Good afternoon, im the director of the program, operating here on the west side for adults with flexible schedules and the time for leisure learning, today we welcome you to the 92nd Street Series in partnership with time stocks. Featuring noted New York Times journalist and authors. Our tuesday with the time series as well as with all of our daytime lectures provide a forum for discussion and debate on issues that affect us all. Todays discussion focuses on a topic that still remains greatly in our consciousness. We welcome journalist james dwyer and kevin flynn for discussing their recently published book 102 minutes the untold story of the fight to survive inside the twin towers. Jim dwyer and kevin flynn are native new yorkers and winners of many awards together and separately. James dwyer joined the New York Times in 2001 as a reporter for the metropolitan section, prior to joining the times he was a columnist for the New York Daily News and before that he was a columnist for new york newsday and previously a reporter for the burkin record. He is the author of many books, he is also the author of subway lives 24 hours in the life of the new york city subway. Kevin flynn was the new york Police Bureau chief correspondant on 2011, previously he worked as a reporter for the New York Daily News, new york newsday, and of the stanford advocate. He is the recipient of several journalistic awards including the 1988 first place award for the new York State Associated press or indepth reporting and for or indepth reporting and the 1991 Distinction Award for the new york publishers association. In 1998 he was part of a team that received an award from the new York State Associated press. Who better to tell us the moving account of the struggle to survive inside the World Trade Center on the morning of september 11 than the authors of 102 minutes the untold story of the fight to survive inside the twin towers . Please welcome james dreyer and kevin flynn. Thanks for having us this morning and thanks to all of you for coming, i would like to read something from the authors note of our book. For 102 minutes on the morning of september 11, 2001, 14,000 men and women fought for life at the World Trade Center, this book aims to tell what happened solely from this perspective of people inside the towers. Office workers, visitors, and the rescuers who rushed to help them. Their accounts are drawn from 200 interviews with survivors and witnesses, thousands of pages of transcribed radio transmission, phone messages, email, and oral histories. All sources are named and enumerated. No single voice can describe the scenes that unfolded at terrible velocities in so many places, taken together, though, the words, witnesses, and records provide not only a broad view of the devastation, but also a singularly revealing window onto acts of grace at a brutal hour. The immediate challenges these people faced were not geopolitical, but intensely local. How, for instance to open a jammed door or navigate a flaming hallway, or climb dozens of flights of stairs. Civilians or rescuers, they had to take care of themselves and those around them. Their words inevitably traced a narrative of excruciating loss, they also described how the simplest gestures and tools were put to transcendent use. Everything from a squeegee in a stuck elevator to a squeeze on the shoulder, from a voice moving in order to get out, to a crowbar smashing the sheet rock around a jammed door. As chapters in the history of human valor and struggle, these are matters of first importance, they brought us to this book. This book is by our account the 652nd or so that has been written about the events of 9 11 and if you are like a lot of people, you might ask why, why another book about 9 11. It was the single most observed event in Human History watched by millions of people around the world and yet, we believe that, despite that, there is still so much we did not know about what happened inside the towers particularly to the people who were trapped on the upper floors. 102 minutes is to the best we can reconstruct their story, their history told when we can find them in their own words. Hey beverly, this is sean, in case you get the message there has been an explosion, it looks like a plane struck, it is on fire at about the 90th floor and it is horrible. Bye. That is sean rooney of an Insurance Company in the south tower leaving one of his last messages to his wife, beverly. This book actually began as a newspaper article in the spring of 2002. Jim and i and three other reporters were asked by the New York Times to reconstruct what happened inside the towers by talking to people who had been there that day who had called outside to loved ones. The survivors of the day could tell us much about what had happened on the mid and lower floors, but they could not help us with the upper floors where hundreds had been trapped after impact. 