Martin kennedy, because the brothers together had great influence on u. S. Intelligence. Theres a lot to say about u. S. Intelligence under kennedy, even though he served less than a full term because of course he was assassinated by a pro cuban american leftist, undisturbed former marine namely or harvey also walled. At the end will have some reflections about this assassination. Before we get to the main intelligence events i want to mention a couple of other developments that are not expect ocular but still they deserve to be remembered as important milestones in u. S. Intelligence history. They leave a legacy to this day, one of them is the president s daily brief, which was created for kennedy as the president s intelligence checklist. When i first came to cia in 1990, i was i learned that one of the nicknames that insiders used was the pickle factory. They never use the company, they use the term typical factory and i couldnt figure out what it was until later became a cia historian and became the checklist it was renamed of course, president s daily brief. And continues to this day, every president has used it and most have benefited from it. It was new in the sense that president truman started the tradition of cia presenting to him a daily intelligence summary. But the pickle and later the was the first specifically president ial product that was tailored to the president s agenda. His style and his interests. With extremely limited distribution this is a major intelligence legacy for the kennedy administration. Another very Important Development was the creation of the defensive Intelligence Agency of october 1960. One further expanding this constellation of agencies as we know as the intelligence community. As weve learned in previous class, that Community Around the time of the end of world war ii, comprised just a state department, fbi in the Military Branch organization. And then with cia creation 1947, cia become central to that community. President truman added the National Security agency in 1952. President eisenhower under the National Reconnaissance office to coordinate cia and air force activities regarding imagery from satellites that were coming online. And then under kennedy the Defense Department gets its own Intelligence Agency g. I. A. Today is an International Agency of the u. S. Intelligence community. As weve discussed doing important works and human intelligence and also specialized technical intelligence. So ive got those Important Developments out of the way, i want to forecasts on the two biggest intel inch subjects of the kennedy administration. Which often are the two major historical episodes that people remember from this period. The bay of pigs we ask go, and the cuban missile crisis. So we have a fiasco we have a crisis, theyre both big problems they have in common is obviously cuba. Otherwise they are vastly different kinds of problems. The big of pigs fiasco was a cia covert parliamentary paramilitary operation, specifically a regime change operation that went very badly. The cuban missile crisis by contrast was a confrontation of super powers of the United States and a ussr over nuclear weapons. The two big problems have in common, other than cuba, is that both largely were the result of shortcomings an american intelligence. In both situations that intelligence and analysis was at work, the bay of pigs operation was an example of faulty covert Action Planning to be sure, but that includes some seriously flawed analysis. Likewise, the keep in missile crisis begins with bad analysis, but in the context of the intelligence collection, both human and technical. In both situations, the intelligence shortcomings were made worse by executive decisions, policy makers. The two crisis also are alike and that the icy learned a lot from the mistakes of them both. So lets turn to the bay of pigs. Revolutionary leader fetal crossed joe turned his insurgency against the cuban dictator bautista into government, when he and early 1959 this is during the eisenhower castro quickly distance declared himself a communist align with the soviet union this presented to the eisenhower and more dire situation than what they faced in guatemala. A few years before, eisenhower wanted something done about castro. The cia proposed to destabilize the human economy with Economic Sabotage eisenhower said he wanted something more drastic. Historians disagree on whether eisenhower met that cia should assassinate castro. Cia officials at the time it seems clear to them that eisenhower who clearly would not use the words out loud like assassinating or murder, is still clear to the c. I. A. Officials that eisenhower really wanted ice whatever means necessary just as they believe that eisenhower expressed a desire that an african leader, be removed killed if necessary to prevent the congo from going communist. There is no smoking gone on either on whether eisenhower really wanted them assassinated, eisenhower was concerned about castro for the same reasons he had authorize c. I. A. To topple the elected government of guatemala in 1954. He believes that once communism was established in the western hemisphere, it would spread by soviet subversion and as history teachers this is what prime ministers do. In my dissertation on the revolutionary government of grenade a 1979 in 1983, there you have the communist canadians being held by the communist cubans in order to spread communist revolution to other island nations in the