The new weapon. The Truman Library institute provided this video. What i would like to do tonight is to show you a number of artifacts, objects, photographs, documents, three dimensional related to the 75th anniversary of the atomic bomb. Each of those im going to present to you digitally and have some questions in the chat box at the end. I hope you enjoy the presentation. Im going to go right in and look at our first artifact which is actually not from july of 1945 but from april, shortly after truman became president. Then were going to look at some documents from july. You can see my time line here of the first five documents were going to show you. And then well have another five to finish off as we get into august of 1945 and even some from later into the 60s that connect to this topic. So, the first that president first information that truman has about the Manhattan Project comes in april just 12 days after he becomes president on april 12th. This very famous letter some of you are probably very familiar with is when henry stintson, the secretary of war writes to truman to tell him about this highly secret matter as it mentioned in that first paragraph. Now he mentioned this to truman after his inauguration on april 12th after fdrs death just in passing tells him that they need to talk about it in the future. And just under two weeks later, stimson sends this letter to truman telling them they need to get together quickly so he can tell him about this project. You can see some interesting handwritten notes on here. At the bottom, what i like to point out in Harry Trumans own handwriting he writes matt, put on list tomorrow, wednesday, 25th, hst. Matt is matthew colony, his appointment secretary. Hes obviously telling mr. Colony to get Henry Stimson on his calendar for the next day. Now interesting truman did come across the Manhattan Project when he was a senator in charge of the Truman Committee looking at overspending during world war ii. He didnt really get into much detail as he started to see the budget numbers about the project. But stimson actually is the person that warned him off and said you cant investigate that anymore. Let it go. Now, of course, hes president. And stimson tells him more about the project. Its interesting, too, that in those 82 days as Vice President truman did not know about the Manhattan Project. It takes him becoming president before he is told about the project. Of course, at this point they have not done a successful test. But the work has been going on in two or three different locations actually. As they start to develop the atomic bomb that well hear more about during the rest of this evenings presentation. So this is the first document i wanted to share with you out of the ten artifacts im going to share tonight because it really provides the context of when truman first finds out about the Manhattan Project and those interesting anecdotes that he didnt know while he was Vice President he would come closer to it as a senator and its about two weeks after hes president where stimson sits down and gives him all the detail. Now, stimson, who had actually obviously worked in the fdr administration is really the person thats in charge of the whole operation. Hes the one thats supervising the work of groves who well come across later on with another document. So stimson is the one thats the conduit between the white house and whats going on in new mexico. So hes an important key figure in all of this. The second document were going to look at is from lieutenant groves. And this is and you can see the date at the top of the page, this is from july 16th, 1945. And this is after the first test in new mexico of the atomic bomb. And this is a sketch that was included in a 14page report that groves sends to stimson and then of course that is relaid to truman. Now, were going to learn more about this in a second, but of course, president truman at this time is at the potsdam conference in germany meeting with stalin and initially Winston Churchill before churchill is replaced after the british election. Now this 14page report is very detailed. Its not an official report. And its actually quite casual in its writing as the excitement and the wonderment of the scientists and the military people involved in this First Successful test really comes through in the report. But this sketch is on the last page of that 14page report. On the second page, lieutenant groves actually refers to the mushrooming cloud. Thats the first time that the word Mushroom Cloud is really used in that concept. And they describe the explosion as being beautiful and all the different colors in the sky that they see. Now, looking at this particular document, some of the handwritten cursive might be tricky for some of us to read, but if you go close in on this, underneath where it says cloud drawings, and its a little faint, but it does say first atomic bomb explosion new mexico. Sketches from a b29 flying at 30,000 feet about 50 miles away. In fact, the b29s sent up there for observation couldnt get as close as they would have liked because of the weather. You can also see the time dated there. You can see 5 30, 5 38 and so on and then 5 42 at the bottom the second part of the sketch. And so you can see theyve done this first thing in the morning. It was really dependent upon the weather when they were going to do this test. And then the report itself goes into more detail about the level of