Transcripts For CSPAN3 C-SPAN Cities Tour Visits National Parks 20240712

Of land with locations in every state. More than 325 Million People visited these sites last year. Over the next 90 minutes well feature a mixture of National Beauty and history at eight different parks around the country. We begin just outside cleveland situated along the river, well learn how the canal system plays a role in the westward expansion during the 1830s and 40s. The canal is part of a twocanal system that was put in place in the early years of america. Built between 1825 and 1832. Basically its a water transportation route that connected lake eerie with the ohio river which is part of a larger idea, a National Water transportation route. In the early days of america, we had 13 colonies all situated right along the atlantic seaboard. And our leaders at that time saw a problem. That problem was we needed that country to expand westward. However, there was a big obstacle, the appalachian mountains. Jr George Washington had an idea to create a water transportation route using two canals that would ultimately connect new york city, hudson river, eerie cancel, lake eerie, ohio eerie canal, all the way to the gulf of mexico. We didnt have a big federal government. In terms of funding and implementing the canal, it depended on the states. So fortunately the state of new york had a champion there who became their canal commissioner and got the job done through the state of new york. He rose to become the governor of the state of new york. Ohio facing a similar challenge in terms of funding, et cetera, you find its on the verge of bankruptcy. The canal project is worth more than all the value of the land in ohio. How do you fund this thing . Believe it or not, the state of new york backed the bonds and it was clinton who came to ohio for the groundbreaking to build the canal through the state of ohio. Why . Well, guess what, it made a lot of beneficial difference to the state of new york including the fact that new york city became the only port that could expeor and import goods, making it the Financial Capital of the america. In ohio we had a fellow by the name of kelly who became the commissioner and took it on as his lifelong legacy to make sure the canal got built on time and under budget. Its 309 miles in length. The construction of the canal began in 1825. By 1827, july 4th, the first boat from akron to cleveland docked through the port in cleveland. By 1832, the entire system was complete. It made a tremendous difference. For the nation, it allowed us to start to rationalize our economy. It allowed us to have internal trade. Prior to that, all of those seaboard states depended on exporting in terms of making money in goods and services. This helped american expand westward. By doing so, i mentioned new york city became the Financial Capital of the country. Ohio, rises from a wilderness, to be the third most populous and the third richest state in the union by the 1860s. Canal life was a slowpaced life. Canals, boats went about 4, 5 miles per hour. Were standing next to a lock right now. There would have been numerous locks to allow those boats to basically navigate the terrain and the top pography. They became water elevators. Cramped quarters. Oftentimes you would find cattle and people sleeping in the same boat. Some were travelers, some were goods being delivered. So it was pretty hectic little life but at a slow pace. The goods that were moved along the canal were grains, wheats, things of this nature. We became the bread basket of america for a reason. This was a good place to grow things. And indiana became a good place to make things. We had this system that was part of our National Economy going that had food and services, goods, machines, et cetera. The canal in ohio paid for itself. What is significant is, in cleveland, we had our way lock. It was how you made money with the canal. The difference between its original weight and what was docked in at the port of cleveland, thats where you got your taxes. Thats where you made your money. In 1874 when the railroads bought the mile of canal land in the city of cleveland to put a railroad track, we took that weigh canal and moved it. We still use the weigh canal in 1874. That said, were making money on that canal. Railroads arrived in cleveland in 1851. Ironically, the guy who helps bring the railroads to cleveland, the same guy who championed the canal, kelly. The railroads pretty much had an Immediate Impact on the canal. It started to become a place where people would go on a weekend, they would have a boat, they travel up and down the canals, many times the canals when they were in place would have General Stores or taverns and people would, i guess in their day, go pub crawling, if you will, using a boat on a saturday afternoon. One legacy of the canal was that in cleveland the river valley became the center of storage, it became a port, it became a Manufacturing Center of the city itself. So thats where the wealth of cleveland grew. It was all based upon the fact that upon the fact that you had that canal as clevelands first port there. As time went on and manufacturing obviously grew. City of cleveland grew. We became the fifth largest city in the country. We had major steel mills and Oil Refineries thanks to John Rockefeller. Theres a consequence, environmentally to those uses. Prior to the Environmental Protection agency, there were no regulations. So, in cleveland, you had situations where, for instance, you know, standard oil and John Rockefeller basically refined oil along the banks of the river. And when they did so, there were certain byproducts that he could not find a use for. And there were, they ended up in the river. There was it was told and reported that at one time we had a fire in 1957, and they actually went and measured the gunk that was on top of the river, that it was more than 8 un inches deep of oil and other byproducts that were flammable. But the story itself, although its bad, it really has tremendously positive outcomes. It inspires earth day. It helps pass legislation that creates the United States epa. It helps pass the clean water bill, the clean air bill. So, if you look at all the consequenc consequences of that particular river fire, the positive far outweighs the negative of that. And cleveland, due to that river fire and due to the exposure it got, we pretty much are the environmental movement. And then in 1974, Congress Passed legislation that created cayuga Valley National park. And that canal became the central figure of the National Park. We are still an area of concern. Theres still work to be done in terms of completing the job of cleaning up the river. But the needle has gone dramatically to the positive end. Were just about through the area of concern. In fact, in 2000, then president bill clinton produced a program called the American Heritage rivers program. He basically put the invitation out to anyone who thought their river was significant enough to the story of america to compete for this new designation. We did. We competed for the kCuyahoga River. The story was told to us, they were going to choose the first ten rivers to be nominated for American River heritage status, that they got to bill clinton, gave him the list of rivers, read through it and said wheres the cuyahoga, didnt they apply . And the answer was no, they did apply. However they didnt make the cut. He goes, this program is all about the Cuyahoga River. The reason he said that is because its the come back of the Cuyahoga River thats the story today. This care became cuyahoga valley recreation area, part of the National Park service in december 1974. It became cuyahoga Valley National park in 2000. With that comes a new idea for bringing National Parks to people. Most of us arent going to get to gates of the refuge, but if we have National Parks nearby, we can get to those. So, they started making National Parks in urban areas. We have a backbone thats a braided backbone with the ohio and erie canal, a braided backbone with the cuyahoga City Railroad and the Cuyahoga River. This National Park was created out of land that had been used, in some instances abused, left in ruin. It was a wasteland in some places that people didnt see any potential for. And yet we cleaned it up, we let nature do what nature does, and now were the 11th most visited National Park. Theres a huge story here, a story of, can i say redemption . A story where if we allow nature to do what it does best, if we give it the chance to do what it does best and not interfere or help it, then the land can recover