1500 between both buildings. Only 18 of those people would survive, everyone one of them in the south tower. No one from above impact survived in the north tower, but hundreds, it turned out had called out from inside the buildings. Leaving messages or last words that would resonate with relatives for the rest of their lives. The article was also called 102 minutes and it began like the book with what we learned about what was going on in the buildings even before the plane had hit. On the 101st floor and every other floor in the complex, lights simmered at different temperatures as men and women lined up todays tasks or as they unloaded some fraction of life at home that had been carried into the world of work. One woman called her husband to report that she had stopped at a drugstore to pick up a second home pregnancy test, still not quite able to accept the results of the first one she had taken earlier that morning. A window washer, bucket dangling on his arm, waited at the 44th floor of the north tower having just grabbed the breakfast. At a health club, a Roman Catholic priest with clogged arteries had just climbed down from a stationary bicycle and was weighing a decision to complete his work out with a few laps in the pool. In the north tower lobby, mr. Martin, a secretary had just hopped on and express elevator after finishing a final cigarette outside before work. On the 27th floor of the north tower, ed v. A. Rolled his wheelchair to his desk, his aide having set him up with a head pointer that he used to operate his computer. At the top of it all, Christine Olander called home from windows on the world, the restaurant on the 106th and 107th floors on the north tower where she worked as the assistant general manager. She had lived in new york city for 20 years, but still checked and most mornings with her mom and dad back in chicago. Christine and her mother were organizing a visit by her parents to the city, no doubt one that would include a stop at windows. Still, she had a busy morning ahead of her, besides the regulars having breakfast in the dining area called wild blue, a conference was about to begin in the ballroom sponsored by risk waters, a big financial publishing firm. Mother and daughter agreed to talk again later that day. Elsewhere in the restaurant, one floor below, neil 11 patiently read his newspaper watched carefully by two coworkers who, they wondered, was their boss meeting for breakfast . When it came to gossip, the Port Authority had the authority of most bureaucracies, but they could not stick around to satisfy their curiosity because one had a meeting downstairs. Instead, they stopped weekly at levinsohn table to say goodbye, then they walked to the lobby and caught a waiting elevator. A few strides behind them, liz thompson and Jeffrey Worden hurried to get on board. Quickly, they stepped in, then the doors closed and the last people ever to leave windows on the world began their dissent. It was 8 44 a. M. James the events of september 11 that happened began in minutes later took place over a vast amount of real estate, the two towers as you know were 110 stories each. Each of those floors was one acre, youre talking about essentially 220 acres, 220 football fields of terrain that was involved in this catastrophe. I am going to run through a few slides that we have of what the building looked like and what the damage entailed. Ok, this is the north tower and this shows the impact as you can see it began around the 94th floor. At the very top there, the 99th floor you can see the top of the tail. At the angle that it entered, it cut a cross all those different floors. Below here is a schematic computer simulation that was done by an Engineering Firm in new york that was involved there is a lot of litigation over how much insurance would be paid out. As part of that, they sketched out the level of damage through the core of the building as you can see, it was quite extensive. This is the south tower, the distinction here is that the floors where the plane hit were quite a bit lower. The bottom tip of the plane just caught the top of the 77th floor, the bottom tip of the lower wing. The tail sliced through a little bit of the 84th sorry, yeah, 84th floor and then some of it went into the 85th floor. This plane did not hit directly through the core of the building as cleanly as the other one had. As you can see, when it was entering, it was at an angle. Rather than going right through the center of the building, it went off to the sides. Now, this is the stairway layout in the south tower, there were three in each building. A, b, and c. They ran right down the middle of the towers with one exception. When it got to the sky lobbies, the trade center had two sky lobbies, one at the 44th floor of each tower and one at the 78th. Express elevators would go up there and drop them off and they would take shuttles to whatever floor they were going to. At the sky lobbies there were huge elevator machines just above them. What happens is, as the stairs come down they have to swing out to the perimeter of the building and as you can see here, stairway a goes down to the 78th, around the 80th floor it starts to swing out and it goes to the outside. That happens with the other stairways too. That becomes important and the ability for people to survive in the south tower, remember, the plane hit much higher in the north tower. It hit up in this area, so the three staircases were immediately destroyed. In the south tower, these staircases were just devastated immediately to the entrance, but in the south tower, staircase a because the plane cut over that way missed that stairway and that became a very important escape route for 18 people. One other significant thing you want to know about is that when the trade