Compatible . No doubt, there is a need for intelligence communities to operate, threats exist. Foreign and domestic threats are real. Theyve been real throughout u. S. History. But for over a century in addition to taking action against real threats to the lives of american citizens, bureaus and agencies within the United States government have surveilled those who have expressed what they call Strong Political views that run counter to the prevailing government political paradigm. This challenges the notion that if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear. I will come back to that later in our discussion. Maybe you adhere to that view, maybe you are on the fence about it, maybe you reject it. That is fine. We will discuss it later. But the history of abuse of surveillance necessitates that discussion. The same tools used to protect can be used against citizens for sometimes nefarious reasons. Going back in history, in 1908, Teddy Roosevelts attorney general creates a squad of special investigators known as the bureau of investigation and by the 1930s, the federal bureau of investigation, the fbi. In the fbis own history, they have a long narrative of their history and they link the creation of the fbi to the Progressive Movement. It was very active at that period of time. The Progressive Movement says that the federal government must intervene to Foster Justice in an industrial society. That fostered that unrest and terrible working conditions and so forth. So the Progressive Movement inspires things like the fda, to ensure the food youre getting has labels and what you are eating is actually what you think you are eating. It will eventually lead to child labor laws, but it also creates this nationwide Law Enforcement body that is able to keep tabs on criminals throughout the country that did not exist prior to this time. The fbis history explains the creation in the face of the rise of crime and corruption in politics and big business, all of it accompanying the turn of the century as well as National Security concerns, particularly with regard to anarchism. As well as threats of war times. Subversion and espionage that we talk about the other week when we talk about free speech. The fbi in 1939 makes its first effort to infiltrate groups. Antienlistment groups, antimilitarist groups. They will spy on the American Civil Liberties union, the evangelical association of churches, the nationwide labor federation, the naacp, the new orleans womens center, the American Friends Service committee, the quaker social justice organization, the womens Peace Movement led by jane adams, prolabor singers liek pete seeger, et cetera. Sometimes these people and organizations are investigated for decades. These are not violent revolutionary threats. But rather political dissidents who oppose certain aspects of u. S. Policy, and perhaps the particular form of government we have, but they do this through pacific means. As we noted on our speech on free speech, political spying will begin right around 1908 and will run until about 1924 and then will stop for about a decade. The impetus to stop it is the first red scare. Immediately after the first world war, november of 1918 and into 1919, a number of actions will raise a lot of concerns about government surveillance. The seattle general strike in early 1919 shuts down the city. Tens of thousands of workers go on strike across industries. In the spring of 1919 a bomb plot is broken up and then there is a wave of anarchist bombings in the summer targeting prominent people including the attorney general. His house is down on r where r hit massachusetts. They create the radical division to deal with this resurgence of anarchi anarchism. Headed by j. Edgar hoover. It compiles files on roughly 200,000 individuals. The bureau uses those files to round up suspected radicals in a series of raids in 1919 and 1920. This occurs in 40 cities across the United States. Some people rounded up are wellknown, like emma goldman, other people are arrested simply because they appeared foreign. Many of those arrests were held incommunicado for months. Some were put on a boat and sent to russia for alleged anarchist beliefs. There is tremendous political backlash because of this. In particular because many of those rounded up again are not engaged in radical violent behavior. Maybe they hold radical views, but nonetheless they have not engaged in anything. Some of them are simply immigrants. Immigrants from russia, from southern and eastern europe. So the political backlash brings the fbis spying to a halt. People that may have been inclined to support this roundup at first, especially in light of immigration quotas put in place. It totally shut down immigration from east asia as we will talk about next week. 1929 sees the end of a ten year long Intelligence Organization known by the black chamber, made up of people from the state department and Army Intelligence essentially for ten years starting in 1919 and running until 1929, Western Union had provided the black chamber with information. This was shut down by henry stimson. He opposed spying on the u. S. diplomatic allies, not spying in general, but spying on u. S. Diplomatic allies. Saying dont read each others mail. There is a Supreme Court case at the end of the 1920s about wiretapping, whether tapping into someones phone conversation, does that violate the Fourth Amendment . Here is what the Fourth Amendment says, the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated and no warrant issued but upon probable cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized. William taft joins the Supreme Court and speaks for the courts decision to rule against the notion that wiretapping violates the Fourth Amendment and that will last roughly 40 years. Here is what he says, in favor of wiretaps, claming they dont violate the Fourth Amendment. Congress may of course protect the secrecy of telephone messages by making them inadmissible evidence in federal criminal trials by direct legislation. If Congress Wants to rule on it, it can. But the courts cannot adopt such a policy by attributing a large and unreasonable meaning to the Fourth Amendment. If one installs a telephone into his house with connecting wires, intends to project his voice to those quite outside, those wires are not within the protection of the Fourth Amendment. The cases we have cited nor any of the many federal decisions brought to our attention hold the amendment to have in my opinion a defendant unless there has been an official search and seizure against his person or seizure of his personal and tangible effects or invasion of his house for the purpose of making such a seizure. An act by government officials would make society suffer and give terminals greater immunity than before. What he is saying here is if you are using a telephone machine, it is connected to wires that go outside of your house to speak to someone going outside of your home and thus someone tapping into your life is not actually going into your home and searching your belongings. That is outside your home and doesnt fall inside the Fourth Amendment. This is how the court rules in 1928. But i want to hit on the last thing he says. Let me say it again, a standard which would forbid the exception of evidence by government officials would make society suffer and give criminals greater immunity than has been known here heretofore. Brandeis dissented here. Heres what he said, in particular regarding tafts last comments. Which are in some ways saying the ends justify the means. Decency, security, and liberty alike demand that government officials shall be subjected to the same rules of conduct that are commands to the citizen. Existence of the government will be imperiled if it fails to observe the law scrupulously. Existence of the government will be imperiled if it fails to observe the law skrub scrupulously. It teaches the whole people by example. Crime is contagious. If the government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law. It invites every man to become a law unto himself. It invites anarchy. If the ends justify the means, that the government can commit crimes to secure the conviction of a criminal, it would bring terrible retribution. This court should resolutely set its face political spying ends in the 1920s to 1926 when Franklin Roosevelt requests it be resumed. What we see is that government surveillance doesnt target any particular group nor one particular party or ideology. Franklin roosevelt, the great liberal democrat, requests that political spying be reinstated in 1936, led by j. Edgar hoover appointed head of the bureau of investigation at the age of 29, younger an i am. Hoover helped put together a list, but nonetheless escaped the political fallout. The blade came down on the heads of a few people higher up than him. The bureau rebounded within the decade. Hoover emphasized the role as a Crime Fighting organization. Particularly in the 1930s, with famous criminals like john dillinger. And the reputation of the fbi rebounds. Fdr, concern about soviet spies and concerned about fascists. This is the mid1930s. Fascism is on the rise in europe. There are several u. S. Based groups that rise large enough that the American Nazi Party can hold a rally in Madison Square garden. After hitler invades poland, the fbi is authorized to investigate treason, sabotage, all crimes. Hoover adds to the list subversive activities. It is unclear how much Franklin Roosevelt, how much the attorney general knew of the extent of what hoover would do. There is no record of the meeting and exactly what was said and roosevelt has bigger fish to fry in some sense. He has an economic depression that continues to grind along. He will ultimately have the war to deal with, but even prior to the United States century, there is a looming war, but hoover renews this. His renewal is authorized outside the courts and he discourages roosevelts legislation because he is sure he wont get approval. Congress has been suspicious of the bureau to even be created in the first place, the creation of a secret police force. Fdr approves the resumption of political spying without congressional approval. He supports hoovers suggestion which will not pass to have every american fingerprinted. The Newest Technology at the time. Groups that dont want to go to war in europe, trying to ensure that america wont come involved in anything happening over there. Fdr says he sees nothing wrong investigating groups false teachings. His house had been bombed, and that may have colored his views of political dissidents. Fdr has hoover look into political opponents as well. In particular, he has the fbi investigates several senators and public figures including charles lindbergh, all of whom oppose any intervention in europe. Hoover learns from the experience that he can curry neighbor and gain leverage by digging into any of the president s perceived enemies. For example, he never blackmails the kennedy brothers, but he does give robert kennedy, the attorney general, monthly updates of everybody he knows, accusations against him and family members. On the one