destruction and the impact it had. Truman uses those exact words from those reports in some other documents that were going to see a bit later on, namely his diary entries. It also talks about the colors, dark brown, light gray and so on. Then it says see through here in the hole the middle of the cloud. Then it also gives the elevation. So, of course, later on were able to see photographs and other footage of this atomic cloud. This is what truman receives while hes in germany and its relaid to him via stimson to the officials in germany at the potsdam conference. So, hes truman himself, is very excited about the successful test. And they could really start now to plan if and when to use this against the japanese. Just in a few short weeks when we get into two weeks later, of course, its the end of july and were getting close to when that happens on august 6th. Ill let you study that a little bit more. Its a fascinating document and i would encourage you to read all 14 pages of the report. That sounds cumbersome. Its tight. Its easy to read. And its available on the Truman Library website. Its quite fascinating read. And the payoff as you get this sketch on the last page. The next document is what i had mentioned previously trumans diaries. Now here is a number of different diary entries. I could have chosen really one of three that he writes in this time period. This one is july 17th, 1945. So just a day after he gets that report. And of course this is handwritten. And it can be hard to read. Those of us that work at the Truman Library have become familiar over time of trumans handwriting. This, of course, is when hes first meeting Joseph Stalin in this particular diary entry. We do have other diary entries from july 18th, the next day, when he meets churchill. And from july 25th, when he goes into a lot more detail about the atomic bomb testing. But he does mention it in this one page of his diary. And hes talking to stalin about the different negotiations that are going to come up and theyre setting the agenda. So this is very much at the beginning of the potsdam conference. And theyre talking about china and theyre talking about the soviets coming into the japanese war on august 15th, which is one of trumans goals of potsdam to get the soviets to join in there. But he has a cryptic phrase in here. And he asked them about the agenda and he told truman says i told him this is about halfway down. I told him to fire away. He did. And it is dynamite. But then truman says but i have some dynamite, too. Which im not exploding now. He kind of have this cryptic reference to dynamite and not exploding now. Its not too surprising that he mentions this the day after finding out about the successful test. Im just using one of the diary entries today, but in the following day on the 18th he says that he believes the japanese will surrender when the russians come in because stalin does agree to enter the war. And then he has this phrase in the 18th of july entry where he says im sure they will when manhattan appears over their homeland. Now, truman doesnt really refer to manhattan very often in his writings, but on this diary entry on july 18th he talks about manhattan appearing over the japanese homeland. Then he also goes on to say i will inform stalin about it at an opportune time and, in fact, join the potsdam conference he does tell stalin briefly, but not really in detail, about the fact they have a new weapon they can use against the japanese. Truman didnt think that stalin knew anything about that but of course as we know now in 2020, that stalin did, in fact, have spies in new mexico that were passing the information about the Manhattan Project back to him. Then a week later on july 25th, on his diary entry there, he goes into a lot more detail and he talks about how the weapons are to be used against the japanese between now and august 10th. So, those diary entries are really very revealing as truman expounds upon the information that hes been given by lieutenant groves. Now, weve got two contrasting documents here or two documents that one is a little misleading. Were going to do that one second. Im trying to keep them in Chronological Order if i can. This is from the National Archives which the Truman Library is part of rather than the collections of the Truman Library. But this is the closest you would get to the ordering of the use of the atomic bomb. And this is a memo from thomas handy who is the acting chief of staff while marshall is at potsdam with truman. And hes writing to general carl spaatz the commander general of the United States Army Strategic air force. You can see the date on this one is the 25th of july. So things are moving quickly, as you can see. And, you know, you can see this. Its not super sharp but basically its got four points on this single page memo. It talks about the 509 composite group, the 20th air force will deliver its First Special bomb as soon as weather will permit. And so they refer to it as the special bomb without saying using the word atomic. Then it talks about the various targets. And the first one there is hiroshima and the fourth one there listed is nagasaki. The second point says that the additional bombs will be delivered on the above target as soon as they are made ready by project staff. Now, we found out later that in early part of august only two bombs were ready. And they used both of them. The third bomb wasnt probably going to be ready until