough to take of a broad view of questions. Her year in office was a success. She did not run again but she did become a lawyer. She was the first woman in Pueblo County to do that. We have reports of a couple of her cases in the newspaper. Where she was defending someone one against a slanderer who stole a turkey. She was successful in the slander case. There was another where a man shot the husband of the woman in whose bed he was lying. With her. That was supposed to be selfdefense but that did not get off. Its a mixed bag of success, or maybe that is successful, i dont know. She practiced law in colorado, in pueblo. She wrote letters to the National Womens Suffrage Association supporting suffrage. She joined the silver Republican Party. She ran for superintendent of schools but she got very disappointed in the Republican Party because of the silver issue, and so she ran as a democrat in 1901, and she was a precinct captain in 1912. Kansas 1912, she is in helping a campaign in kansas with womens suffrage. She was still very active. Who lives, who dies, who tells your story so, of course, for hamilton, the answer was eliza. And linmanuel miranda. For holly, i want to talk about why we dont know her story. I think that is important. First of all, her first husband died in 1901. Her second husband, not a happy marriage, they were divorced after a few years, six or seven years. Then emily, her daughter, predeceased her, died in 1933, after emilys second marriage. And helen did outlive her and did try to tell her story in a way. Holly wanted to be a writer and helen published a book posthumously that was written. Actually, part of it is written by her sister emily, part of it by herself, and the bulk of it is a fictional story written by the lawyer holly, and the tramp. But neither emily nor helen had any children. So holly has no living descendents around to tell her story. The other reason is as we say in latin, to whose good is the telling of the story . Who benefits . The antisuffragists would not have benefited. They do recognize holly. But it ends up being a statement where one woman got around to passing a law but the rest of them, there is no way there will be a woman in power again. So the antisuffragists were actively downplaying her. But the prosuffragists also did downplay her. They celebrated the passing of the law and her election and her ability to pass the law, but they also wanted to ease the minds of men who were on the fence about promoting suffrage for women. And so if you told them, look how great it is, a woman become would become a legislator, they are more hesitant to say lets give her the vote. The story of the legislators was less important for the suffragists than we want everyone to get the right to vote. In colorado, it is working out just fine. But they dont want to talk very much about legislature. Finally, there is this massive wave that holly is riding that we can argue starts in 1848 with Elizabeth Cady stanton reading the declaration of sentiment at seneca falls. Carrie is really riding this way. By the late 19th century, it is getting really big, and she is on the crest of it. Its not just Carrie Clyde Holly who is changing the world, but women across the entire country are taking on tasks that are new to women and working very hard for suffrage. There are many, many names we do not know. But for Carrie Clyde Holly, now at least a few people know her name. We can take pride as a state that we had the first woman legislator anywhere in the country, and pueblo can take pride as a county that we provided the first woman who ever served as a legislator and passed legislation anywhere in the entire country, maybe the entire world. Surely the world moved and Carrie Clyde Holly was there when it did. Thank you. Awesome. Thank you so much. It is so amazing to hear about Carrie Clyde Holly, and that she is really awesome that she was the first representative here and maybe in the world. My first question, what places might be in the thought of the first representatives in the legislature . Prof. Gaughan so the country of new zealand is actually the first place in the world to give women the right to vote and that was a few months before it happened in colorado in 1893. There are also changes happening across the world. In india, women are starting to agitate for rights around the same time, the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There is a woman from japan whose photo i saw the other day, a little later, 1910 or 1911, but she is here in the suffrage parade in the United States but she is representing the japanese womens Suffrage Movement. And most famously, at least in this country, besides us, there are people like amelia pankhurst in the United Kingdom who are also moving for suffrage. When colorado women get the right to vote, i found a pamphlet i think in the Denver Public library, although i have to see what archive it was. It might have been somewhere else. Anyway, it is a statement about how great suffrage is an in colorado, and it is translated into french for the french womens suffrage. So with the world. [laughter] wow, such a complex history. Other question i have here from one iris. In your research did you come across any mention of the wednesday morning club . And then she says the group is still meeting today in pueblo. Prof. Gaughan i did not know the group was still meeting. I have some of their names in a different file somewhere. I focused mostly in the work i have done so far, focused mostly on the groups directly political and very much that way, but the womens clubs in pueblo, and they are all over the place, all over the country, and also all over the place in pueblo, so i did see some of those other groups. Holly herself was the member of club in pueblo as well. Awesome. To lead into a couple of questions and then we will here richard says , several of hollys initiatives seem to be linked to moral issues that havent really stood the test of time. Do you think that played a part in her lack of recognition, perhaps especially post prohibition . Prof. Gaughan that is an interesting point. Her bill gets superseded. The law in colorado gets superseded i think as early as 1910. I have to double check the date. It might be that because the law itself did not as you say, standing the test of time, that may have contributed to it, and i had not thought of that. Thank you. And then i have, was prostitution illegal at the time . If it was, wouldnt that have render the argument for men being tricked by underage prostitutes moot . Prof. Gaughan you know what . I really should know the answer to that, but i dont know about the legality of prostitution. I know it was pervasive. But if it is illegal, if you have