Historian. History my ba and ma in from the university of pennsylvania. I went on to work alongside the u. S. Army corps of engineers as a historian archivists. About a year into this i began the tattooed historian on facebook. I used it as a way to show the archival things we were finding. I was really enjoying the process because we were going through the archives and we were trying to see what was in the archives and the condition it was in. So i was taking photographs of and papers,tifacts documents, stuff like that to showcase people. Showcase things for people who cannot check it out. And this thing blew up. I was not expecting that. I was expecting to get maybe 100 people to follow along and maybe find my next job. Was in went on linkedin a sexy thing so i was using facebook. Everyone was on facebook so i was like, we will use that. Up morewent on a built and more and i got on more platforms. I reached out on twitter and instagram. I went fulltime with this 2018. T in april of i have been doing it fulltime for two years. What i wanted to do was make history accessible and have what i call friction free history. There is no pay to play kind of thing or anything like that. I want to give a platform to historians. I did not wanted to be me showcasing what i know. 90 10. D it to be i wanted people on who had done historical work 90 of the time and showcased something they were doing. 10 of the time its me showing you a historical site. With all that being said, i want to dive into todays topic. I will step away. I am going to turn over the floor to you and tell us a little bit about hygiene, nutrition and civil war soldiers. before i go into this, i want everyone to know the and years ago. Rs i was a historical interpreter reenactor a quarter of a century ago. It makes me feel ancient. The one thing i love to do is cook. I love to talk about rations. Its something everyone can connect to. We could talk about trying to stay clean because i was at pretty hardcore campaigner. Wouldt friend at the time hang out with me and we would have a good time with our comrades. We were doing great things. Seemed like i was always the guy that got to cook for everybody. Three or four people hanging out together, putting their rations together. Where we founde blueberries along the road. I made blueberry cobbler in the field. I thought, maybe i should look at history a bit. Jake asked me to come on and speak about food and hygiene. Will present to you today is a little bit of background on each thing, especially the food portion, since that is my go to and i love to eat. So i will be talking about that a lot. But this is by no means an overarching great narrative. This is an introductory piece. Its parts curiosity it sparks curiosity. Hopefully you can reach out in the Comment Section with any questions. If i can and may be jake can later. This is a partnership and we are working together to give you the best possible explanation we can. I will start my powerpoint presentation. Forgive me if my screened my screen sharing ability is rusty. I have been doing so many interviews that i am mainly used to speaking with someone and not doing a screen share. The food and hygiene in the civil war is an awesome topic. Its something we often take for top for granted here at what did these men eat, how did they survive and feel. And hygiene we can talk about in general. Its an overarching theme of the project. Fieldhese men are in the and they are out among their comrades. Obviously in the photo they are not social distancing like we are. Ration isampaign. Hese men in these lithograph there were supposed to get three quarter pounds of salt pork or one and a quarter pound of fresh. Eat, salt, sugar, coffee this equates to roughly 4000 calories. You are looking at basically the caloric intake of what our modern troops should be getting. 4000 calories or so per day. 4000 calories per day. Is youcampaign, which are marching, camping for the night, moving the next day, moving around a lot on campaign. Take that 4000 calorie intake and lets look at, for instance, the gettysburg campaign. June, july, 1863. The average soldier at gettysburg and campaign is going to ingest about 1800 calories per day. Ofy are not getting half what they are supposed to get per day. Tos causes fatigue and men drop out of ranks, etc. , etc. I believe 1800 calories today is basically what the caloric intake is of those who live currently in the congo. It is about 1800 calories a day to 200 calories. That is what the civil war soldiers are ingesting each day. List oflings wrote a what he received during the service in his great book hardtack and coffee. Of. H i have a tattoo its not surprising probably to jake. Jake not surprising in the least. Wrote saltbillings pork, fresh beef, rarely in hammer bacon, hard bread, soft anad, potatoes and occasional onion, flour, beans, apples,es, rice, dried coffee, tea, sugar, molasses, vinegar, candles, soap, pepper and salt. Thats what billings said he saw all throughout his service in the american civil war. Hisldier in indiana said comrades were starved into walking skeletons. Pale, thin faced, sickly looking men. They would stagger as they walked. Pennsylvania, i have not eaten enough to keep a sick kitten alive. Often we get a meal a day, but often a meal in two days. One new jersey person said our soup was a boiled in camp kettles, which was used for boiling our dirty clothes. But as you see before you on the screen is the meat ration, one of my favorite, salt pork. You can see why its called that by this photo. , when situated and longterm camps