hand, perhaps this is helpful personal knowledge. But it also ensures the kennedys know that hoover knows everything that everybody is doing. The kennedys have the inclination to shut down what they may be doing, they will know in the back of their mind that hoover has tabs on anything they have been doing. The restoration of spying takes place in the context of an emerging National Security state, one we are familiar with today. When the Second World War ends, the cold war begins shortly thereafter. The House Unamerican Activities Committee and the federal governments massive Loyalty Program designed to snuff out anybody that might have dissenting political views, all rely on fbi reports. In 1956, the fbi goes on the offensive. Creating cointelpro, cpusa. Specifically designed to target the communist party. It is specifically counterintelligence rather than prosecutorial. Theyre not trying to dig up evidence to go to court, theyre trying to destroy political enemies of the government. One, Legal Proceedings against communist Party Leaders have been very successful in sending a number of them to prison. The laws are favorable during this period of time, but it also exposed fbi informants. Hoover was not keen on that. And in 1956 and 57 the court begins to roll back laws put in place in the late 30s and early 40s that had given free reign to round up anybody that is a member of a group that might overthrow the United States government, which in court terms was interpreted loosely. It was used to put top leaders of the communist party in jail. Leaders, by the way, who were operating for a foreign party. But this rollback leads to the creation of this program. Hoovers calls for actions over influence over the masses, information leading to confusion and disunity, penetration of specific channels in human life, espionage, and sabotage potential. Of those, the last two are illegal, but influence over the masses, ability to create controversy, penetration of specific channels of American Life where Public Opinion is molded, you may find the ideas of the communist party to be reprehensible, nonetheless, those are not specifically illegal things. It effectively destroys what remains of the communist party. From 1966 to 1971 there are 1,388 actions against the communist party. It dropped to maybe 1,000 active members in the 60s. Large part of that is due to legal measures used against the party. They take a huge hit in 1956 when khruschev comes to power in the soviet union. He was a monster who conducted show trials of political enemies and people he thought might be political enemies. That has a huge effect turning people away from the communist party. But hoover takes he will not let it go, even though the party is well past the point where its even a remotely conceivable threat to the United States. Planting evidence to suggest Party Leaders are informants, right . Plant evidence and hope somebody comes along and believes they are an fbi informant, creating a fake communist organization. Are you a marxist or a trotskyite, they foster that dissent. My personal favorite of these, operation hoodwink, send false documents to provoke a fight between the communist party and the sicilian mafia. The fbi is well aware of how the cosa nostra deals with threats. Here is the suggestion on how to deal with this. Lets see. This is an agent requesting bureau permission to mail the following letter to be mailed to the same Teamster Union locals in the philadelphia area. Dear union boss, i am the loyal union man who wrote you in january. I have more news from you. You will remember that i told you i heard from my commie brotherinlaw the leaders of the party had been in moscow. Among the instructions was trying to get rid of the hoodlums and undocumented in this country. I talked to my brotherinlaw and he asked how things were going, he told me he knew there would need a lot of gangsters in my union, but told me that in february several leaders were in hungary meeting Party Leaders of other countries and it came out again that his party is going to clean up the gangster controlled unions in this country. I told him he was all wet. But i didnt use those words. Im concerned these commies mean business. Here is an anonymous, fake letter that the fbi is going to send. Suggesting that the International Communists will be targeting the sicilian mafia. This is a lie. The fbi says internally, with respect to the above letter, it is a act that members of the communist party were in budapest, hungary, to attend a meeting of the communist workers party. Two of the three leaders have returned to the United States, however, the information in the letter in hungary, it came out again how this party is going to clean up the gangsters has no basis in fact. A few typographical errors will be inserted into the letter. Blah, blah, blah. This is a plot to create dissent. The fbi knows what will happen if mafia comes after them, the plan is to create dissent. The plan is for someone to retaliate violently. There is no evidence that this actually worked, by the way, but it is not for lack of trying. Its also used to attack a unitarian minister and members of this congregation who circulated information against the House Unamerican Activities Committee. The fbi attempts to smear a lawyer to sink his campaign. This is not surveillance of violent threats, this is something different. The fbi will also the target the black Civil Rights Movement. The fbi began investigating the naacp for communist links, finds nothing, nonetheless it attempts to get the naacp on a list of