with environmental legislation and laws and with things that we have in place. Now we have a river that is coming back to life. The environment has recovered. Yes, it was degraded because of man. But it was also helped by man, and it has allowed us with that help, it has recovered to create this great area we have now. From the Cuyahoga River in ohio, we now travel to the banks of the Mississippi River and gateway arch National Park in st. Louis where a monument to americas westward expansion has become a recognizable symbol for the city that played such a vital role in it. I think most people, just like i was when i first saw it, when you see it from a distance, you think, oh, thats kind of interesting. Thats kind of cool. Then the closer you get to it, you realize how really massive it is. And getting up to the base of it and actually touching it, looking up the 630 feet to the top, it really is very, very impressive. You know, i think the closer you get to it, the more impressed you become. Right now were standing very close to the famous gateway arch in st. Louis, 630 foot tall stainless steel structure that was designed back in 1947 but not built until the mid1960s and completed in 1965. Each year we get about 2 1 2 million visitors who come to see the memorial and see the arch. So, its a very busy place, especially during the summer months. The gateway arch was designed by a man named arrow soronnin. He was born in finland, came to america when he was ten years old with his father who was a famous architect. He mainly had worked just with his father up to the point in time when an architectural competition was announced for what became the arch that you see behind me. The competition was for Jefferson National expansion memorial, which was a National Park service site founded by a president ial proclamation in 1935 to commemorate st. Louis role in the westward expansion of the United States. So, 12 years after the founding of the park, an architectural competition was held to decide what the memorial itself would look like. And basically, they had about 90 acres of land to work with. 40 city blocks had been torn down, completely raised of all their original buildings to make way for the memorial on the river front. Each architect that submitted a design proposal could do whatever he or she wanted. It could be a huge sculpture. It could be a series of museum buildings. They did want one central feature to be in each of these designs. Some people put an onbelisk in. Some people put a monolithic rectangular block or something. He decided to go with the idea of an arch. It was only after he kind of designed the arch that he realized, oh, it forms a gateway. So, its really appropriate for the idea of a memorial to st. Louis role in westward expansion, st. Louis role has a gateway to have a gigantic gateway on the river front. The arch is made out of one quarter inch stainless steel on the outside. And on the inside, its made of threequarter inch carbon steel. So, basically you have a sandwich. In the lower portions of the sandwich, its filled in with concrete n. The upper portions, there are tie rods steel reinforcing rods that keep the sections apart. Its a unique structure because it doesnt have any super structure on the inside. Theres no girders or things like that that form the shape of the arch. Its not just clad with stainless steel on the top. Sometimes visitors are surprised because they havent read about the arch to learn that they can actually go to the top of it. They think maybe its just like a big piece of Outdoor Sculpture and you can just look at it. Theres little barrelshaped capsules that fit five persons in each one. And on each leg of the arch, theres eight of those capsules that form a train that run on a track. When people get into the capsule, its hanging from the tracks. As they go to the top, by the time they get to the top, its on top of the track. So, in order to accommodate that and make sure people arent going to be flipped upsidedown, it actually shifts and turns to keep the car level. It isnt a thrill ride. It doesnt go real fast like something at a county fair or six flags or something. But its a unique experience. A lot of people really prize the experience of riding in these strange little capsules up to the top and getting the nice view they get from the top of the arch from the Observation Deck up at the top. Right now were in the midst of a multimillion dollar project that is being funded by many different entities that are partnering with the National Park service to kind of revitalize the park itself and to make it more accessible to people. For many years weve been kind of an island surrounded by highspeed roads. And what is going to happen is kind of a lid is going to be placed over the highway so that you can walk directly from the city where you probably would park your vehicle directly to the arch without having to cross any major streets. Like the space needle is to seattle or the Empire State Building or the statue of liberty is to new york. Theres certain symbols that immediately identify a place on the map to people. And the arch is the one the one for st. Louis. Right now we leave the city once considered the gateway to the west and travel through the great plains and over the Rocky Mountains to the Colorado National monument near Grand Junction to hear how one man helped preserve this area on colorados western slope. I think everybody is just amazed by the its not a widely publicized presence here. The park service doesnt advertise. So, people find out about this because they read magazine articles or they see features like youre preparing. But its not our typical colorado scenery. Its not what most people think of when they think of colorado. So, it comes as a pleasant surprise to folks to find it here. John otto was kind of a vagabond. He didnt have any permanent roots. He was attracted to this area around 1907 by the promise of employment on a water line project. And i guess this was just the type of country that was really appealing to him. So, he began to agitate for the creation of a National Park here. The first thing he did was he wrote a lot of letters to prominent people and so on trying to get this established as a National Park. And he also constructed a lot of trails to afford access into the canyons and on to the rims of the monument. Im sure the local people came out on sunday afternoon, they would hitch up the wagon and come out with the picnic and so on. One of the other things he did was in 1926, he started to collecting buffalo nickels from the kids in town and used that money to transport a couple of bison in here. He wanted to establish a herd of bison in the monument. The elks club conspired to bring in a couple of elk. John got some money from the chamber of commerce to build some fences to contain these animals. And for many years, we had a bison herd. The elk kind of took one look around and said were out of here and they went on south into the high country. But oddly enough theyre coming back into the mob yunument. The bison were confined to a real will you small area and they had a really adverse impact on the resource. That was the kind of thing he did. He was constantly interested in boosting the area and promoting it and so on. There was no concerted effort until john otto came here to set this aside as a National Park or a National Monument. There are a couple of distinctions between National Parks and National Monuments. One of the distinctions is legal relating to the method in which its established. And the other more based on its resource qualities. Otto agitated for the creation of a National Park here. But the creation of a National Park requires an act of congress. So its much more difficult to do. A National Monument can be established by a president ial proclamation. So, although john otto wanted a fash h National Park, it was much easier to establish a National Monument. And thats what happened when president taft proclaimed the area in 1911. The other distinction is resourcebased. Generally a National Monument is set aside in recognition of one spectacular feature, in this case the erosional qualities of the monument. The National Park is like multiple National Monuments all thrown together. So, for example, yellowstone, which was the first National Park, has its wild life values, has a Mountain Range running through it, has a huge high elevation lake, got all the thermal features and so on. Thats generally what sets parks apart from monuments. There are its a fuzzy boundary between them, so there are areas that are National Parks that probably