out on campaign, they tend to boil salt pork. Many poked it with sticks to see if it was done. It was usually undercooked and that caused problems. Men on campaign tended to fry their pork. They would some would try to eat it raw. You could imagine when they are eating this stuff raw. Acta to billings, billings said many of us have learned to call it the indigestible ration. We ignored the existence of such a thing as a stomach in the army , and regarded pork as an indispensable one. When salt pork was not available substitutions would be made, such as beef or ham. Some men had to learn how to deal with unprepared meat. One soldier stated, i learned to eat fat bacon raw and to like it. Soldiers sent out their supply of meat in the sun thinking the sun could bake it and it would be fine. One of the biggest ones, everyone talks about hardtack. Also have soft bread and cornmeal. Thats the other indispensable ration. Hardtack has been around since the 18th century. It would be known as hardtack. We issued hardtack to our troops in the u. S. Army all the way up through the first world war. This is not just a civil war thing, this is something that goes over three centuries. Hardtack usually came in large boxes stenciled with bc four brigade commissary. Many men swore this was the date of when the stuff was manufactured, before christ. Men in the union army would receive nine crackers per ration. You are getting nine of these things to ingest. Hardtack is flour and water, gets into your stomach and expands. It makes you feel like you have eaten more than you have. These can be prepared in different ways. It was soaked hardtack fried in pork grease, which is the way i used to eat it in the field and im still alive. I probably got that calorie and cholesterol, but i used to soak it. I would put it in a cup of water, soak my hardtack while i got my salt pork here it when i was done frying salt pork you throw in the slightly softened hardtack and it was like fried bread. Hellfires do. You soak it and fry it. Hardtack and whatever is available in this do in the stew. We had to guess what was inside of it. Was not available flour or soft bread was issued to the federal soldier. There was a small amount of time winsock soft barrett was when soft bread was baked in makeshift bakeries. These ovens could produce 16,000 loads of bread per day. You can imagine the logistical issues that are going on. Whats happened whats happening logistically with all these loads of bread . In 1864, Ulysses S Grant had a breaker he put in in virginia. These were staffed by professional bakers and they produced 123,000 loaves of bread for the union army. Issued toas often confederate troops in great numbers. Many for use of reference recipes that came out of this essential ingredient in the diet. As the war progressed the quality of the corn mail declined cornmeal decline. The cornmeal was nothing more or less than a mixture of corncobs, husks and sawdust. Full ration consisted of a pound of this and a quarter pound of fat pork. This one gets a lot of peoples attention. Defecated vegetables. Lets go back to billings. We are going back to hardtack and coffee. He says this consisted of a small piece per man, and outs in weight and two or three inches cubed of a sheet or block of vegetables, which had been prepared and dried as sanitary fodder for the soldiers. Billings went on to say that when it expanded in water it the layers of cabbage and turnip tops stratified with leaders of sliced carrots, turnips, parsnips, a bare suggestion of ofons, and some other item vegetable quantities with insoluble and in solvable material, which appeared to play ,he part of warp to the fabric which defied the powers of the analyst to give it a name. Even they could not come up with what was in it. Many soldiers started calling it desecrated vegetables. Rampant through the the poor army due to vegetable diet and lack of fruits. It was not until 1864 that federal troops are a large influx of fruits and vegetables. The is mostly supplied by u. S. Senator he commission that came in and cleaned up a lot of the camps. It also helped out with the food storage. My favorite, coffee, the biggest morale booster in the world. My morale dropped and saying or you can imagine when youre on the field what it was like. That theon stated wounded seemed to have little or no power because they had no coffee before they went to battle. Some surgeons actually told them men to drink coffee instead of water because it was healthier. Boiling off of all that stuff in the water. This led to many cases of dehydration. If you are ingesting coffee you will get dehydrated. Known to get water anyway they could, even if it was detrimental to their health. On july 2, 1863, members of fort filled their canteens in a nearby ditch. The stagnant water would be repulsive to you or i, but the soldiers pushed the green scum on the surface aside with their tin cups, they plunged their campaigns canteens to fill them up. He said im convinced a pint of good coffee is a better beverage for the soldier than all the bourbon, brandy or any alcoholic average that ever flowed from a worm. It has no preparation for a hard days march. And sugar weoffee cap in a bag together. We wanted a cup of coffee we put two tablespoons full with a cup of water and place the cup on two sticks with hot coals beneath it and let it boil. Had a hardertes time because of the blockade. As that anaconda plan starts to squeeze the confederacy with this blockade. Many confederates had to substitute coffee. They used potatoes, peanuts, corn and peace to them