around the 16th or 17th of august. The third point there is that the dissemination of any information about this is reserved for the secretary of war and the president. So, the military are not going to make any comment about this. And any news stories, any people asking for information they need to refer back to the second war and the president for them to respond to. And then the last point is this is done with the approval of the secretary of war, which i mentioned before, is stimson and the chief of staff. And then it also mentions that a copy has been sent to general mcarthur and a copy has been sent to the admiral. So this is the closest youre going to get to the actual orders for the dropping of the bomb on hiroshima. And thats dated the 25th of july. And it does say after about august 3rd on there. So it does give a date for that. And at that point theyre waiting for a response from the potsdam document to the japanese. Another document that is sometimes used incorrectly talk about the authorization of the bomb is this memo and its response. This is from the secretary of war to truman. And its a few days later. Its the 30th of july. And this one is harder to read. And you know, some of these historic documents can be difficult to read. But if you close in on this one, this is from stimson to the president. And hes talking about the recent ultimatum. Thats the ultimatum made at potsdam and that dramatic results of the test that weve heard about already. And there are suggestions made by the british and of which secretary of state burns is well aware. And so hes giving recommendations of what to do. Im going to talk about the context of this in a minute. This is a twopager because you can see truman writes on the back of this memo he says secretary of war reply on the number of the memo 41011 suggestions approved, release when ready but not sooner than august 2nd. Then again truman liked to use his initials hst. Some people over time thought when he says release when ready hes talking about the atomic bomb. In fact, this is about the statement thats going to be released. Like a pressure release rather than a release of a bombing. So thats why theres confusion. I did want to point out again i meant to do this before, the number of the memo is 41011 and thats what truman used on the back. So this is an interesting document in that theyre preparing the statements. Saying we better get this statement approved because once the bomb is dropped were going to need a statement immediately. So thats why this is a bit of a rush here because theyve been going back and forth in terms of what to say to the world once this bomb is actually dropped. And so, theyre trying to get the suggestions approved by both the british suggestions and suggestions from stimson himself and truman and burns and all of the others in the close circles of president truman at that time. So thats a fascinating one. But it shouldnt be used to mislead. Its more about statement rather than the bomb itself. Okay. So now were going to get closer and closer to that august 6th. The last one were going to look at from july is the letter home to bess. He actually writes a number of letters to bess. Of course it takes about two weeks to get to potsdam by the uss augusta and goes across the atlantic rather than flying. Many people argue hes done that to get ready to prepare to read the materials. But he also used some of that time to rest as well. And play poker and other things in the evening. And so he writes to bess from the uss augusta and then when he gets finally to germany, to potsdam, he continues to write to her. During that time he says very little in his letters about the atomic bomb. Obviously theres some concern about secrecy and letters being intercepted, things of that nature. But in the july 31st letter he does make a rather cryptic reference to that. Then were going to look at some video footage of the newsreel of his announcement. Then were going to look at the artifact of the safety plug. Then the sadako crane and finish with a video on the screen gems footage which ill explain when we get to that footage. So here is the letter to bess. This is just two pajs of this. As i mentioned it was written july 31st. Of course trumans writing is not the easiest to read. The cursive. This is all digitized and on our website. And we have it goes up every time i say these numbers. We have more than 1,300 letters written by harry truman to Bess Wallace Truman over their life time from 1910 to 1957 in most cases including the envelopes which is amazing to have that in our collection. And all of those letters that harry has written to bess are all digitized and available on our website in Chronological Order. You can go straight into july and look at those other letters. This is the only one that really references the atomic bomb. And its rather cryptic when he does so. But if you look at the bottom of the first page on the left and then the beginnings of the second page on the right, he finishes up this bottom of this first page where he says i rather think mr. Stalin is stalling because hes not so happy about the english elections. Just to remind you, wince ston churchill lost the elections in Great Britain during the potsdam conference and hes replaced by the new labour,3ina worked. I think stalin is stalling because hes not so happy. He doesnt know it but i have an ace in the hole and another one showing. Now you know truman loves