more rightfully should be monuments and vice versa. Ottos early attempts to make the monument accessible included building trails into. So canyons and also pioneering a road up the east side of the monument called the serpents trail. And the serpents trail served not only to afford access to the monument, but it also afforded access for ranchers living south of the monument, access to their land and so on. So, at some point, otto envisioned that that serpents trail would be the starting point for a road he called the union road, which would continue all the way from the Grand Junction area to southern california. And he was a big schemer. He was always dreaming of these huge projects and so on. And thats one of the reasons that he eventually left the monument is the other forces thought that they would like to have that same road, but not running over the monument, running through the grand valley along the basically along the root of the railroad. And basically along the root of interstate 70 today. So, otto ended up on the short end of that argument, and that was one of the things, because he was so vociferous. That was one of the things that helped ease him out the door. Beyond the serpents trail though, the park service thought that there would be some value in having a road. And otto also did, that would run along the rimrocks, so that people would have these spectacular vistas when they drove across or entered the monument. So in 1929, the park service had already established drawings for what is todays rimrock drive. And some work actually started on it with money from the chamber of commerce and some other sources. But the Road Construction didnt start in ernst until after the start of the great depression. 1933, after president roosevelt, franklin roosevelt, was inaugurated, in his first hundred days, he did all kinds of things to stimulate the economy. One of them was the creation of the civilian conservation core. There were several camps, ccc enrollees in the monument. And basically those men along with some local folks built the rimrock drive. Its a road that could not be built today. I mean for environmental reasons and cost reasons and so on, no one would even attempt such a project. I think at the peak of the project, there were as many as 600 people working on it. A lot of the work was handwork, using mules and picks and shovels and so on. They did have some mechanized equipment and did a lot of blasting and so on as well. It wasnt just the ccc. The Works Progress administration had a presence here. The emergency Recovery Administration and so on. There were a lot of these socalled alphabetical relief agencies that worked here during the depression years. They built a bunch of really fabulous sand stone structures. But most of that work was done by local stone masons, local experienced men, they called them. And they endure to this day and theyre all on the National Register of historic place, really gorgeous buildings. John otto said this place was like the heart of the world to him. And i think thats the feeling a lot of us had who have been privileged to work here. Its a terrific place. And so i would urge anyone who has the opportunity or is coming this way to take the time to pay us a visit. You can spend two hours driving across the road or you can get out and enjoy a little threshold experience with a short hike or you can commit to a longer stay. Theres a lot here to see and do. Since the establishment of yellowstone in 1872, the National Park system has grown to 419 sites across the United States and u. S. Territories. We now take you to one of the most recognizable, mt. Rushmore National Memorial near rapid city, south dakota. The Mount Rushmore memorial. There it is. The 60 foot head of George Washington. Three other units are following, jefferson, lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt will be honored in an unveiling ceremony. When i look at the president s, the first thing i think about is some individual achievements from each of those people. But really what they do for me and what this whole memorial does for me is it reminds about what they stood for. Standing for freedom, for democracy, for republics. I get to think about that every day. I get to share that with people every day. I meet people from all over the world who may not know who those president s are, but they understand what freedom means. The original idea was by robinson, a state historian. And done had conceived of carving statues and carve all the way around and have people like louis and clark, chief red cloud, sack gentlem cloud. He said that was the artist. When you look at him, you can kind of figure out why they were selected. George washington, our first president , the person who gave up the power. He could have stayed in power. He was very popular. Thomas receiverso thomas jefferson. A lot of people say thats because of the declaration of independence. Thats not why the artist chose him. He chose him because of the louisiana purchase, doubling the size of the country. Lincoln, you can figure that out, keeping the country together during the civil war, taking care of the nation. The challenging one, theodore nation. Selected by the artist, but he wasnt the most popular guy at the time. So, he selected Theodore Roosevelt because of the panama canal. So, he took the nation from being bound by the oceans and expanded, went into international. He was also the president who was standing for the common man. And both of those things resonated with the artist. Now, two of the four were slave owners. So, does that engender discussion as well amongst and do you all talk about that in your interpretation of these president s, washington and jefferson . Some of the president s were slave owners. There is discussion that pops up around the property about that. Its not as much discussion as you might expect because you think thats a major controversy. What it does, its certainly something we step forward and are talking about. All our programs here, any time you hear a park ranger out here talking about something, they did their own research. They put their own program together and do their own presentation. So, we dont focus on one thing in particular. Its the passion of the interpreter. And we have had some, their focus was slavery and what that meant to this country, not just president s who were slave owners but president s who wrestled with slavery. Can you describe where we are located, where mt. Rushmore is and put it in context of the black hills . Well, mt. Rushmore is in the state of south dakota. South dakota has the black hills. If youre on the western side of the state. And we are if youre looking at rapid city, were about 2,000 feet higher than rapid. Some people had referred to this as the turtle on the prairie. You can see the black hills from a long distance. Tribes that had considered this a sacred site, considered the black hills a sacred site, they were referencing. They could see it in the distance. It looked back because of the pond rosa pines. You can see us a long way across the state of south dakota. Over the years there has been discussion from native americans and others about the location of the black hills thats sacred to the native americans. And right here you have something that represents, to some people, the u. S. Government, the policy towards the native americans has not always been they havent looked at it the same way. How do you all what do you talk about when you tell people about that issue and mt. Rushmore . There was some controversy right from the start. Carving in the black hills. That controversy came from truck people as well as people we would call e kolgss. The describes, they were looking at a place where they would come in and honor and have honor ceremonies, spend some time. And that at that time period were talking 1925. That wasnt looked at the same way we look at that today. Today we do still have tribal people who are concerned about the black hills being carved, living in the black hills. And we try to honor that, some of it through our interpretive programming. But we also have the place we set up in the park called the la c lakota villages. We have people come in and talk about the story. So, were trying to share the importance of the black hills for all of these people as well as what that sculpture means. Its a balance. The sculpture had started in georgia. He had started in stone mountain, georgia. And there was a conflict there. He left. He came up here to work for robinson and the state of south dakota. Of course, first challenge was finding a place to carve, finding something appropriate. And he and his son lincoln travelled through the black hills looking for the site until they found this big granite outcropping. Your next challenge is how do you turn that into a csculpture . As an artist, the first thing he had to do was make small sizes and make them bigger and bigger until he gets to a 1 12 model. And we, today, have that original 1 12 model. Every inch of that model is a foot up on the cup chur. As youre sculpting, that might be nice and easy in clay and plaster, but when youre looking at the mountain, youre talking about granite. Hearty granite, tough grain, tough stuff. 