and peas to make a coffee substitute. You can imagine the quality of that declined as well. Hygiene. I know that for some interpreters out there and reenactors, many of us would not bathe all weekend. After three days we smelled pretty bad out there. Going weeks at a time without getting a bath. Joseph woodward was a surgeon in the u. S. Army at the time. He said in great armies in time of war, personal cleanliness is often nonexistent. Clothesare unwashed, are filthy, body is full of vermin and heaps of garbage lie about. Especially needed was policing the latrine. The trench is too shallow. Daily covering is not there, and the dirt is entirely neglected. Large numbers of the men will , butse the latrines instead, every clump of bushes. It is impossible to step outside of the encampment with having both i and nostril continually offended. Eye and nostril continually offended. That is one of the best quotes i have found. It is so dramatic and makes you think of the pungent smells and what is going on around you at that time. One went into the union camps and he said, they were littered with refuse, food and other rubbish. Sometimes in an offensive state of decomposition. He also found swaps deposited in pits within the camps limits thrown out of broadcast. Heaps of manure and awful close to the camp. Officers and line wanted their men to be to be once to bathe once a week. However they did that only when they how to the opportunity. Like these men in the river. That meant not only weeks, but sometimes months without bathing properly as we would consider it today. A proper bath was different for everyone. Fact that to this these men were not bathing all the time, or at least weekly that you could smell an army before you could see them. Not bathed in a month or two and now they are close together. You could imagine what that smell would have been, or maybe you dont want to imagine what the smell would have been. One of the worst, the gray backs. Im not talking confederates. Im talking about these little guys. Lice. These would be an issue for the u. S. Army for years and years and years. For a guy who dabbles in the first world war, this is where ies come from. There were lice. The men in the civil war called them gray backs. Recalled, i once heard the orderly of an officer relate that he had picked 52 gray backs from the shirt of his chief in one sitting. So the lice would get into the scenes of your close and seams of your close and they witnessed in there. Soldiers would be digging lice off of their buddies are out of their own jackets as the soldier is sitting under the tree. The best course of action was to either boil the uniform in a large pot of water. Remember, also the pot used for making your food. Lice tose the extreme heat over a campfire. These poor sanitary conditions in and around camp caused a whole host of diseases to pop up in civil war armies. Ravaged both forces during the war. Probably accounting for close to 100,000 deaths. Cases of latrines being too close to water sources, especially early on in the conflict were prevalent. Contaminated water could be found in thousands of canteens throughout the war. This, as well as poorly cooked rations led to typhoid cases, all those cases of dysentery, roughly 30 of those who contracted typhoid would perish from it. And this on the right was an andnced photo of a latrine the latrine or sink behind it. That think is supposed to be five feet deep. It hardly ever was in less you were in a camp for a long amount of time. Screenthe left of your you will see a latrine in the middle of the field with its log that you would sit on and look at the look at the close proximity of the camp. As well as if there is any runoff a lot of those men are going to be in trouble. Strong newberry was a doctor. This is when things change. Andtary commission comes in they start to clean off a lot of these areas. Newberry sees this stuff in late 1861. Its early in the war. That the ground in the facility was down to the stream from which all water in the camp was obtained. These on Higher Ground and its running off in the rainwater. The close proximity in which the men live together also permitted measles and tuberculosis to make its appearance in camp. Camp life was not a clean or safe environment. You can see all the men gathered together in large clumps. Some of these men had never been around these diseases before. Especially men who came from sparsely Populated Areas of the country. Unit two came from densely Populated Areas seemed to have a better time with what we would consider childhood diseases. They had been through that as a child and had overcome it. Now you are starting to see men from the country, now, farmers and such who had never been exposed. This amount of people, but the childhood diseases. It starts to ravaged the camps and civil war armies. Whatthis all comes down to these diseases and dirty conditions comes down to three things. Including men and animals living near each other. We have forces on the exterior of the camp line. Sometimes horses and mules are on the high ground. The second is, objectives involving the ending of the war , orys took precedence usually took precedence over sanitation issues. Also poor environmental conditions. Theyre out in various forms of whether with one blanket and the rubberized link it. Its not blanket. Its times where they play key factors in sickening the army and a lot of these men hanged up in hospitals. Jake eloquently puts in many of his presentations, he knows hospitals better than i do, obviously. Are filledospitals with men who