sex with a prostitute, it is not considered rape. So you will not go to prison for up to 20 years for having sex with a prostitute unless she is under 21. Well under 18. Patricia asks, what does herstory have to contribute to contemporary womens political work . Prof. Gaughan i think, like i said, that the work she is doing, we are still trying to do. We cant even pass the equal rights amendment, for goodness sake. She wrote what is basically the equal rights amendment, a bill that was basically the equal rights amendment for colorado. Also, i think that that we can all stand up and do work to improve our country, and like holly was trying to do. Even if now, today we might , laugh at her law and see it as problematic, what she did is say im going to make the country a better place, and one way to do it is to make it morally pure. For us, we might not be interested in the question of moral purity in the same way but we are certainly interested in let us improve our country, let us make our country better. I think many of the people in this audience are very active in doing that. So you are all doing a good job of following in the footsteps of Carrie Clyde Holly. Awesome. All right. Just a couple more questions. Since 1900, has colorado had women in the legislature in both sessions . Prof. Gaughan i have not looked entirely through the whole thing, so i dont know for sure the answer to that, but i think it is on wikipedia, there is a list of all of the women who have been in the house and senate. So i think the answer is yes in most sessions, there has been at least one woman, and of course recently, a whole lot of women. Right, right. All right. Now, i like this question, and if we have any others, email me and we can do our best to get those out. I love this question. What have you found most inspiring in your research on Carrie Clyde Holly . Prof. Gaughan oh, goodness. You know, this is not the right answer, but this is the answer. Working with the women i have been working with to celebrate suffrage in southern colorado, and frankly, across the state. But i have been working more closely with the people in southern colorado. That women are just awesome. Not that we are perfect, but we work really hard to make the world a better place, and so the thing that has inspired me most is the enthusiasm of the womens suffrage Colorado Group and the enthusiasm in other people learning about what we have discovered. Im not the only one doing research in our group. There are lots out there. And we have a webpage. The womens Suffrage Centennial of southern colorado webpage has a lot of primary Resources Available if people are interested. Awesome. We will share that in the chat as well. For the sake of time, respecting everyones time, any questions that you would like me to forward to judy, send them to me, the email you got the invite from, and i would be happy to inquire with judy to see if your question can be answered. Thank you so much, judy. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] American History tv on cspan3, exploring our nations pasrt. Past. This sunday on american artifacts, we visit the National Museum of africanAmerican History and culture, which opened in september 2016 on the national mall. Here is a preview. Through the beginning of the transatlantic flight trade, looking at the making of the atlantic wall, and really the making of a global economy. The driver of the trade at that time was sugar. That driver of the trade actually move forward the effort to ship as many human beings across the Atlantic Ocean forced into slavery. So now we come to the story of the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage of course transportingace africans from the west coast of africa throughout the americas across the Atlantic Ocean. We are fortunate to feature some really dynamic objects in this space, including artifacts from a slave ship found off the coast of south africa. Lisbon, went to mozambique, africa, picked up captive africans on its way to brazil to sell them as enslaved africans. The ship crashed off the coast of south africa. We are very fortunate to have organized with George Washington university, the university of cape town, and partners in mozambique as we were able to identify this slave ship wreck on the ocean floor off the coast of south africa. One of the key marker start and if i this is a shipwreck, a slave shipwreck in particular, is some of the Archival Research revealed that in fact there were 1400 battle stones on the ship. They were used to offset the human weight. We know that in fact they were on the ship because we found them on the ocean floor. So we are excited to be able to feature those in this particular space in the passage. The white hood became the symbol of the ku klux klan. And what is widely seen across a protecting the identity of the individuals even though in most communities everyone knew who was underneath the hood. But it was not just the physical terror up a demised by the klan and the lynchings that the clan and other parts of society conducted. Werethan 4000 individuals illegally murdered with no consequences on the perpetrators from the 1880s into the 1940s. It was a constant process of terror, of intimidation. The other part however was not a physical. It had to do with intellectual and psychological intimidation. Inthe publication of a book 1900 in which it perpetrates the idea that africanamericans were put on earth to serve white people. They are not their own beings. They are not their own humans, their own human beings. They are not their own cells. They are here for society. That kind of until actual structure in the psychological makeup that had on White Society and the detrimental effect on africanamericans, which had to resist the constant barrage of negative information about them. Created a sense of terror that was constant and unremitting. And yet africanamericans responded in a number of very creative ways. It was not sickly physical care. But it involved things like a constant denigration of africanamericans so that stereotypes would have beme collectibles in 21st Century America were actually constant reminders to white people reminders tont africanamericans that White Society did not value them as individuals and productive members of society. Learn more about africanAmerican History this sunday at 10 00 p. M. Eastern here on American History tv. Up next on lectures in history, Cornell University professor Maria Cristina garcia talks about the United States refugee policy since world war ii. She discusses who qualifies as a refugee and how that has changed over the years, as well as legislation governing quotas and procedures
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