his card games. So thats the one time that he refers rather cryptically to the atomic bomb in his letters to his wife Bess Wallace Truman. I find that rather fascinating. Sometimes in Historical Documents you learn from things that are not written. So the other seven or eight letters that he writes he really makes no reference to the atomic bomb and the same with letters to his mother and sister at the same time. Either no references are rather cryptic. Moving on. We have a video clip. This is truman announcing the surrender not the surrender, announcing the dropping of the atomic bomb from the uss augusta. You can see the window in the background from the ship. A short time ago an american airplane dropped one bomb on hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness. That bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of tnt. The japanese began the work in the air at pearl harbor. They have been repaid many fold. And the end is not yet. With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction. To supplement the growing power of our armed forces. In their present form, these bombs are now in production. And even more powerful forms are in development. It is an atomic bomb. In is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the sun draws its power has been used against those who brought war to the far east. We are now prepared to destroy more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the japanese have in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories and their communications. Let there be no mistake, we shall completely destroy japans power to make war. It was to spare the japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of july 26th was issued at potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware. There we go. Im going to talk about this next artifact in a moment and make a couple comments a tbt newsreel. Firstly, i think the quality is remarkable. The definition of the video i think is really spectacular. Feel very fortunate that it remains in that quality 75 years later. To the second part is very, very compelling. You get the close up video. And truman looks at you with those eyes and you know he means business. And you wonder about that when hes at the negotiating table with stalin and churchill when churchill is replaced when he looked across the table it seems like he would have that same that same serious stare when he made those tough decisions as president. Its really fascinating video. And the fact that you can see the window on the uss augusta behind him, giving you that sense of time and place as hes getting ready to come home just as the atomic bomb has been dropped on hiroshima. And the fact that you couldnt the one that really comes across to me is that he really means business. This next piece is an artifact, three dimensional artifact from our museum collection. Im going to do a closeup of the tag thats attached to this. Let me talk about the object first. And then the tag thats with it off to the side. I have an up right view in a minute. First of all, this green, black and silver plug is actually the safety plug taken out of the bomb fuse from the plutonium bomb that was dropped on nagasaki and the description on the tag tells us that, too. The green plug was removed and replaced with a red activating plug on the boxcar, the name of the b29 that carried the bomb on its mission. And the planes commander, let me show you this. This was the safety plug. It was removed to put in the right activating plug which of course went with the bomb. And then if you look on the next page here, you can see theres more up right and little easier to read, 10th of august, 1945, i certify this is one of the two green safety plugs used at nagasaki japan 9th of august, 1945. This was the second atomic bomb dropped on the empire. The second writing of the two gentlemen. I did research on this. The commander whose name comes first is Frederick Ashworth, one of the weapon nears. And then his assistant is lieutenant phillip bonds. Those are the two people that sign off on that to provide its authenticity. So fascinating object. Im going to go back so you can see that plug again. And i should say that this artifact and the tag will be on display in the renovated mu see yum when we reopen the Truman Library museum later this year after our 30 million renovation. This safety plug will be in a special gallery dealing with the atomic bomb. And another artifact im going to show you later on will be in the same gallery. So a fascinating artifact. Were very fortunate to have it. Then the tag that goes with it just adds to the story. So that is really special. And the fact that Frederick Ashworth and Phillip Barnes signed that giving that authenticity is very much appreciated. So, really fascinating object. And next is its counterpart and this is from a little bit later and weve had this on display before at the Truman Library. Gallery space as the safety plug. Were going to juxtapose one another. This is the paper crane made by sadako sue saky. She was a japanese girl who was a victim of the atomic bombs in hiroshima when she was 2 years old. Now she did survive. And the story is that during her early part of her life in august 1955 she decided that she was going to start to make these paper cranes as a symbol of peace. And that was her wish. And different stories go back and forth on whether she accomplished that. The more recent research is she