are suffering from diseases in camp, which could have been prevented because they do not have proper sanitary issues. Was of mostar importance to many of the commanders. They came down to civilian organizations to try to come in and help these men along. And alsothe foodstuff came down to you eating off of the same plate every day and not washing the plate. The u. S. Army had not started issuing utensils. You are using the same utensils over and over and not washing them, if you even had proper utensils. You are doing camp duties in the same pots were you are making your food. Obviously that is going to create a lot of problems with an outbreak of disease is or other things going on in camp, especially with these issues. Intoall this combining one, you start to see that you have just as many threats to your existence, your life, your health as much as you do in battle, if not, more so. As you have heard time and again on this site and others, you are more likely to die from disease than you are from combat. These are some of the reasons why. Or either have a poor diet, you are in an area where hygiene is not of the utmost importance to ever may be around. That in mind we can have further discussion about this in the comments section. Ward jake, if you have things you would like to interject with. I would love to hear your take on things, especially the hygiene. Jake that was great. We did get Great Questions from the comments. I took the last the last time we did a video on monday we got inundated with comments and i cannot find them. As you were speaking i was writing them down. I have many questions and comments. Just two comments i thought i would like to highlight that i enjoyed reading as you were speaking. Is part ofnd of ours the blue and Gray Hospital Association hygiene. He mentioned going back to food and cooking. He said, i always smelled the meat first. If i dont vomit first, its edible. That was the thing with the men. When they were issued the meat you had better cook that ration quickly. Even though it was cured insult salt fors in months, you would get a green. Ent a green tint many times i would boil it first. You do not want it to turn green. Jake another comment is from ryan. Ryan has been watching a lot of our videos. Thanks for tuning in. He says it sounds like our group needs to work harder to be authentic. Problemu dont know the until you acknowledge it. Dont have to worry about the disease part to be authentic. Salt porkt put raw between two pieces of heart attack. Hardtack. Jake civil war sushi. Having always felt like good food in the field made interpreting the experience better. I was always trying to do that as often as possible. That is one way if you are an interpreter or reenactor is to up your game or live out of your sack for a weekend. You see how tough it actually can be. Jake question about cooking and food. This comes from andrea. She has been watching a lot. She asked on the beginning of your food conversation, or cooks generally decent cooks when good stuff was available . A great question. Men are always going to complain about the food. You are not going to please everybody. Usually what would happen is the men would figure out this guys the best cook in our mess, we will have him do the duty. We will help them with something else. Can you so this and i will cook and etc. Camp, are in a stagnant like a winter encampment, many times they would take three or four different guys who were really good at it, put them in a location considered a kitchen and allow them to do their work. You ate in groups of three or four called a mess. You would get together like jake and myself and two other people, we would put our rations together and cook them. Or maybe jake figures out im a better cook than him or vice versa, will we get to our encampment we are like, this guy can cook, put him over here and this guy can peel potatoes. You just tried to work out who is the better cook. And you have been around each other for not only the time you have been in service, but you grew up in the same town. Maybe he is known for being a great baker. It all works out in the end. But you will always have guys who complain about the food. Its like a military story as old as time itself. Quick transition away from food over the high train hygiene. As an interpreter and living historians might have info that might be of use. Questionsouple of about teeth and toothbrushing. What can you say about dental hygiene . John that is a great question. I should have thought about putting that in there. At the time during the civil war you could get tooth powder. You would mix that powder into water or mix water into the powder and create a pace paste, a toothpaste. Two things could happen. You are either not near it or the settler does not carry it at the time. Ashesu just need to take out of the fire pit. You have seen truckle toothpaste, its like you ,ave seen charcoal toothpaste its like that. You take ashes out of the fire and use it. Many of these men had very nice teeth because of that, if they keep their teeth. Nice pearly whites. That is the best way to clean your teeth in the field. I have done it. Parker hardcore guys and gals have done it. You just take ashes from the fire and start scrubbing. Settlerth powder, the may not have it or you may not be near a town where you could get it. Or, guys would put it in their pack and open their pack and to powder is everywhere and all over everything and they just decided i will just deal with the ashes and the fire. My stuff is not covered in powder. Jake in our collection at the