diverse of organizations. Martin luther king jr. Was investigated in the late 1950s. King gave a speech at a school accused of being a communist training center. Theres a billboard that floated around the south. Martin luther king at communist training school, there he is. It was not a communist training school. Spoiler. This billboard accusation is rooted in inaccurate history. They did it of course to further the partys interest, they saw it as a great wedge issue. But this was hyping the fear spread by many segregationists that the Civil Rights Movement was a communist front to create social unrest in the United States. Martin luther king jr. Sent a thank you letter to an excommunist party leader for donating blood to help him. Hoover quietly tells congressmen, senators, and the kennedys that lawyers and king advisors is a communist party member taking orders from moscow. He left the party in 1950. The information that hoover uses to make this allegation is over five years old. It comes from two informants, thats it. The fbi had attempted to recruit levinsohn. How much that could he be if they attempted to turn him . There is no evidence, nevertheless, hoover insists that king is secretly a communist for years. Here is the head of cointelpro operations, William Sullivan shortly after the march on washington in Martin Luther king jr. s i have a dream speech, we must mark king as the most dangerous negro in the future of the nation from the standpoint of communism, the negro, and National Security. It may be unrealistic to restrict our actions to legalistic proofs that will stand up in court or before congressional committees. Robert kennedy approves wiretaps of kings home in the fall of 1963 after the march on washington. The fbi will also tap kings hotel rooms. Which kennedy maybe did not know about, unclear. In 1964, the fbi goes after king after tipping the press about alleged communist ties and sexual proclivities. I find nothing untoward. Shortly after he is named nobel prize winner, the fbi compiles a composite tape of kings extramarital sexual encounters. The idea is to send one tape to make it sound like king is having a sexual encounter with several women in his hotel room. Its just a composite of several different instances. They send this tape to king anonymously with a letter. King, in view of your this is from the fbi. In view of your abnormal personal behavior, i will not dignify your name with a mr. Or a reverend, or a doctor, your name calls to mind only a king like that of henry the eighth. Look into your heart, you know you are rate fraud and liability or all of our us negros this is definitely a dude from the fbi. White people dont have a fraud that is anyone near your equal. You are a colossal fraud, you could not believe in god or act as if you do. You are filth, et cetera, et cetera. Protestants, catholics, and jews will know you for what you are, an evil abnormal beast. You are done. There is only one thing left to do. You know what it is. You have 34 days left. You are done. There is but one way out for you. You had better take it before your filthy, abnormal self is bared to the nation. He is encouraged to kill himself because he is such a threat to the nation in their view. King does not obviously kill himself. The fbi then offers to turn the tape over to the press. The press turns him down and the fbi backs off in the face of a looming congressional investigation into federal surveillance. From 1965 to 67, Lyndon Johnson takes over for the assassinated kennedy, cracks down on wiretapping. There are a couple of court cases, katz versus the United States. In these cases the Supreme Court changes its tune and says wiretaps must follow the same procedures as a warrant. Following probable cause. The people initiating the tap have to specify the crime they are investigating, specify the conversations to be seized. In 1968 congress then follows suit. Setting specific standards for setting wiretaps. This will not stop cointel overall. They will surveil several groups such as the black panther party. The fbi will go after the new left and the ku klux klan. They will successfully undermine both, to some degree, as we will talk about. Then watergate, a special Committee Led by frank church, a democrat from idaho, to investigate the intelligence community. Someone managed to break into an fbi headquarters somewhere, grab a bunch of documents. When they got back to their hidey hole, they discovered they had a whole bunch of these cointelpro documents which nobody know existed. It starts leaking out to the press. There had basically been no major effort in intelligence reform prior to this despite records that the federal government had used information for blackmail for budgets policies. And the occasional public screwup like the bay of pigs invasion. There are committees, but they clearly did nothing. There is what the Church Committee discovers, it is a laundry list of awful things. The fbi had files on over 1 million americans, investigated 500,000 of them. That produced zero court convictions. The National Security agency had investigated every cable sent or received by americans overseas 1947 to 75. The irs allowed Tax Information to be used by intelligence agencies for political purposes. Lyndon johnson ordered the cia to spy on antiwar protesters believing the soviets or chinese had to be behind it, because he couldnt wrap his mind around the idea that American Students were on their own so deeply opposed to his policies. Particularly when he had thrown so much weight behind civil rights. It has to be the