actually made more than 1,000 cranes before her death. But theres childrens stories about this crane. This crane is rather small. Weve got it blown up on the power point for you to see today, but its very small. This is going to be displayed in the museum when we reopen along with approximately 5 to 600 paper cranes made by students in the kansas city area that have made paper cranes to go in the exhibit alongside this original paper crane. So, we can help tell that story of sudako. The reason its also appropriate is that this is part of the peace and reconciliation efforts made by trumans grandson Clifton Truman daniel in the last decade or more where he is been to japan and reached out. I think its threw largely through his efforts that we were able to get one of the last surviving cranes from sudako donated to the librarys museum collection. All of those things have come full circle with the connection between Clifton Truman daniel and the japanese and of course the peace efforts after 1945 and the fact that sudako family would allow that to be donated to the library is very special. And i think that when you see the renovated museum when we reopen later this year, with both the safety plug and the sudako crane sharing the same space, its really going to be a very meaningful approach and interpretation to that episode in history. Moving on we have one more video to show you. And before i press play, might want to do it itself. Im trying to not let it do that. These are from this is when truman looks back in the 1960s when hes asked about the atomic bomb he never really wavered much from his belief that it was the right thing to do. In 1964 and 1945, there was a Television Series looking at trumans decisions. And the Truman Library is very fortunate to have many of these outtakes on the youtube channel. This is one of those. Its quite short where it talks about the decision to drop the atomic bomb. So when we issued the ultimatum to japan to surrender, the only answer we got was to go to the devil. Yet all this time some of their people seem to be acting behind their backs to the cameras trying to sue for peace in one underhand way or another. Well oh. Applied that way we knew there was only one of two things to do. We could advance and fight inches away losing a million of our own men or drop the atomic bomb. We dropped the bomb. And still there was no reaction. We learn later that the japanese cabinet met and finally there were enough who agreed to surrender to split the cabinet in half. One half in favor of surrender, the other determined to fight on. In this spirit, the emperor was finally called on to give his opinion. Unprecedented move. He didnt want his people to die more than he wanted to surrender. Yet the military was so strong that they still wouldnt notify us of their capitulation. So we had to drop the second bomb on nagasaki. That did it. The cabinet met again. And really decided but that wasnt the end. They notified us that they would accept an Unconditional Surrender but implied that the condition that this emperor might be retained in some way. The emperor made a recording of the pronouncement to the japanese people for the radio. The first time the japanese populous ever heard his voice. Yet, dont you think that one military group didnt speak into the office break in and try to record not try to head off that record so it couldnt be broadcast. They did broadcast it. And they surrendered. Ill tell you without those two abombs dropped on them to show we met business they might never have surrendered even though they knew. But they would have killed 3 million more people on both sides. Thats why there is no question that in view of the whole Japanese Military had on their people the dropping of the bomb was the only sensible thing to do. It was the only thing to do. Okay. I think those are my ten artifacts. And i think were ready for questions. Excellent. Thank you, mark, for a wonderful presentation. If you have a question and havent added it, the q a feature at the bottom of your screen, please go ahead and do so now. You can also like a question that has already been submitted that you would like to see answered. So our first question is, were the targets listed in that document in priority order . If so, what moved up nagasaki to be the second location . I dont believe they were in priority order, no. They were there and a lot of the decision was going to be based on the weather. I know for nagasaki the weather was much more cooperative than some other locations. As far as i understand it, i dont believe that those were priority. Thats a great question. I think it was more weather dependent. Okay. Our next question comes from zachary. It says how did the museum get the plug . Is there a story . I believe it was donated by commander ashworth and lieutenant barnes, but i can double check that. Thats what i understand. All right. I think just to clarify, it may have been passed from ashworth on to others. I dont think he directly met president truman, but it was passed through the chain to be given to president truman eventually. All right. Our next question comes from ed. Were the materials koriered potsdam, trying to better understand the manner of Document Exchange in very different times . They were often curried. Although they did have a telegraph system. All right. Our next question comes from thomas who asked how was the report sent to truman the u. S. To potsdam . Sorry. I