caribbean. So that example shows that in the 19 fifties eisenhower was on to something, he was right, this was a threat. So eisenhower authorized cia to plant covert action to remove castro from power. I want to remind you of our discussions in this class, about covert action as an intelligence function. The purpose the u. S. Covert action is to influence Political Economic military conditions abroad, in a way in such a way at the height of the United States is not apparent, the involvement of the u. S. Cover the involvement can be denied, is not apparent. The original cia plan for cuba, under eisenhower to infiltrate some 30 cuban agents cia train agents to create resistance within cuba. I think someone notice that cuba is a real big place, it doesnt really stretch from washington past chicago. Its obviously located south florida, you can see how big it is. And so the plan quickly grew from 30 to about 500 cia trained cuban exiles who would infiltrate the country and link up with the anti castro forces that were believed to be operating in cuba. Cia propaganda efforts including a clandestine radio station, on the guatemalan model, opposing castro and this is where it helps to have a knowledge of history. Even when youre planning a covert action essentially, c. I. A. Was using the example of its predecessor the office of strategic services, sending agents into nazi occupied france. Where the population did not like the nazis, and was willing to take risks to support these commandoes, these covert action operatives. Cia remembered that, and remembered the positive aspects of the 1954 operation, and in your reading professor andrew points out that eisenhower and the cia ignored other relevant historical precedence. Including the negative lessons of guatemala, guatemala barely succeeded even against a weekend government. They basically lost its nerve and allowed a success for covert action there. They ignored the lessons of the hike operation in indonesia where the people that we were helping in their military rebellions turned out to be weak and ineffectual. I would add that they also ignored the lessons of many covert actions operations involving the insertion of ethnic asian teams trained by sea the cia in places like china and the ussr. These showed again if someone is paying attention, the show that fully three quarters of these teams were caught. The principal was established but not really acted on, youre going to lose three quarters of your penetration agents. If you send them into denied areas. And, they also demonstrated that the estimates of local opposition to communist was usually overinflated. So cia started infiltrating by the way on the bottom right there, those are cia trained tibetans commandoes getting ready to an air lift into chinese occupied to bet. So cia started infiltrating a few cuban agents into cuba, and soon found out that there really wasnt an underground resistance, and most of the penetration agents were caught, which again, history might have taught them if they had been paying attention to it. But instead of recalculating, or rethinking the whole plan, cia shifted its plan instead to it on and 50 a sliding of some 700. Notice the mission brief here we started 35, now up to seven 700 train cuban exiles that are going to land by Landing Craft and paratrooper titration establish of heated, relocate to the mountains, become a resistance force, attract anti Castro Cubans declared themselves to be the legitimate government of cuba and wait for u. S. Support. Sounds pretty me. Now as the planning went on towards the end of the eisenhower administration, the force kept on getting bigger, in the planning. To ensure that when the landing happened, they could actually seize and hold the beach head. Now when kennedy came into office in january 1961, he planned the cuban invasion force, had doubled to about 1500. So again 3500, 1500. They would be supported by a rebel air force, again trained to cuban exiles. Pilots of the b 26 bombers which were in the cuban inventory cia had its only be 26 that were painted to look like youve been air force bombers. The story would be that these were air force Cuban Air Force officers who defected, and then joined the rebellion. The cuban invasion forces were trade outs and nicaragua in guatemala, the invasion was planned originally i saw in the cia declassified documents, it was planned to land at the beach in trinidad. This was considered an anti castro town, again looking for that local support. It had a good port, it had a defensible beach with good maritime approaches, it was close to the mountains. A key mistake in planning for this covert action, was that for Operational Security cias own Intelligence Analyst were kept in the dark. The experts on the current on the state of cuba, they had no input, the director of operations did its own analysis. And based its optimistic assessments of internal cuban resistance on the initial opposition when you came to power in 1959. Well its two years later and the analysts of the directed intelligence, gi analysts could have told video that things changed. That castro had a lot more support. That the internal security was ruthlessly efficient, and that there was essentially no opposition to him. Even the Deputy Director for the was not informs he knew what was going on, he was not consulted. Even though he personally had participated in the Pacific Campaign of world war ii, in more than two dozen amphibious landings, of the scale. A