center was built, starting in 1968, new york city had just revised its Building Code and it was very significant for the Port Authority which was developing the trade center because it reduced requirements for staircases and stairways. Staircases are not rentable space, they are essentially a dead load in the building. The fewer staircases that are in a place, the more space you can rent. Here is the Empire State Building which was built around 1930, 1931, and it has six staircases including one that is a reinforced fire tower in the center of the building. Those six staircases run from the ground all the way up to the top of the building. In addition, as it gets lower, as you get into the lower floors, instead of six you have nine so it fans out and there is a dispersion for the folks coming down the stairs. The trade center, you had a three staircases in the core of the building from the mezzanine up to the top of the building. As i mentioned, the only place they opened up where the 78 and 44th floor. To get the stories of the people who were trapped upstairs, we begin the research by trying to look through newspaper accounts in order to find keywords. Words like cell phone, or email, or blackberry. We found in those accounts there had been an interview made from as far away as canada in which someone had spoken from inside the towers to a loved one, when we identified those we sought to go out and reinterview those people. Tom toric who is a database editor at the time created these databases we used in which you are able to basically catalog all the interviews you had done, organize them by name or by company or by floor they were on and then you would search it. This gave you the ability to read 4, 5, 6, 7 accounts where people had all been on save 106th floor of the north tower. Reading them a one against the other, you begin to get a sense of what had happened on that floor, not individual snapshots, but more of a narrative of what had happened on that floor. We became particularly interested in the floors were where there had been a lot of coming occasions. Communications. We were also interested in the boarding area and those were areas where just below where the plate and hit where a lot of people may not have been necessarily hurt by the impact, they had been trapped by the jammed doors when the buildings twisted. They were the scenes of some very dramatic rescues. Also, we went to court and after a Court Settlement we were able to get about two dozen radio tapes from the Port Authority that detailed what their police and other workers had done that morning. The police and Fire Department also gave us their radio tapes although not there 911 calls. The tapes they gave us where the taste between the dispatcher and their people at the scene. In particular, one tape from the special Operations Division had the transmissions of the helicopter pilots as they were circling around the building and watching the events unfold on the upper floors. We also got about 200 oral histories from both the firefighters and from the Port AuthorityPolice Officers who had been inside the tower that day. All of these, like the interviews with survivors or family members were entered into a database where you can search by company or floor or name and the net effect of having so many sources on a particular point was that you were able to get very detailed accounts. For example, there is the case of ed and abe, the rough outline of their story was already known by the time we had started this book, but the details were not as wellknown. They were computer programmers from the blue cross and blue shield and they worked on the 27th floor of the north tower, they had been friends for a long time. It had been injured in a diving had been injured in a diving accident and was confined to a wheelchair, nothing below his neck moved. With the elevators out, he could not easily get out of the building, but abe refused to leave him behind. We learn from some of the survivor interviews and from the firefighter oral histories the series of people had interacted with him during the course of the morning that gave us a continuous account of their whereabouts throughout the entire 102 minutes as they moved in and out of stairway c on the 27th floor. They were with captain burke of Engine Company 21 for a well who stayed with the pair even after he knew the south tower had collapsed. He, like ed and april, did not survive. , did not survive. We found eds nurse irma who had been with him and she gave us her account before her departure from the building. Abes relatives detailed their phone conversations with him from the north tower, finally, in those Port Authority radio tapes, we noticed this is mission on channel 28 from one of the workers. Electrical 277, i am in and the c staircase, i have a man in a wheelchair, he needs assistance. The speaker it turns out was a man by the name of anthony who had survived. We found him and found he had spent much of the morning with ed and abe and that he was able to give up the following account which we were able to put in the book. As they waited for help, they moved about the 20 seventh floor, they had been to the stairwell, to the elevator banks, and to a Conference Room or a firefighter told them to stuff wet rags underneath the doors. Several people did what they could to make those