90 of that sculpture is carved with dynamite. I dont always think of dynamite as an artist brush, but it certainly was in this case. In 1927, when they start the blasting, thats the very beginning. There were people coming up here visiting this sculpture, watching that whole carving process the entire time. So, there wasnt a formal opening day. They had multiple dedications for each president , and borgland was big on dedications and celebration because he knew thats how he would get everyones attention and ultimately thats how more funding would come in. He was constantly going to washington, d. C. Approaching congress, approaching the president , trying to get more money, always trying to get more money. There were times his workers werent getting paid. He was putting his personal money into it. So, he was making a trip to washington, d. C. In march, 1941, to ask for more money. He stops in chicago on the way. He has an operation and dies as a result of that operation. So, his son, lincoln, takes over the work. Lincoln had started here when he was about 12 years old. So, he was brought up with this. He knew all the different jobs. Blasting, drilling, pointing. Hes an artist he was an artist himself. So, taking over the sculpture must have been both sad and wonderful. And lincoln declared that sculpture was completed october 31st, 1941. People talk all the time and ask all the time about adding someone up on the sculpture. Many president s have been mentioned. Many other people have been mentioned. It wont happen. The sculpture is complete. The great stone faces of four president s stand in silence as the last workmen leave the mighty project. Machinery is dismantled for the sculpture, all but clean up work was abandoned. In the studio, his son lincoln puts away models. Theodore roosevelt and abraham lynn son were the last of the faces. The tools are laid away. Even though unfinished the mt. Rushmore memorial stands as a shrine of democracy and of four americans who helped carve this enduring nation. There are 83 National Monuments in the National Park system, the most of any designation. Next we visit pet glif National Monument, one of the largest of its type in north america. Today were at petroglyph National Monument. The volcanos day use area provides trails to five volcanoes, and it looks out over the city of albuquerque out towards the mountains. The volcanoes are important because they begin to tell the story, the geologic story. About 200,000 years ago, a fisher farmed, a crack in the earths crust and hot moll ton lava poured out in a series of six volcanic eruptions, some spreading a couple of miles to the east. As these eruptions took place, they flowed out over layers of alluvial soil that were here in the rio grande valley. As they layers hardened, they hardened into beassault. What weve got here is a 17mile long curvilinear black besalt bolders on which weve got over 24,000 p 24,000 petroglyphs. So, the story isnt about just a single petroglyph or petroglyph concentrations. It also includes the volcanic cones and the mesa top that spreads out towards albuquerque. The pueblo people would come up to the mesa top. We have evidence of them carrying water and farming. Sometimes they would send their children up here to keep the rabbits away from their crops. So, we see many ancient trails up here. And this becomes part of a larger spiritual landscape thats important to most pueblo people. Were here at bo boca canyon. What we see is a volcanic es carpment. Its 113 feet tall. These black boulders once came from several sheep flows. This is the easiest place to see petroglyphs. Most of our 150,000 visitors stop here first. This is one of the first petroglyphs that people who come to petroglyph National Monument might see. Its a carving on to the rock. And pueblo people would use chisels and hammers to peck, abraid, incise, and carve out the dark black patina, exposing the color of the rock. Some people ask us how these petroglyphs were discovered, but for the pueblo indians, theyre as old as time. Theyve known about them since their creation stories. Modern day archaeologists date these images from 1200 to 1860. A few are older. In the 1970s, archaeologists came out to the west mesa and began to inventory these images. Later interest in these grew, and eventually it became a National Monument. To the pueblo people, they believe that the petroglyphs choose when and to whom to reveal themselves. Sometimes its the shadow. Sometimes its the glare. Or sometimes its just the attitude and the sensitivity with which we look at these petroglyph images that reveal themselves. Sometimes telling people not to touch the petroglyphs is not enough. We know that nobody should touch the petroglyphs, but we do give people an opportunity to touch an artificial boulder that weve created for such purpose. So, they get the touching out of the way. We want people to understand that these are sacred images and they continue to be important to the pueblo people. Eventually overtime, a pa tina will tomorrow, and thats whats meant to happen. Until then, we people not to touch these images. Petroglyph National Monument is one of the few units thats owned and operated not solely by the National Park service. Petroglyph National Monument is managed by the city of albuquerque and the National Park service. And we Work Together with the city to help protect and preserve these resources for the future. In the last 20 years, weve had several challenges. Land acquisition, being everything for everybody, the creation of trails, vand luchl, the construction of roads through the upon had yumt, the expansion of a general aviation airport. But run off from upstream suburban development because were completely surrounded by the city of albuquerque. As you walk the trails of petroglyph National Monument, you might notice large concentrations of black boulders. Thats where we often see concentrations of petroglyphs. Were in the heart of the canyon where theres a dense concentration of petroglyphs. Weve documented over 24,000 petroglyphs within the monument boundary. The canyon is home to 5,000 of them. We see an animal over heefrmt were not really sure what it means. Something that looks like a sheep, maybe a cross. Those might have been carved by early spanish sheep herders. I see something that looks like a bird and some unidentified animals up on that rock. Here, we see a concentration of boulders with minihand images of different sizes. Some of which have an additional appendage. The pueblo people believe if a child is born missing a finger or with an additional toe, that thats a sign of power. With a concentration of hand images here, we have to wonder why. Maybe its because people passed through this way. Maybe this is a type of a calendar. We dont really know. Only the people who carve these images know for sure. What we do know is if we followed the arroyo from the heart of the canyon, we would end up in the pueblo, an 11hundred room adobe multiplaza structure located on the rio grande. And it was important to them because of the location to the petroglyphs. The high peaks where mother earth meets father sky. And they would come up here. They would follow spirit waves. They would say prayers. They would make offerings, and they would carve images into the rock. Sometimes its a form of passageway or a map. Others might be a counting mechanism or clan image. But to many pueblo people, they say the spirits would leave this world and go on to the next world through these petroglyph images. The pueblo people called this place the place that people speak about, belongs to all of us, all americans. Not just today, but future generations. Its a place of respect. Its a place of solitude. U its a place of wonder. While petroglyph National Monument story predates the United States of america, the selma to Montgomery National historic trail in alabama marks a watershed moment in our nations history. Stretching 54 miles through central alabama, in 