didnt read that in advance. Basically the same question. Thats okay. All right. Next one from deborah. Where are the videos available in. The videos is available i love that question. The Truman Library has its own youtube channel. Probably the easiest way to get to it rather than give you a long url is go to trumanlibrary. Gov, scroll to the bottom of the page and youll see the little icon for youtube, little play button. You click on that button and you go all the way into it will take you directly to the Truman Library youtube page. What i like how the way that page is organized is there are play lists so you can look at play lists and find the area of history youre particularly interested in. If youre interested in the 1940 Election Campaign or trumans earlier life or post presidency, theyre organized in that way so you can see different areas of trumans life and times and presidency through those play lists because you actually added quite a lot during the last few months. Excellent. All right. Our next question comes from michael. And it says what is your response to the claim that we dropped the bomb to show the russians that we meant business and not the japanese . You know, im going to sound a little like a politician here. So im a federal employee. And we preserve and document all of the materials related to president truman and his life and times. And really our goal is to let you decide as the researcher to come and look at the materials either on our website or in person when we reopen after covid19 ends and decide for yourself based on the evidence. Of course we might have individual opinions about things, but as a federal employee and as a federal institution, we encourage you to research and decide for yourself. We dont dictate what the opinion should be. Honestly, we hope that our new museum exhibits that are open later this year are the same tenant that you decide for yourself on the accomplishments of president truman, good or bad. Excellent. All right. The next question comes from kim. It says will there be new documents, in the old one the rumor about the bomb did not have this. Few people know about the training of the japanese civilians to attack our soldiers. Trumans aide george ellsley remarked about that to the author dennis jan grek koe. I believe that particular episode is not necessarily covered in the exhibits itself, although it sounds like a great public program. What we do have a number of audio pieces that will look at the japanese perspective alongside the American Perspective on the reactions to the dropping of the bomb in a very balanced way. So both american and japanese perspectives on the use of the bomb are used in an Audio Program that we plan to have in that same gallery where we have the sudako crane and the safety plug. We obviously realize what an incredibly controversial decision it was by president truman. We are very well aware of the smithsonian and the controversy in the 1990s. And our goal is to present the information and allow the visitor to decide. We have a comment book that weve had in the past when we dealt with the atomic bomb and were going to have again so that people can reflect their own opinion there. But we are going to try to provide all the information that we can from both sides of multiple opinions, more than two sides in that gallery space. Excellent. Our next question comes from bart. It says is there any evidence that president truman deliberated to use the weapons or not . Any history of any moral debate . Theres some but not a whole lot. I think truman had the main goal of ending the war as quickly as possible. Now, theres a couple of things that are of things that are factoring in at the same time as the testing is taking place in new mexico, and what they deemed as a successful test. In that same month, in july, as you may well know, the United States had broken the currents of japanese intelligence, and they were received, i think im right on this, around about a million messages a month from the japanese. One of the crucial threads they were following was where the japanese buildup of troops were for a planned land invasion by the United States. And there is land invasion intercepts the japanese were actually building up their troops in far greater numbers, in exactly the locations the American Forces were landing were going to land with an invasion in the fall and then the following spring. So there were certainly some hesitation about a land invasion once they started to read those intercepts. The other part of that, of course, was really they decided after looking at those intercepts that the japanese, although some of those were saying they wanted to negotiate a surrender through the russians, they really were not ready for an Unconditional Surrender. So i thing think the intelligence code breaking reenforced the opinion to use the weapon as quickly as possible and to end the war as quickly as possible. When truman was questioned about it later, you saw that video from the 1960s. He often reminded people about pearl harbor and the fact that that attack had happened while they were not at war, and arguments of that nature. Interesting. All right. Our next question comes from corey. And it says, how great of a role did secretary of state stimson have in this decision, if any . Secretary of war stimson, just to be careful about the right title. He was crucial. Not only did he really head up the Manhattan