left on the floor operable, anthony comfortable, anthony giardina, an electrician who worked in the building passed out snapple and water from a vending machine, firefighters ordered the drinks over their heads. One firefighter looked at the man, he couldve left much earlier, but the fire upstairs seemed far away. The danger, distant, why dont you go the firemen asked. No, he replied, i staying with my friend. James in what we called the border country, just around below the impacted zone, we followed in the north tower a particularly stirring pair of men named Frank Martini and pablo ortiz. They worked on the 88th floor which was about five floors low the bottom point of the impact and they had quite a job of getting the way clear out of their floor. They managed to do it, they got about 2540 people out of their floor by clearing a path through a lot of rubble, down and some garters that were not burning and into a staircase. But, the situation was not as hospitable on the floors above and below. One floor up, on 89, the doors were jammed or unreachable. The ottomans could not get out the way their counterparts on the 88 floor had. The occupants could not get out the way their counterparts on the 88 floor had. A man sat on the chair with his had been led into a lors office down the hall and sat in a chair with his hat in his lap. Diane watched in amazement as most people from metropolitan life gathered in her office space. A companys president opened the office door to stuff his jacket underneath and the sudden shaft of light fell into the dark, smoky hallway. There, a woman had been trying to find somewhere to go away from the office of her Public Relations firm where the conference table had burst into flames after the plane hit. She followed the dash of light from the office, then led her staff toward it. No one seemed to know one another. Everyone began making calls both there and in the office where defontis now had more than a dozen people with her. Stephanie manning from metlife hung up the phone and reported they are aware of the situation. Situation, what situation . Retorted the metlifes branch manager. The word of the crash and circulated in the room from fans and family members who are home friends and family members who are home watching television, someone switched on the radio and a disc jockey was making jokes about how drunk the pilot mustve been to crash into the trade center. A worker for metlife had gone outside to investigate escape routes, they found that of the three stairways, the two closer to the north side were all but impossible to get to. The floor itself felt as if it were melting and buckling. The stairway door nearest to them it was wedged tightly into the frame. Do you have a fire extinguisher . Brian asked her, and she found one in the office. She took it out of the cavity where the elevator shafts had been, he was sparkling a few drops into an ocean of flames. A group of the men begin throwing their shoulders and all their strength at the jammed stairway door, but had no luck. A few pounded on it, frustrated. People begin to make phone calls home, this time, to say that the situation was desperate and to bring up matters that had been left unsaid or to affirm what was already part of their lives. Rick brian called his father. Defontis called her boyfriend but could not reach him, then she called a girlfriend to say that she loved her. And her child. The men and women of the 89th floor had taken a small, protective steps, they had a moistened closing to use as a filter, called for help, stuck jackets into the crevices at the bottoms of office doors. Breathing through damp paper towels, men and women banged on the stairway doors, but the act an air of futility. Nathan from metlife stood in the hallway wondering if the world was unraveling. Suddenly, a muffled voice called out, get away from the door. A moment later, the tooth of a crowbar burst through the drywall, tearing around the frame. Pablo ortiz pushed the door open, behind him, were Frank Demartini and mac. Ortiz walks to the law offices and told the people there to move quickly to the stairs. Then, he opened the doors to the offices of cosmos insurance. Others were huddled. Lets go, ortiz announced. As walter entered the stairwell, demartini and ortiz were behind him, he thought he saw them continue up the stairs. And so, onto the 90th floor, one floor above, a young woman is trapped in her office. She is about a month away from getting married. She has called home to nashville. They are stuck, everybody in her office is stuck and then a flashlight comes bobbing into the room and we do not know for sure who that is, but we are pretty confident that it was one of these two men. Frank demartini or pablo ortiz who were the only two wandering around that part of the building. And then on the 86th floor, four floors below, there is a Career Planning seminar going on and that group was also trapped in their office. Again, one of these two men showed up and led them out to a door through a door that had previously been jammed shut. Above the 91st floor, the stairways were plugged solid, the collapsed rye wall forming and impermeable an impermeable membrane. A line they could not be crossed even for the people on the 92nd and 93rd floors most of which had not been touched by the impact. Below 92 across all or parts