1965, protesters walked this route to the state capital demanding equal Voting Rights for africanamericans. National park Service Guide April Baldwin tells the story of the march and what led to it. Many people think that the selma to montgomery march just sprung up overnight and was a oneoff idea. But there had been a Voting Rights Movement Brewing here in selma, alabama, since the 1930s. Here in selma, alabama, and many in places throughout the south, africanamericans were denied the right to vote, not because it wasnt their constitutional right but because there were folks throughout the south, especially in positions of power,that did not want these folks to have the right to vote. That way they could be considered second class citizens. Poll taxes and literacy tests were two of the methods that were used to deter africanamericans from having the right to vote. So, poll taxes would be this fixed price that you would have to pay per year in order to get on the voting rolls. So, lets say i live here in Dallas County, i live in a rural area, and im making 60 a year. But our poll taxes are a dollar a year. We might have a rent that is 40 a year. So, 40 out of the year of my 60 entire year income is going to go to the rent. But then im going to have 20 in which i have to feed, clothe, and provide some sort of comforts for my kids. So, there arent many black people who arent going to have extra money left over to pay a poll tax. Now, lets say on some whim that i have an extra dollar left over and i go down to this courthouse right here and i show up saying i would like to register to vote. So, i would actually go up to the county registrar, i would have my poll tax ready. Now, if mr. Kernel lets call him that hes going to take my poll tax for the year but also going to administer a literacy test which would be another barrier africanamericans faced. That literacy test could take many forms. It could be how many counties are there in alabama to which i would say 67. He might ask me to name every pro bait judge in the county or the entire state of alabama. Now im going to have to scramble to find the names of all these pro bait judges who are in charge of enforcing the laws of these particular counties throughout the state. There wasnt any google. There wasnt any type of wikipedia that would tell me that information in 1965 so its difficult to do that. Thats one form a literacy test could take. It could be in the form of a question as in how many gallons flow through the alabama river. He could ask me how many bubbles are in a bar of soap or give e many a literal si test thats 68 questions long and done in a formal setting. So, if you have a large group of folks coming to take it. For a white patron coming in to register to vote, they might pay their poll tax and answer 20 questions whereas an africanamerican might have to answer all 68. So, were standing at the Dallas County courthouse. This was one of the most integral pieces of the Voting Rights movement. The Voting Rights movement didnt start in 1965. There were protests every day since the beginning of 1963 when the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee came to work in selma, they began rallying the youth of selma to protest where their parents werent necessarily joining in just yet. So, you have this place where marches are being led to almost every single day during the summer and fall of 1963 and then resurging in 1965 when sclc, the southern christian Leadership Conference came in with dr. King and there were marches continuously throughout that time going from january all the way up until bloody sunday in march of 1965. On any given day during the Voting Rights movement if you have a protest thats coming and directed at the Dallas County courthouse, most people are going to line up on this sidewalk here down the side of the building. You might have sheriff jim clark standing at the top of the steps. So, if you see into where the door is, thats where sheriff clark would be standing. You would have protesters lined up attempting to get past him into the Voter Registration office. You would have folks lined up wrapped around the building singing freedom songs and protest songs and doing chants. Anybody walking by might here a good woke up this morning with my mindset on freedom i woke up this morning with my mind stayed on freedom i woke up this morning with my mind it was stayed on freedom hal lieu hal lieu hallelujah here at brown chapel a e church, one of the movement churches, one of the many churches used during the voter Rights Movement to hold training sessions and meetings of civil rights leaders. This is one of the oldest black surges in the city of selma, dr. King gave his first speech in the city on january 2nd of 1965. Im here to tell you tonight that the businessmen, the mayor of this city, the Police Commissioner of this city, and everybody in the power structure of this city must take a responsibility for everything that jim clark does. Pretty much announcing his presence and letting the folks here know that the movement now had a kind of new voice. Throughout the 1930s, the Dallas County Voters League had been the Main Organization working here in selma to achieve Voting Rights for africanamericans. They were the main People Holding Voter Registration drives and also conducting Voter Education classes for blacks throughout the county and in the city. They work throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s in order to really attack the problem of africanamericans here in selma not having the right to vote. So, in 1963 in february of that year, snik sent its first representatives here to be the voice for snik here in the area. Snik was beginning to go into places that hasnt been really touched by the civil Rights Movement in i away. They were the main people who were working with the young folks here in selma to prepare them for the work of civil rights and to march and protest in the streets for rights they werent even old enough to have. So, snik really laid the foundation and groundwork for sclc to come in and build off of in 1965. Snik did not meet here but they began in the basement of tabernacle baptist church. The interesting thing about tabernacle baptist is the fact at that church has two faces. It was built by a black architect in the 1920s. And it prevented africanamericans from entering or exiting a building on broad street which is the main street that runs through the city. When the church was built in the 1920s, the architect actually played a trick on the city officials. So, there is an entrance. The facade of the building has an entrance on broad street but the real entrance is on the avenue. This is where he began doing his own nonviolence resistance training for High School Students and others who were interested in protesting for the right to vote. Snik didnt work just out of tabernacle baptist. They moved their operations over to First Baptist church, the black First Baptist church here in selma, alabama, which is down the street from where we are now. So, many mass meetings including one right before freedom day in october of 1963 where Dorothy Height was the main attraction. She was the speaker for that evening and gave a lot of encouragement to those that would go out and protest at the Dallas County courthouse the next morning. Selma was the logical place for the Voting Rights movement to have its push because of the fact there were so many factors that made it a hot bed for this particular issue. So, you had a population that was mostly africanamerican. There were only 240 registered black voters throughout the entire county. And there also was the proper type of agitation that would be needed to make this movement successful. So, you had a sheriff here who was very belligerent toward africanamerican protesters, toward those who werent his cup of tea at the moment. His name was sheriff jim clark. Sheriff jim clark provided the type of resistance that groups like sclc needed to make selma the stand for voting right. Its said that dr. King brought three things when he came down to selma. He brought money from the sclc and their donors who were able to get a lot of people bailed out of jail. He also brought motivation. When you have a big figure like dr. King come into a small city like selma, hes seen as somebody who can lead the masses and speak eloquently and inspire people. He brought a lot of motivation with him. That was a lot of inspiration for a lot of adults to get involved with the movement. He also brought the media. The media is what put the nail in the coffin for the Voting Rights movement here. They were able