Project, overseeing, he was supervisor in a sense, to use our modern day terminology for that, so he was obviously very much the first person to find out what was happening with the Manhattan Project, but he was also very close confidante to truman. You saw my first document in the presentation, hes the one who tells truman about it. When the Committee Meets in the summer, stimson is really the one who is not making the decisions but certainly at the forefront of those decisions and was a really key player. I wouldnt say one person over another made those decisions, but in the top five, stimson certainly is one of those who truman goes to for advice and leans on for suggestions of what to do. And stimsons involved in discussions later about sharing the information with the soviets and the setup of the Atomic Energy commission and all of these other things that stimson was already seeing what the world would look like after the war was over, what would we do with this power, and how would it be shared with the world, so stimson was rather far reaching in that regard. All right, we have time for a few more questions. Our next one comes from joran and it says how did trumans family react to the dropping of the atomic bomb . I think, you know, this is a harder question because as far as im aware, theres not a great deal of evidence that we have, you know, and we like as historians and archivists and educators to rely on evidence for a response. But everything i have read about first Bess Wallace Truman and Margaret Truman is they were entirely supportive of truman. Theres not too many decisions i have found that they may have disagreed with truman on, or if they did, they didnt express it publicly. Unfortunately, i mentioned all of those letters that truman wrote that we have in the museum and library collection. But we really dont have Bess Wallace Trumans letters after the time that he sent when hes Vice President and president , we dont have any of bess letters. They were burned. She burned them. And so we dont have that evidence to say exactly what she thought about it. But i can only imagine she was supportive of him and that the war was over very quickly after that. So i cant imagine that there would be any criticism of what he did as president in this particular case. All right, and our last question comes from pat, who asks, were there ever any thoughts of using the bomb on tokyo . There were some discussions of that. One of the reasons that hiroshima and nagasaki, along with the weather, they wanted to use the bomb on cities that had not received any kind of destruction so it was easy is the wrong word, but thats the only word i can think of right now. It was easier to see the level of destruction. Tokyo, as you know, had received a lot of fire bombings and a lot of napalm and other attacks, so it would have been a little more difficult to show the level of destruction that the atomic bomb was capable of doing. So that was one of the reasons why tokyo was not chosen. Because of it already received damage in the past. These great questions, by the way. Keep them going. Lets do a few more then. All right. So our next question comes from delene. That says, i have always heard truman felt remorse after the dropping of the bomb. Did he revisit that decision later in life . That was one of the reasons i showed that video clip at the end from 196465 where he didnt seem to show much remorse there when he lives for another seven years now. Clifton Truman Daniel told a story back in april about how he kind of questioned that right towards the end of his life in 1972. And there is some conversations he has actually at Research Hospital in kansas city, where he passes away on december 26th, 1972, where he kind of has some discussions then about that. Im obviously not party to those conversations, but from what i can tell, there was maybe some i dont want to say second guessing, but just clarification, did i do the right thing . You know, is it the right thing to do, right towards the end, as far as i can tell. But Clifton Truman daniel has relaid a story about that in the past, about maybe some comments in the last year or two of his life where he wonders about that at the very end, which seems quite natural to me. And most of the time he makes those decisions as president , and of course, he was responsible for so many in that seven and a half years as president. He didnt really look back, but its not too surprising he may have questioned this one. When he was questioned publicly, whether it was on the Television Series i mentioned to you or in writing, as i mentioned before, he often referred back to pearl harbor and the attack by the japanese as a large part of his justification, and the second part was he was saving lives. The other part about saving lives that the historian brings up and even though it wasnt trumans intent, he saved a number of asian lives because of Japanese Occupation of asian countries. Richard frank estimates 400,000 japanese were saved, a mupthont believe it is, by the fact the japanese surrenders and were no longer causing those atrocities in asia. Thats another set of lives saved by the expedient surrender that otherwise wouldnt have happened. Excellent. Our next question is from james. Who says did truman ever visit japan . No, he did not. Now, i mentioned before his grandson Clifton Truman daniel, has visited numerous times. But truman did not visit japan, no. All right. I like