of 10 floors, dozens of people had been unable to open doors or walkthrough burning corridors to the stairs and find their way past the rubble. Then, help appeared. With crowbar, flashlight, hardhat, and big mouth, Frank Demartini and pablo ortiz had pushed back the Boundary Line between life and death. Now, the attempts, the rescues did not only go on up in the high floors. We know that the city did one of the largest efforts in its history, thousands of police and firefighters and ems workers voluntarily rushed to the scene. But face not one calamity two calamities. They were trying to fight fires and they were getting word that there was yet another plane on the way. We now know that there was not. Once this had happened twice in a single morning, that there was nothing you could dismiss. You had to take all of those threats seriously. Let me show you how they were organized on that morning. Here are the two towers. There was a center of command being operated by the Fire Department. This is one World Trade Center here. Overhears the lobby to two World Trade Center, the south tower. In both of those buildings there were fire chiefs operating. They had a very limited view of what was going on. When you are standing at the bottom of a vertical plane that is that high, you cant tell what is happening a quartermile above you. I will play a little tape after the perspective of those fighting the fire inside the two buildings are attempting to fight the fire was limited to what they could see essentially by having their next straight up. Sorry about that. I will play a little tape after the first tower collapsed. This is the south tower. It was hit at 9 02. It collapsed 57 minutes later. This building did not collapse until 10 28. This one drops in 57 minutes. It is essentially a bolt from the blue. Nobody expects this to happen. The shock of it was so disorienting to people on the ground that many people did not understand what happened. People who survived on this side of the street at this fire command area, they ran out to get aside from the smoke. When they came out of the garage, they were looking around for the tower that had just been there. Some of them thought they had come out a different door than they came in. They knew it had to be there but it was not there anymore. The disorientation was pretty extreme. The Police Department was somewhat better organized on this front. They sent word to their aviation people that they wanted a report what was going on at the other tower. Now, we are going to hear a little bit of that report. The tape is not easy to listen to. We are going to run a transcript along side of it and that will help a little bit. Dont panic when you hear a lot of scratching noise. Eventually you will start understanding what they are saying. The transcript will hopefully be of some assistance. [indiscernible] [indiscernible] [indiscernible] the building is going to collapse. We need to evacuate everybody. [indiscernible] i dont think this has too much longer to go. I would evacuate all people within the area of that second building. That was the warning that was given by the police helicopter. At 10 07. Left before minutes the north tower collapses. You theng to read perceptions and what the people inside the towers understood was happening after that message was relayed to the Police Helicopters to the Emergency Services commanders. No matter how many times the Police Dispatcher repeated that message, none of the firefighters in the north tower had radios that could hear those reports. Many of them could not hear reports from their own commanders. They did spread the word to leave at once. That message was very sporadic. As smith went down, he kept coming across firefighters. Still carrying their heavy coils of hose and still forcing open doors. It was as if nothing had changed. Another cycle of firefighters would search the floors. They had no idea the order had been given to get out. When smith told them everyone was leaving, he felt they did not believe them. He said forget about that. Just get out. These firefighters did not have any sense of urgency. About complying with the second have secondhand order. He noticed them stopping to look out windows to see what was happening in the street. Because the fire was so distant, many had gone up without a specific order. Basically to see what they could do. Smith felt they were competent about the building. He could not blame them. Shown itbombing had could stand up. It was the titanic mentality. On the 19th floor, a lieutenant stops because a young firefighter has popped out. He says, i need some help. He walked or and saw firefighters. What is going on, he asked. We have to get out of here. The firefighter brought him to the window and said i dont think we can get out. We have to try to get out of here, he said. We have to go. He headed back for the stairs. Calling out people had to leave. They were going out to double slowly. They could not have heard the urgent orders. Another group reached the 19th floor. They had run into the building to help. They were coming down from the 51st floor. They have run across some Police Officers who passed the word to them. They had stopped on the 19th floor on the way up. They noticed a vast assembly of firefighters on their way down. They stepped out of the staircase. They could scarcely