to show that even though these protesters were nonviolent and they were only practicing civil disobedience, they were still being distreated because of sheriff clarks attitude towards them. So, we just made our way from Brown Chapel Church over to the Edmund Pettus bridge which is a movement that africanamerican protesters here in selma during the Voting Rights movement would have made three separate times. The first attempt is what we know as bloody sunday. On sunday, march 7th of 1965 about 600 protesters gathered at Brown Chapel Church in the playground area in order to get their wits about them and be prepared to go all the way from selma to montgomery. How did they get the idea to have a march from here in selma all the way to montgomery . It was actually the direct action they wanted to take in response to the death of jimmy lee jackson, a 26yearold veteran who lived in marion, alabama. And during the night march on february 18th, 1965, he was shot by an Alabama State trooper while trying to protect his mother and grandfather from getting assaulted. And about 8 days later he died. The marches here in selma wanted to do something that was in honor of jimmy lee jackson. And they decided that taking his body all the way to the Alabama State capitol and laying it on the steps to show George Wallace how important Voting Rights was to them was the right thing to do. So, instead of actually taking his body all the way to montgomery, they did decide to continue with the idea to march to montgomery but marched in spirit. So, on the first attempt on march 7th of 1965, protesters left brown chapel ame church in the afternoon and progressed down the street, took a right on alabama avenue, and then walked right out here on broad street to cross the Edmund Pettus bridge. As they crested the top of the bridge here, those who led the march saw a sea of blue made of Alabama State troopers and sheriffs deputies, citizens that had been deputized by the local sheriff here, jim clark. So, when they crested the top of the bridge, they did feel a twinge of fear. But even though they were a little bit scared, even though that fear did rise in front of them, they continued to put 1 foot in front of the other and marched about 100 yards past the edge of the bridge before they were stopped by the state troopers. Major john cloud as the marchers approached them actually said to them, this is an Unlawful Assembly and you have two minutes to disperse and turn around and go back to your churches or your homes. John lewis said may we have a word with the major. The major responded there is no word to be had. About 30 seconds later, he gave the order for the troopers to advance, and they did. And the melee that is ensued is now what we know as bloody sunday. Alabama state troopers, the sheriffs deputies and the deputized citizens rushed the marchers right here on this bridge back across the bridge beating them with night sticks, billy clubs, even furniture wrapped in barbed wire as tear gas canisters were going off as they beat the marchers back into the city and into the George Washington carver homes. There were accounts of the Law Enforcement officials throwing young women into baptismal pools in the church down the street. That was the first attempt. What made the attempt so significant was the fact there were so many media cameras there catching the moment. Not only were there steel cameras for the burm birm news but also National News hosts who were there filming this action. That night in the middle of charles and nuremberg, the footage from bloody sunday appeared. So, the entire country got to see what was happening on that day here in selma, alabama. So, after dr. King found out about the march and all the things that had happened to the protesters here in selma, alabama, he put out a call to many clergy members in alabama to march on tuesday march 9th. So, he wanted these folks to come and be the face of this particular march. But the next morning, when he arrived back in selma, he got word that there was an injunction that was placed on the march by George Wallace. The injunction had gone to a federal court judge, Frank Johnson n montgomery. And Frank Johnson notified dr. King there was going to be an injunction against the march and he was going to set the court date for march 11th. Thats two days after dr. King announced they were going to march on march 9th. How does dr. King keep his word to all these people who hes having pour into selma beginning on march 8th all the way to march 9th to march in protest for the right to vote for africanamericans and also not violate a federal court injunction. So, he got on the phone with some of the top people in washington, including the president and fbi representatives and they came up with a solution he would march to the spot of bloody sunday where the attack began and turn back around. This became known as turn around tuesday. They gathered to walk down the street, turn on water avenue, and then cut up the bridge right here. So, as they crested the top of the bridge this time, that same sea of blue stared them in the face. It was the Alabama State troopers and also the sheriffs deputies from Dallas County. So, as they saw this sea of blue, dr. King, who led the march, knelt and prayed. They sang songs and then he turned around. The majority of the people on the march, virtually all of the people on the march, did not know that those were his intentions. Only the very top people in sclc were privy to this information. So, you had about 2,000 folks who assumed that they were marching all the way to montgomery, but indeed they turned around. And there were many, some who were happy about the turning around because they didnt want another bloody sunday attack, but there were some who were extremely disgruntled. That led the student nonviolent coordinating to leave selma and continuing with Tuskegee University and Alabama State university. After the ministers march there was the death of another young man named james reed who was a minister from boston. He had come down from boston to be part of the march. That night he was brutally beating by white citizens in selma for his involvement with the movement. He died about two days later from his injuries, and hes known as the second martyr of the Voting Rights movement. But his death actually inspired a lot of thought from white citizens across the country. So, thats another reason that this day is known as turn around tuesday because white attitudes towards blacks having the right to vote started to change. Frank johnson, the federal judge, actually began hearings on march 11ing. So, he heard from many civil rights leader, jose i cant williams, john lewis, others who were involved with the movement and from the opposition, jim clark, the governor, governor wallace, and others who were not fond of the march and thought it would disrupt public safety. After this he issued his decision saying this march would be necessary in order for africanamericans to actually attain the right to vote,that there had been such an injustice done to these folks, especially in the city of selma by those issues the injunction that in march seemed to be appropriate. That rules was issued on march 17th. So, these folks only had four days to get everything together in order to make the entire trek from selma to montgomery. Beginning on march 31st, more than 3,200 people gathered at brown chapel ame church. They came down, took the bloody sunday route. They turned right on alabama avenue, progressed on broad street and across the Edmund Pettus bridge and with no sea of blue. Continued to march forfive days and four nights, stay at different camp sites in Dallas County, lowndes county, and a catholic campus in montgomery county. They got to the capital on march 25th, 1965. More than 8,000 of us starting on a mighty walk from selma, alabama. They told us we wouldnt get here. There were those who said that we would get here only over their dead bodies. Well, all the world today knows that we are here, that we are standing before the forces of power in the state of alabama saying we aint gone let nobody turn us around. A few months later the Voting Rights act of 1965 was signed ensuring that africanamericans would be granted the right to vote. And this march was the direct cause for africanamericans having their right to vote ensured by the federal government. This march and this demonstration had been the realization of the desire of africanamericans to have the right to vote for over 100 years since the end of reconstruction. God bless you. From selma and civil rights in 1965, we travel