National Museum of civil war in madison, we have tooth powder. I was always intrigued, then i found out with the leading ingredient was, it was chock. I will go with the ashes in the fire. John either way you will have a gritty taste. I would rather have ashes from the fire. Another question that came in through comments. Its very relevant. Speaking of back in the beginning saying thats the museum and you wanted to be relevant. How about toilet paper . You talked about latrine, so what are we wiping our bets with . Butts with . H john you can find paper readily available. Some men resorted to the using the old corncob way of doing things when it was in season. In many times some men did not do it enough. Thats what created that smell around camp. The fact they were not keeping themselves properly cleaned. You could find ways to do it. Way if you ared running out of paper. They made do with what they had. There is no one or two ply, its always get. There were different ways of doing it and you see different people commenting on it once in a while, but its a rare thing. Its something they took for granted. They will not put it in their journal of how they did that. Its a great question. It all depends on locale, whats that, and stuff like which is fundamentally the civil war in general with camp life. Different for each geographic region. I dont know. I dont think about that often. I work in the Civil War Medicine Museum and we talk a lot about poop. Thats not something we really talked about. As the toilet paper shortage in the all experienced last, approaching two months, i heard for the first time about the whole corncob thing and i have to tell you i was mildly disturbed by that. Eat the cornu first. Dont ruin the corn. People in that from the depression. That was used during the civil war out in the field. To tire we go to target or walmart to get our toilet paper. These guys went to their up kitchen to get what they needed. Know you are most interested in the food. I want to keep a lot of the questions on food. We did get one question i sought repeatedly. A viewer who watches many of our videos. , ins asked about peanuts terms of rations and food. Can you speak about peanuts . John peanuts were definitely around. They made a great song because of peanuts. Jake i hate that song so much. John i heard it too much in the 1990s when i really started getting into reenacting and everything everyone was singing it. I was like, god, please let it stop. Peanuts were around and the men were eating them as much as they could. Its like the old sunflower seed habit where it was just something to pass the time and throw at each other. When we have a mix of something, like a trail mix, that was peanuts to them. Thats what they were eating in their downtime. So you could find men with handfuls of peanuts in their haversack. The haversack is where you keep your food. Thats only for food. You keep your plate in there if you would like. But men would have stuff in there by the handfuls. They had something called ditty bags. Little bags they had sewn up and they would keep coffee in them or peanuts in them or whatever they found along the road. That is all going to jail together. Haversack was a very disgusting place after a wild. Jake i cannot after a wild. While. Jake i cannot even imagine. All of these things are unimaginable. We have a display at the museum and i always make a joke when we bring tours in their and say, its one thing to look at this, but tried to imagine the smell. Know some institutions and museums have smelling museums, but i think it would be too offputting for someone to walk in there. They would not spend much time in that display, which is my favorite one, because its all of these things we were talking about. Toill throw a shout out manassas. They have the use of the hospital. A soldier and officer in the Confederate Army died of gangrene in his chest. They made the decision to make it smell like gangrene. Let me tell you, it is a memorable experience. They do a wonderful job down there interpreting smells. Not only gangrene, but many of the other smells that is civil war. But i think camp life would be too repulsive to our modern sensibilities. John that is something we dont get when we go to reenact hints reenactments. Beforee has just bathed we go. We dont get smells. But i will say, as far as the civil war field is concerned, there are a lot of people looking at the Sensory Issues in the civil war for books. We have had an uptick in Environmental Issues history. As an interpreter i like to touch on all your senses. What would this have smelled like or tasted like . Now we see it in book form and i am happy to see that. Thats really going to bring us alive for a lot of people. It would be fantastic if we could do that. I would be all over that. Jake john is in support of the scratch and sniff Civil War History book. John if there is a popup book we should be able to do that. Someone probably is working on that somewhere. I just have a feeling. Smells about nasty immediately made me think of this question. Been doingu have living history and interpreting for 25 years. Immediately i go to the best and worst. What was the worst meal you ever had doing your living history . Undercooked had chicken one time. Everyone got sick. It was seriously undercooked. We ate at because we were so hungry in the field. That took a toll on a lot of us. We had some issues where it was kind of like dysentery. There was about 10 of us who aided and we were like, this entire company is out of commission because our stomachs hurt and we were going to the bathroom. Mentionedalready blueberry cobbler, which sounds good. Creationt was my best because we were doing a confederate living history. We were doing a road march and i saw blueberries. 