believe their eyes. The 19th floor was just as full as it had been when they came up. It was still packed with firefighters. It would be tough to find a place to squeeze in. The place was carpeted with firefighters. Most were sitting and had stripped off their turnout codes, helmets off. Somewhere down to their tshirts. Sweat going through the fabric. Some were lying down. Legs stretched out, arms pressing against oxygen tanks. They could not be hearing what we are hearing. They guessed there were at least 100 firefighters on the floor. We are getting out of here, he yelled. We have been told we have to get out of the building. No one moved. We will come down in a few minutes, someone said. All of the rescue workers are bailing out, he said. We will be right down. As the core officers went downstairs, the alarm outside the tower grew more urgent. It does appear that the top of the tower might be leaning at this time. It is now 10 28, 102 minutes since the nose of flight 11 shot into the tower. The bangs are distant. In stairway be, b, they hear the approaching collapse. The doors are hard to budge. The door will not open. It springs open in the wind blast comes as a raging storm. As each floor drops, it is as if a giant accordion is being squeezed. Behind the rush of air comes the screech of the following trusses, the slap of tons of metal. Percussive bangs. The building seems to spill out of itself. The dust pouring down. Those who had escaped the collapse of the south tower know the impossible is happening yet again. A team of men hurried north. As the north tower crumbles, another fire chaplain runs toward the hudson river. This is an active of war. He was giving general absolution. Never slowing down. In stairway b, among firefighters who have taken on the cause, there is a prayer or two for a swift and. End. The impossible collisions of floor, steel, glass are building toward them. Even stronger than the noise is the wind. Sal tries to open the door to leave the stairwell but it flies out and goes against the wall. Mike is one floor down. Matt komorowski down three floors. The air has nowhere to go. So much of a skyscraper is nothing but air. Putting little pieces of their daily lives onto those platforms. Here is where she keeps her sensible shoes. The rack where rafael first hung his hat 30 years earlier. The couch in franks office where his children nap on their afternoon at daddys job. The table where the wealthy young men and women dine out of paper bags. On junkfood fridays. The windows of the world that christine checks so that the well set tables of crystal and linen are as pleasing to the eye as the 40 mile vista. Now the lights have gone out. The giant platters of air plunge past the people of the north tower and hit the bottom. The wind seems to be bouncing back up stairway b, whipping tons of crushed particles. The people stretched up and down the lower floors of that stairway, the ones with josephine harris. A couple of other stragglers, can see nothing. They pry open a door but it goes nowhere. They huddle alive in the last intact part of the World Trade Center. Above them is only sky. Thank you. [applause] thank you. It is a difficult topic for so many of us. Many of us want to know more about those who did survive. How they are surviving surviving. Have they stayed in touch with you . We have heard from a fair number of people. In general we have gotten a good response. What happened outside, we all saw. Everyone in the world watched. They seemed very keen to have this history told. Written. Some families were inspiring to me because they were so deeply interested in finding out what had happened to love ones. Ones. Ed there were several families that i kept up with who think there is much more to be told them what is in our book. Other comments or questions . Step up to the microphone so we can hear you. Everyone wants to catch their breath as they process their thoughts and feelings about this. Comments . Step up to the microphone so we can hear you. I knew many of the people who were inside the buildings. Your book was marvelous. It really told stories that were missing for many of the other books that i saw. My question is what, if any anything remains untold about that day . There is one mystery i think would be fascinating and helpful to find out. One of the great problems in the north tower was that many firefighters did not get the evacuation order. They were trying to design a workable radio system. That improvement did not work for whatever reason. There are a variety of explanations and debate over that. One of the men who was most schooled in the way of radio communications, he at some point in time tested this system with another fire chief. They both determined that it did not work. This happened before the south tower was hit. When the south tower was hit, he was reassigned to be the lead fire chief. Heading toward the fire at the south tower. Sometime the decision was made , that the repeater system was not working. They would be left to use their tiny walkietalkies. They dont do much in a big Tall Building with all of those acres of steel and concrete. Somehow, he became to learn that the repeater did work. Or at least it worked in some fashion. He began to use that same channel they had abandoned in tower in the south tower. They got seamless communication on