back 100 years to virginia and the end of the civil war. Appomattox courthouse National Historical park preserves the house where robert e. Lee surrendered to ulysses s. Grant. Well here the story of what life was like in the village after the war. Im standing in front of perhaps one of the most famous courthouses in the United States, where really nothing of significance happened. Appomattox courthouse. The name is pretty confusing. Courthouse, one word s a building like the one behind me and its situated in the village of Appomattox Court house, two words. The town. Effectively bringing about an end and certainly the beginning of the end to the American Civil War. This little down has a lot of history for its size. Today we would like to talk a little bit about why Appomattox Court house is so famous. We would like to spend a little more time talking about some unfold stories. As said, the court house is a village compete with a tavern, lawyers offices and homes. The town was not more than 130, 140 people in 1865. Its an unlikely place for two large military forces to meet. General lees army in Northern Virginia and general grants multiple armied force of about 63,000 men. All told, about 95,000 soldiers within a sixmile radius of here. Unlikely because its not where either army wanted to be, but its where they ended up. As fate would have it for general lee, his army was practically surrounded here by general grants forces. And on the morning of palm sunday, april 9, 1865, general lee would meet general grant over at the mcclain house, one of the nicer upper middle class homes here in the village. They would meet in the parlor of that home to discuss and agree on terms of the surrender of army of Northern Virginia, effectively bringing about the end of the war. That is certainly a crucial story, nationally significant. And its no doubt the reason that this has been significant, and it is no doubt the reason why this has been designated a National Historic site. However, there are plenty of Untold Stories about appomattox. For over 150 years, many people have referred to appomattox as the place where a nation reunited. Of course, for students of history, we struggle with that idea. If that were true, 150 years that have followed the American Civil War dont make a whole lot of sense. In fact, during the centennial, the 100th anniversary of the centennial of the ending of the civil war in 1965, a tremendous celebration took place here, marking the occasion. Meanwhile, the schools in appomattox county and many across the state were still not even integrated. In fact, appomattox was still five years away from integration in 1970. So why isnt it the place where a nation reunited . Part of the story starts with the large field behind me. Something that a lot of people dont realize about Appomattox Court house is that there were two battles fought here. General lees decision was not arbitrary to surrender. He was brought to that decision because of the military realities that literally surrounded him. In the field behind me on the morning of april the 9th, the battle of Appomattox Court house was fought. Roughly 9000 confederates engaged a large federal force that would eventually put 20,000 federal soldiers on this field behind me. During this battle that raged on in the morning of the april the 9th, there was one known civilian casualty of Appomattox Courthouse. It was a woman named Hannah Reynolds. Hannah reynolds, like 52 of all human beings that lived in appomattox county at that time, she was enslaved. She was enslaved by dr. Samuel coleman. She lived in a home about one mile to the west of where i am standing, in the epicenter of the battlefield on the morning of the night. She was very unfortunate to be hit by a confederate artillery shell that morning. She was tended to buy surgeons from the eighth maine infantry unit. She was able to survive another three days. She died on april the 12th, that wednesday. April the 12th is a very important date to the history of appomattox because it was on this very road that i am standing on on april 12th that confederate infantry stacked their arms and their flags and their ammunition all along this road. In fact, you could say that the individual confederate soldier actually surrendered on this road, not in the parlor of the mnlean house like generally did. Hannah reynolds dying on april the 12th meant, in a way, she was mortally wounded as an enslaved woman and, in a way, she died in emancipated women three days later. That is a powerful notion that really struck this park and its visitors in 2015 during the 150th anniversary. It has given us the cause to explore this story and others like it about what exactly did happen in this village, and in fact, throughout the south and the country in the weeks and months the poll of the surrender. In history, it seems to almost always be a good idea to ask the question, so what . Generally surrendered to grant on april 9th, 1865. So what . The army of Northern Virginia would fight no more. That is a big so what. But what about the enslaved population of appomattox and the rest of virginia . What was their future . What was the future of former slave holders . What about lower and middle class whites that did not own slaves, but would still be deeply affected by what was about to happen . We will head to the other end of the village of Appomattox Court house and we will visit the kelly house, which could also be known as the robertson house, and explore a story right here in the village that has shed some light also of a National Significance of what happened after the surrender. Youre on the eastern edge of the village of Appomattox Court house, we find a contrast building. Behind me is a building that was known as the kelly house at the time of the surrender. Unlike the mclean house, in upper class home of 3300 square feet, perfect for the surrender meeting for le and grant. The kelly house far more represents what most people around appomattox county and southside virginia would have lived in in the mid 1860s. It is down here that we find an excellent example of an untold story. We talked about what happened to Hannah Reynolds immediately after the war. Unfortunately, she passed away from wounds received at the final valley battle. But over here at the kelli house, we find an excellent example of what happened next after the surrender. The kelly house was actually completed in 1855. The kelly family was a large one. In fact, there were five sons in this family, that all five fought in the ward, in the army of Northern Virginia. In fact, at least one, and maybe to, were here for the surrender in their own hometown on april 9th and the stacking of arms unable to 12, 1865. But in the years that followed the war, this house would eventually be purchased by a man named john robinson. Now we dont know a great deal about John Robinsons early life, but this is a good example of what emancipation looked like in the weeks, months and years that followed the surrender here in appomattox. Perhaps two of the most tangible examples of emancipation that you wouldve seen on the landscape that summer of 65 would have been the development of eight freemen school. The legalization of black education, very much so tangible evidence. The second would be the ability of black citizens of appomattox county to be able to form their own churches. In facts, in many of these cases, these were people that were members of, ironically, immigrated churches. At least physically integrated. The congregations were separated within, but it was the larger white churches where many of the black residents actually attended. As a result of the surrender, they got permission to leave those churches and create their own churches. The first such church to be created here in appomattox county was gallantly baptist church. One of the founding members of that church was john robinson. In fact, he was the first treasure, he was the trustee of the church. Initially, our understanding is that the months that in the months to follow the surrender, the congregation would form and what was known as an church. Simply meeting outside under the trees. But by 1867, the congregation had been able to form enough money and resources to actually build a log church. It exists just about a mile to the west of the courthouse. About 50 years later in 1916, a new church would be built on those same grounds. That is the church that is still there today more than 100 years later. So the story of john robinson. Hes not only a home owner and the cofounder of a church, he is also a businessman. Hes a shoe