lot more than the marine u. S. Marine that they brought in to plan the operation colonel jack hawkins. And marine all of his analysts were simply cut out for security reasons. Some security, this is a january 10th 1961, front page above the fold, New York Times article. U. S. Helps train an anti castro force at secret Guatemalan Air ground base. Not a secret anymore. So another mistake was this covert action was no longer covert, with this kind of publicity. Cuban exiles now the world knows there being trained, probably by the u. S. , in guatemala for an attack on cuba. Yes . inaudible various sources when you engage in a large operation unless you have operation security thats very tight people talk. This happened with the albanian operations in the late forties early fifties, various other operations chinese operations that we mounted in the early to mid 19 fifties, when you get people together they will talk and castro know something is up. Even before this, hes trying to penetrate these operations with his own people. You hire a bunch of human exiles how many of them are 100 anti castro, or has castro sent one or two agents in . Its good counter intelligence, a very good question. So multiple sources, and it gets worse. Ill get to that. Another factor in the planning of turned out to be a mistake, was the requirement that castros air force be destroyed first. So that the cuban exile pilots, cia provided b 26 pretending to be Cuban Air Force, would have command of the year. That was a requisite a prerequisite for the success of this operation. This cia recruited some help, they recruited pilots from the Alabama National guard, to assist. There was to be one air attack, two days before dday, before the amphibious landing, allegedly by these Cuban Air Force pilots who were disgruntled and decided to show up their own planes. And thats why the cias b 26 were painted to look like youve been air force planes. The day before the invasion, the b 26 exile force would come back to cuba air bases to destroy planes. Two airstrikes, commanded the air was essential, and this is one of several things that had to go well for the success of this operation. Yet another problem, came from president kennedys desire to maintain deniability that the u. S. Had nothing to do with this. We didnt like castro, but these are independent patriotic cubans acting on their own. A month before the invasion he ordered another landing site be found, away from the town of trinidads, a populated center, people will find out early this was long before the internet. They might take pictures, it will be too noisy. The cia had four days to shift all of its planning to another location. They found it at the fairly remote bay of pigs which is on this map here obviously. Right away from populated centers but closer to havana, closer to the cuban military and air force. Also surrounded by swamps, let me go to that slide. Here we go. The zapata peninsula gave this relocated this became operation zapata. Again bay of pigs surrounded by the zapata swamps, its far away from the mountains where you move the exile force, they will be able to melt away into the become that beacon of freedom for large numbers of disaffected anti Castro Cubans. Thats the theory. Unknown to the planners was the fact that the bay of pigs was actually castros favorite place to go fishing, snorkeling, vacationing, he knew it very well which really helped when he arrived on scene to lead the defenders. Also unknown there were coral reefs, and rocks that complicated navigation. The operations planners look at the imagery and concluded that those darker water seaweed coral reefs thats why castro like to go snorkeling there its a good place to go. Let me read to you a couple of newspaper reports from the day, dateline new york april 10th. This is a week before the invasion, and its Alistair Kirk who is writing for the guardian from the united kingdom. Mystery of coming innovation, under the three other is failed the coming cuban invasion. Who is training, it where it whose is the dominant power in exile, what will the United States administration will do out of it . Also in the guardian that day was an editorial, since president kennedy came to power he has done much to restore american prestige and the uncompleted world. But if recent reports of a projected invasion of cuba launch from american soil, and carried out from connivance of the American Intelligence Service come true, then munch a kennedys labor will have been in vain. No one will believe that a group of cuban exiles however burning the grievances, could assemble a force of sufficient size and equipment unless they had the backing of the american government. Doctor leader the has denied that the central Intelligence Agency is implicated in his plans, this may be true but reports from authoritative american sources suggest that it is not. Richard thistle, the head planner for the operation said in 1967 a few years later, we didnt realize the extent to which it was believed by everyone else that this was a u. S. Government operation. Apparently, cia wasnt reading the newspapers. Being critical of my former agency because it deserves to be criticize on this. And april 15th 1961, two days before the invasion the first wave of air attacks by six b 26 fewer than plan for, damaged many cuban planes on the ground but failed to destroy them all. The attacks alerted the cubans, that its coming, got the attention of the United Nations where the un