the 78th floor where he reached the fire floor and the chief, chief donald burns in the lobby. It was those communications that were ultimately recovered. They would show that the repeater for part of the day was working although they abandoned it in the north tower. The mystery is, how does he come to figure that out . Once he figures it out, it does not seem like everyone in the south tower goes on to that repeater channel. There are certainly many firefighters that are in the south tower who do not appear to have ever gone onto that channel. That is one of the big mysteries of the day. As they go forward, they are trying to get a grip on it. I dont know whether or not many people in the second tower couldve been saved. I was in rockefeller center. We saw the impact of the first plane. Television,ver the they kept on saying that a small plane had hit the first tower. When in fact it was a large commercial plane. In essence, a completed a it created a different image than what was taking place. The first thought was that basically some misguided, inexperienced pilot had hit the tower. We all know it was a commercial plane. How was it this gap of knowledge took place for so long . That no one corrected the television stations that were transmitting the information to all of us . That is a good question. It is almost inevitable that the fog of war decisions. Descends. A few people saw it and could say right away that a commercial airliner hit. Most of the broadcast media did not know what had happened. We at the New York Times did not quite understand what had happened. There was no one around to tell us. We were looking at the police tapes and they thought a missile had been fired. The amount of Incorrect Information that was floating ed to go to iraq a year later during the invasion. I saw the level of wrong stuff that comes out in a situation like that. The tv helicopters were ordered to land as a result of the nofly zone. The only helicopters that had a birds eye view of what was happening where the Police Helicopters. In a moment like that, we do try to get the news. We had people there at the time. There is a delay between what the police are finding out and what gets to the reporters and wickets onto tv stations. I think that the lady may have that the delay may have been increased that day because everyone was stunned with what was happening. We know how confused they were in the civil aviation. The faa did not understand what was happening. Laguardia had no idea. They were still loading up rolling out flying into the south tower. There were plans on the runway ready to go when they got the order to lock down the airport. One thing that they come up was was people come up inside the towers were turning to broadcast media because there was no internal pa system anymore. They were calling 911. Unfortunately, not only did broadcast media have the wrong information but the operators 911 had Bad Information as well. That is a real crimp in the pipeline of facts. In the future they will create it so 911 operators will get updated information in realtime. So that they dont just give reports of stay put, everything will be fine. Which is what they are left with now. They dont get updated information. We have time for one more question. I havent read your book but now im going to read it. What has happened as far as buildings are concerned . New construction . Has there been any reconsideration from this tragedy . There was an excellent study done in the first months afterward by the City Building department. They have enacted some of their recommendations. The building industry has resisted others. They are trying to work out some compromises on those issues. Some of the most important reforms are still in a stalemate. The Buildings Department has said they will wait or the National Institute of standards and technology, which is doing a federally funded, largescale study of integrity of the building. The Buildings Departments position is they want to see the outcome of that study before they make their final recommendations. Thank you so much for being with us today. [applause] we will invite you to come out and answer some other questions. Thank you all. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2019] 2020] tvthis is American History on cspan3, where each weekend we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nations past. Every saturday at 8 00 on cspan3, go inside a Different College classroom and hear about topics ranging from the revolution, to civil rights, to 9 11. With most College Campuses closed due to the impact of the coronavirus, watch professors transfer students teaching to a virtual environment for students. Reagan met him halfway. Reagan encouraged him. Reagan supported him. Freedom of the press, madison originally called it freedom of the use of the press, and it is indeed freedom to publish things. For what wefreedom now refer to institutionally as the press. Lectures in history on cspan3 every saturday at 8 00 eastern. Lectures in history is also available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Congressional Research Services policy Analyst Daniel else explores the relationship between Government Supported Research and the military from the civil war to world war ii. The kluge center at the library of congress hosted this event and provided the video