10. N english mesh can i had cornmeal and molasses and i was like, we could make this into a blueberry cobbler. Howid that and it showed us we could get lucky and make something cool. To thinkhat and i have of what else we really made really well in the field. Theasically stuck with necessities, or whatever we would have been issued. Made in thing i ever the field was during a mexicanamerican war event. I went back and did mexicanamerican war indicted steamed mussels in the field. We made guacamole in the field before it was a hipster thing. We had a great time with that. We were the og hipsters. Guacamole in the field, which is awesome wearing 1840s stuff. Jake that makes me think, the inspiration, obviously you guys legit do your research. Andhere is primary sources talking about eating avocados in mexico. John there is a great book called chronicles of the gringos. The classic book. We go into these resources where its in the mexicanamerican war, the war of 1812, the civil war and we pull these snippets out to be like, lets try this or have this going on. After a while i sold my muskets because i i would rather do some interesting things according to food steps or whatever because we got so many of these primary sources. I like to cook in the field over an open fire to see how it goes. You can find it from time to time in the primary research as far as what they are eating and in the case of when we did mexicanamerican war we found out they were smoking tabasco tobacco out of corn husks. We did it to try it to see what it was like. You find it from time to time and it makes your weekend go a little faster. That, applying history like that. Taking whats in the books and deciding to see what this is like. To feel a little bit closer to that i know authenticity is a big word for you. You did that authentic experience in the mexicanamerican war. I dont have too much familiarity with. Im trying to fix that, but lots of lessons in there for those interested in the civil war. John if you like a lot of wheren dishes, this is american start to find out what that actually is. This is a Training Ground for these guys in the american civil war. They are learning from their experience in the 1840s. Not only on the battlefield, but also in the kitchen. What are they going to make, and stuff like that. Its the one part of the movie gettysburg that i love. Talking about the service. There was an old guy in the unit. Its still true today. They had an old sergeant who was in the first gulf war. He same thing its the most timeless story. Talking about food and talking about how to properly take care of yourself in the military is a timeless story as well. It goes back to ancient times. Thats why a presentation like this is so important for your viewers and for my viewers who may be watching as well. We tend to think about the operational history, the tactics , and we tend to forget about what these guys are eating and how is is impacting what they are doing on the battlefield. I think its an awesome subject and thats why i was so attracted to food in the field. Not only did i want to eat well and go home healthy, but i also want to figure out how did they do it. Jake so other food related questions that came to mind for me, i have not done any living history myself. Little in the summertime was the ol in the summertime was the big thing. Have you eaten the desecrated vegetables . John i have not personally had it. I know that really good living historians are starting to make it before they go in the field. I have never personally have defecated vegetables, but i know that quite a few have in the campaigner world. Its awesome to see them experimenting with it because back in the day we never tried it. You are starting to see them trying new and different things. I would try it to see what its like. I saw it when they made it and i ew, that does not look appealing. I would try it just to say i tried it. Jake i have not seen it, have not seen it done, i dont know. I feel like the food is more accessible to me that i would try it. The whole get up and that life, the living history life aint for me. John whatever goes for you. Im at the point where my back started hurting too much and im like, maybe its time for me to retire. The young guys started calling me pop. Jake you are feeling in that role. You have seen it all before. John the first few thousand miles. We are a little over time, thank you for being here. We really appreciate you coming on and chatting with us. John thank you, jake. Its always a pleasure working with you, my friend. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you are watching American History tv, covering history cspan style, with event coverage, eyewitness account, archival films, lectures and College Classrooms and visits to museums and historic places. The American History tv series american artifacts visits historic places. The collections of the smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian include more than 500,000 photographs, 25,000 of these images are online. Up next, we look at the selection of these covering the history of photography. And learn how to navigate and explore the museums online collections. Due to the coronavirus, this program was recorded via zoom. We are joined by michelle delaney. Tell us what your title is and what your job is. Ms. Delaney thank you. My job is assistant director for