those short answers. Short answers are good. This i think is definitely the most questions we have ever answered during a program. This is a big topic and a big anniversary. Yeah. All right. William asks, what was the timeline of Decision Making by president truman between the first and the second use of the atomic bomb . So there really wasnt a second decision. The way its been explained to me is that he authorized the militarys use of the bomb. So they had this new weapon, and they were able to use it. Once the reports came in of the amount of devastation and things like that, then after the second bomb, then truman said no for the future use of this, it goes back to the executive. Goes back to the president as commander in chief. So when he gave the first authorization for hiroshima, there was no second order needed. It was use as necessary. You have this new weapon. Now, there were only two. That even existed at that time. The third wasnt going to be ready until august 16th or august 17th. So there wasnt a third decision to be made. By then, if they were ready to use one, and japan had not already surrendered, it would have been trumans decision again. The first two, it was only one decision. Thats often misunderstood, but there was only one decision for the first two bombs. All right. Edwards asks, what would be your recommendation for the best book dealing with the decision to drop the bombs . Richard frank downfall of the i think Japanese Imperial empire. Something like that, but downfall is in the subheading. Even though its a little old now, it does include the information about the ultra and magic intercepts which some of the earlier studies did not include because a lot of those came out later on. And he also did a lot of his research with japanese and soviet archives as well. All right. Next question comes from debra. It says, was anyone in congress was there anyone in congress that knew about the Manhattan Project . You got me. Probably. Probably. Very few, though. It was a very tight circle. But i would hate to say no because there was a very tight circ circle. Its hard to say. I think you would have to go back and look at the Committee Notes and see who served on that committee. I dont think it got much further than that. Those minutes and notes are on our website. I would have to go back and look. I would imagine there was a few lead senators that were involved in those discussions, but very, very few. Im not going to a blanket no. I think there were a few. Sorry not so precise on that one. Our last question comes from robin, who says, did truman and oppenheimer ever meet . Gosh. Actually, you know, you got me. This is like stumped. I dont know that, actually. We will get back to you on that one. One of our archives may have to look that up. We have appointment calendars online. If i was quicker with my fingers, i would do a search for oppenheimer on our appointment calendar and see if his name pops up. That would just be his president ial appointments. So i actually dont know off the top of my head whether he did meet oppenheimer or not. I would guess that he did, but im just guessing. But our appointment calendar could probably come up although it may have been secret meetings and not recorded, too. Its not an all exclusive answer for that, but i would say off the top of my head, im sorry, i cant answer that question accurately. All right. Im going to look it up as soon as we get done, though. Well take a third and final question, then. So from dave, who says do you have any more information on the soviet spies that infiltrated the abomb Development Program in new mexico . We do, actually. And thats a whole other topic for discussion, but its pretty obvious that we have on record now that the spies were in new mexico. Truman did not know about them at the time. A lot of it came out later on about those spies. So thats a whole other presentation, but later on, it was found that were spies in new mexico. I believe its in 1949 that the soviets by that time, they have their atomic bomb. Its another four years later, but its shortly after, so yeah, there is a lot of information at the Truman Library about that and the sources as well about those soviet spies. And theres been books written about it as well. Youre watching American History tv. Every weekend on std st, explore our nations past. Cspan3, created by americas Cable Television companies as a Public Service and brought to you today by your television provider. Week nights this month, were featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan3. Tonight, a look at the 100th anniversary of womens suffrage. On august 18th, 1920, tennessee became the 36th and last state to ratify the 19th amendment. On the eve of the anniversary, we feature a conversation by the womens Suffrage Centennial commission with Hillary Clinton and carla hayden, followed by a forum on the 19th amendment hosted by all in together, which includes remarks by House Speaker nancy pelosi and former secretary of state condoleezza rice. Watch tonight beginning at 8 00 eastern, and enjoy American History tv this week and every weekend on cspan3. On august 6th at zero 815 japanese time, a b29 dropped atomic bomb number two on hiroshima, japans seventh largest city. A communications, military, and Industrial Center of considerable importance. A stunned universe now swiftly learned that man had a new weapon off
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