cobbler. Apparently, hes a pretty good one because he ran a business here for more than 50 years. John robinson did not passed away until 1933, but after raising a very large family, a successful business and, in fact, some of the Robinson Family members are buried in the backyard of the kelly slashed robinson house. So right here in the Little Village of appomattox county, we can see these so what of the surrender. It unfolds right here before our very eyes. Weve only had to look a little more deeply to see these Untold Stories. Almost 150 years after the establishment of yellowstone as americas first National Park, there are now more than 60 designated National Parks in the u. S. Today. Next, we take you into the Sonoran Desert of arizona to saguaro National Park where we will hear about its history and the Park Services efforts to reach a more Diverse Group of visitors. The desert landscape, the amount of wildlife that you see, the amazing sunsets, the variation in the terrain, this part goes from the Sonoran Desert ecosystem all the way up to a mixed conifer ecosystem at the top of the mountains which get close to 9000 feet. So the diversity is amazing and i think that is probably one thing that makes this park pretty special. Its the diversity of the vegetation, the wildlife and the landscape that greets you everywhere. Saguaro National Monument was established in 1933. One of the primary reasons for that was the protection of this Cactus Forest that is surrounding us here. In the 19 thirties 1930s it was a vast and very dense stand of large and small saguaros that cover the whole valley behind me. Throughout the photography of this site, it was shown that the saguaro forest Cactus Forest appeared to be disappearing. The mature saguaros were dying and leaving the population and not very many new saguaros have been created. We have since learned that impacts from grazing and also from a widespread harvest of mesquite trees and other trees like the pal over day, impacted this Cactus Forest. Saguaros depend on a nurse tree early in their growth. First forgetting established, for being protected from the extreme heat and son, and then also from the cold temperatures during the winter. So if a seed falls and a young saguaro is able to get established under that near street, it helps to ensure that it is going to grow. They are very slow growing. Many of the cactus here are approaching 200 years and potentially older. The large ones with all of those arms can be a couple of centuries old. They are usually usually, by the time they are 50 years old, they are 15 feet tall and starting to grow their first arms. So even a saguaro is a couple of feet on the ground has been there for a couple of decades. So as time has progressed, you can see now that mesquite, there is a healthy forest of mesquite in here and alo verde. They are now acting as ministries again. One thing you do not see behind me because of all those trees is the fact that there are a lot of young saguaros. We have done extensive surveys in this area. By using a lot of volunteers and citizen scientists have come out here and it helped us walk across the landscape in a great fashion to document all of the saguaros in a mile square area here. What we see is that even though you cant see it looking out across this valley, there are many many many more saguaros that are going to be up and turning into those grant majestic saguaros in the decades to come. That is because they are now thriving. So we are monitoring and continue to do saguaros census. Every ten years, coinciding with the u. S. Census, we have these established plots where we go out and count every saguaro. We measure its height and how many nest cavities are in the saguaros. How many arms are on them and monitor the population of the saguaros three time. That will help inform us as to what is happening in the population. We are on historic Cactus Forest loop of our East District of the park. We refer to this as the mountain district. This roadway was constructed by the ccc and has served as a primary tourist loop on the way to get out into the park. You can see the saguaros cactus and the other vegetation that is here. You have an opportunity to see what most of is in this part. Jackrabbit, roadrunners, you probably have over 100 bird species potentially. And then obviously, all of this unique Sonoran Desert vegetation. Many species of cactus, prickly pear cactus, obviously our namesake the saguaro cactus, and many other species. Ones that you have to look pretty close to find and then others that are large and prominent on the landscape. Then its just when people refer to the desert they think of a sparse landscape. That its hot and then there is nothing there. But as you can see actually out the window here, this place is thick with vegetation. We are still really green right now because of the monsoon rains. Some trees are still left out. It is a sea of plants and wildlife appear. 2015 was our highest visitation on record. We continue to see those numbers increase on a month to month basis this year. So people are finding their part here at saguaro National Park. And i think across the country, visitation has been increasing and certainly the centennial, the advertising campaign, all of the different initiatives to get people engaged with their parks and their community and across the country. That has, i think, has been extremely successful. We want to be reaching out to the diversity of our communities and improving our visitation, not just in numbers, but in the richness of the visitors that we have at our parks. You know, representing what america is today. I grew up just south of here as a kid, but then i came up here to the university of arizona to go to school. I got my undergrad and graduate degree here. Ive been in tucson for about 26 years. We have an exploding population here in tucson. We are about 44 latino. Like i said before, i came to college and have lived here for 26 years and i had never been to the National Park. I got recruited out of the local county government here as a Community Engagement coordinator because i was, as they said, the target audience of the next 100 years. So it was almost an experiment to see what it would take to engage folks of my demographic to attend the parks. Some folks argue that historically the park service is not great inclusive, but i would say over the last few years there has been a concerted effort to try and engage, not just folks of color, folks have different abilities. A lot of our facilities have been made accessible to folks with disabilities. That is part and parcel of what i think is keeping some folks away, it is that they still think it is the old National Park service that is very limited to vehicles. I mean, its almost like some folks think we are set up for professional hikers, and we are not. It is designed to be accessible to all. Here in tucson recently, we had funding to establish in all 80 a excessive walkway. The walkway unfortunately was part of a withhold horsemen trail. We had a horse vandalized, whether purposely or involuntary involuntarily, they damaged one of the trails. The Community Came out including the Horsemen Association and said, we are sorry about that. We want to help out, here is a small contribution to help repair the trail. So folks take care of each other out here in tucson and they really care about making sure the parks are accessible to different folks. Having National Parks, you know, it is one of those true american ideas that originated in the United States. The people of this country, we know that they value the National Park system and all of these wonderful places and different resources that we have, the natural and cultural resources. You know, advocacy is something that is really important. And being relevant to our current park visitors is extremely important. We want to provide an opportunity for them to get outside and learn about the outdoors. These resources that the wildlife is dependent upon, but that we are also dependent upon. You know, clean water, clean air, these things originate in National Parks. The more people that can visit and understand that, the more likely we are to have a new generation that embraces the importance of that and wants to protect it in the future. She spends cities tort travels the country exploring the american story. With the support of local cable providers, we bring you the history and literary life of a different city on book tv and American History tv. To watch videos of any of the places weve been, go to cspan. Org slash cities tour. You can follow us on twitter at cspan cities