soviets, it has to be the chinese directing these students. This is a direct violation of the cias charter. Which prohibits it from conducting Domestic Intelligence operations. The name was operation chaos, theyre not even trying to hide how serious the stuff is. Operation chaos indexes 300,000 names with indepth files on over 7,000 people, no evidence of foreign direction found for any of them. Not entirely roadway related to our class but worth noting, the cia conducted drug experiments and participated in efforts to assassinate foreign political leaders. Sometimes successfully, sometimes not. This was a gun that was supposed to give someone a heart attack if you shot them with it. So it looked like they had not been assassinated. Cointelpro was not spying, it was proactive lyrical intelligence. The lesson here, antifascist and anticommunist paranoia of the early cold war built this momentum that led to the famous red scare, the house unamerican activities investigations, later mccarthyism. But it doesnt end, instead it carries through to the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 60s and 70s. The ends justify the means in the governments view. Mondale, were you concerned about its legality . Legality . Whether it was legal. In what sense . Whether it would have been a legal thing to do . Yes. That particular aspect didnt enter the discussion. I was asking whether you were concerned whether that would be legal and proper. We didnt consider it at the time, no. Right, the threat seems so egregious that in the minds of these folks, they will just act to address the threat and deal with legal consequences later even though there turns out to be no evidence that there was a nefarious plot by the soviets or the chinese to inspire antiwar protests, Civil Rights Movement activities, and so forth. Ryan . I was curious, when you were talking about the fbi counterfeiting letters to mlk, what year was that . That was 64, right after he received the nobel peace prize. Thank you. Yeah. The results of this Church Committee investigations, on the legal side, this probably the most important legacy, better checks on foreign and Domestic Intelligence agencies. This is opposed by the white house and the intelligence community. By some Government Conservatives at the time, especially the hardcore anticommunist ones. They argue this will cap the ability of the United States to protect itself. There were legal routes through which legal objectives wouldve been met. They argue that security and liberty are compatible. In 1978, Congress Passes the board surveillance act which creates a special court to review wiretap requests. This is meant to draw a line between foreign and domestic spying. Monitor threats while protecting the Civil Liberties of american citizens. There is also a tenyear term limit placed on fbi directors. Hoover is a director from 1924 until he dies in 1941. No more 48year czars. Nonetheless, here we are, because this doesnt stop. In the 80s the fbi spies on those opposed to Ronald Reagans policies in south america. Code pink, burning man, are spied on. The terrorist attacks of september 2001 unsurprisingly are a huge impetus to reboot this kind of program. Fear drives the feeling that you must act regardless of the legal propriety of it, deal with the consequences later. The nsa after september 11th begins collecting the metadata of every phone call in the United States from major carriers. Which is just like, who did you call, how did you call them, what time, what date. Phone conversations, the actual transcripts, so long as someone is outside of United States. Or involved in international terrorism, as far as the fisa court is concerned. Internet communications, ostensibly, they will always be allowed to do this so long as one person is outside the United States, but inevitably domestic conversations are collected, too, because there is no automatic way to sort out foreign and domestic traffic. Our world is all interconnected, and what do you do when apples servers are in ireland . The nsa reported in 2005, 2006 and confirmed years later with the revelation of the snowden documents, there was a review of this broad Data Collection under george w. Bush. The department of justice determined it is illegal and bush decided to reup it anyway and only the threatened resignation of Robert Mueller and james comey keeps him from doing so. But the fisa Committee Approves it. The Church Committee, at a time when peoples suspicion of the government was through the roof. Americans will never trust the government again. This comes at the same time as american citizens and attempting to murder foreigners and the fbi has been infiltrated and destroying dissident political groups including peace activists. Within the africanamerican community, you could point to things, the suspicion the fbi set up king to be assassinated in memphis. Not that they did it, but they knew an assassination attempt was coming and chose to do nothing. The suspicion the cia intentionally introduced heroin and then crack to the black community to destroy it within. Whatever the evidence suggests, the reason theres so much suspicion in front is because the fbi did infiltrate civil rights organizations and attempt to destroy them through nefarious, sometimes violent means, so of course the suspicion is there. And yet, how uncomfortable are we when we carry tracking devices everywhere we go. Always knows where we are. Soon this will be scanning your face. We want police to wear body cameras. Those cameras can be used to film our private residences. Tasers, right . The company taser, taser is like kleenex. Its actually a company. Taser is developing software so Police Body Cameras will soon have facial recognition software. So youll scan your face here and police if you walk down the street will know who you are. We use these, this tracks everywhere you have gone, every purchase you have made. If you use a metro card, it tracks everywhere you have gone in the city. Fitness software that tracks how many steps you took, knows where all those steps were. Now, on the one hand, some of this is necessary. You want the police to be able to effectively police. Of course. It would be this is loaded very much, this lecture is loaded very much in a direction that is like no surveillance, but, of course, there is necessity for it. Violent actors do exist in the world. Crimes very much take place. Some of this is innocuous. Its good to track your health. I enjoy personally receiving coupons from my Grocery Store based on the purchases i have made. Its a little weird to know they know what bagels i like or what creamer i use. Nonetheless, its awesome, because its cheaper. But someone is tracking all that stuff. And thats the flip side of this, on the other hand, yes, some of this is innocuous. Yes, some of this is necessary. It is actually advantageous to Law Enforcement, it keeps us safe. On the other hand, it requires faith in the person at the switch. That person at the switch now may not be the person at the switch now may not be the next person at the switch the next administration around or ten years down the road. I remember listening to bill moyers interview in 2008 when cia stuff was in the media and being kicked around. And this scholar deeply opposed to what the nsa had been doing made this poin. And if you support what the George Bush Administration is doing as a necessary action to keep us safe from the threat of terrorism, and i dont know how old you were. Not very old. But i distinctly remember how frightening that period was. We didnt quite know what was going on. I was a sophomore in college on september 11th. So i definitely remember that period. His argument was that imagine, which then seemed the likely outcome, Hillary Clinton at the hands of that switch. The clintons were the great bugaboo of the right since the 90s when clinton was president. Hillary clinton looked like the presumptive nominee for the democratic party. And that is his argument. You may support this now but then imagine Hillary Clinton having it and you could expand this kind of thinking to other subjects as well. You might support for example the Obama Administration use of drones to target terrorists around the world. Or suspected terrorists around the world. Right . You might think obama has good judgment. This prevents u. S. Troops from having to go and risking their lives. It is quick and easy. Okay. If you supported the Obama Administration and its use of that, i imagine you may not have voted for the current president. But he has use of the same tool. And if you do support the current president , the next president that comes down the line, perhaps a more leftleaning democratic candidate, who the heck knows what will happen, that person will have their hand on the switch. This is the thing to think about, right. Dont it is easy in the moment to get sucked into the fear and the concerns that we have. Theyre not always unfounded or not always unreasonable, but keep many mind longterm effects. Once the jeannie is out of the box, its tough to get it back in. No government is going to willingly surrender power. Government agencies dont do that either. They just dont. That is not their nature. So do you subscribe to the notion that if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear . Well talk about those issues in our class discussion next time. Thanks, everybody. Tonight on American History tv, our series landmark cases continues. Produced in cooperation with the National Constitution center, we explore the issues and people and places involved in some of the most significant Supreme Court cases. We begin at 8 00 eastern with tinker versus des moines which established that students dont lose First Amendment rights on school grounds. And then at 9 35, New York Times versus United States which restricts the governments power over the press and broadened journalists First Amendment protections. Watch landmark cases tonight on cspan3 and any time at cspan. Org. Have you watched lectures in history lately . Every saturday on cspan3, go inside a different classroom and hear about topics ranging from american revolution, civil rights and u. S. President s to 9 11. Thanks for your patience and for logging into class. With most College Campuses closed due to the impact of the coronavirus watch professors transfer to virtual setting to engage with their students. Gorbachev did most of the work to change the soviet union but reagan met him halfway, reagan encouraged him, reagan supported him. Freedom of the press, which ill get to later, i should mention, madison called it freedom of the use of the press. It is indeed freedom to print things and publish things, it is not a freedom for what we now refer to institutionally as the press. Lectures in history on American History tv on cspan3 every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Lectures in history is also available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Up next on American History tv, a 1945 news reel about the founding meeting of the united nations. The u. N. Charter was signed in june of that year by more than 40 nations