Somewhere beyond this bridge is the enemy. There have been steady aerial strikes. And heavy artillery barrages. But he is still along way from being defeated. He still has his will to fight. How can we weaken that will . How can we defeat it . By physical force, yes, thats the most effective way. But theres still another force applied in combat that we generally dont think of as a weapon of war. That weapon is words. Yes, in a situation like this, words are weapons. Now that the enemy has had a strong dose of our military power, the impact of words may provide the final persuasion. Words that go Something Like this. Soldiers of north korea, youre surrounded. Your comrades are dying. You will die next. There is just one hope. Leave your positions tonight. This is psychological warfare. Or at least its one phase. As a weapon of war, psychological warfares no novelty. It is as old as war itself, but the use of this force as an integral part of combat has now taken on new forms. And it works in many different ways. The printed word. And the spoken word. Both hammer away at a single objective. Defeat the enemy. On 25 june 1950, the enemy is mor l rall at its peak and few weak spots that could be attacked psychologically. Still, within 48 hours of the outbreak of fighting in korea, the u. N. Began waging its battle in support of our military objective. First operations parallel the early techniques of world war ii. When psychological warfare played a big supporting role in the military theatre. Initially, cy war was forced to conduct a military action. Its mpropaganda was designed to uplift the badly sagging morale of south korea. Then as our military effort shifted from defensive to offensive, so did cy war. Result. Desertion. Dissension. Lowered morale and surrender. Our propaganda was beginning to pay off ch meanwhile, the National Program found its stride. On 15 january 1951 at the top army level, cy was established. This had far reaching results. In colleges and universities, Educational Programs were instituted. Laboratory experiments and research led to new and better psychological warfare. Reserve units were recalled and several new units activated and at ft. Riley, kansas, a cy War Training School was established. Here, recruits with specialized backgrounds were taught the nature, methods and techniques of propaganda and its disseminati dissemination. Meanwhile, like the fighting in korea, cy war operations went into high gear. At general headquarters, tokyo, staff planning and supervision are handled by the cy war section while the operating unit in tokyo is the first Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Group. This group conducts strategic propaganda. Currently broadcasting in japan and korea are 32 radio stations. For about four hours every evening, this station delivers propaganda that thrusts at the communists in north korea with facts. Radio presents these facts in any number of ways. Perhaps its most rewarding form of expression is news. News is ready made propaganda and to an enemy denied access to outside information, is as welcome as food and water. In addition to news, radio employs other techniques to attract the maximum audience. For example, messages from prisoners of war are broadcast, assuring their families that they are safe and well cared for. These awaited messages induce the enemy civilian to turn his set on and to make sure hell keep it on, prisoner war messages are spun at different times during the week. Often, a Radio Program takes the form of a drama, such as we see now. Dramatization is close to the or yen tall mind, for ever since his earliest schooling, hes taught by having these acted outside for him. Carefully planned and rehearsed, these dramatic offerings play heavily upon the emotions. There is no strict evaluation of radios achievement, but with a constant reputation of a free worlds point of view, it is certain to have a cumulative effect upon the enemy nerve. In this effort to weaken and harass the enemy, programs are also broadcast from mobile units in the field. Completely selfsustaining, they perform in numerous ways. As a relay station for larger networks, as stopgap to fill a temporary void or to lend direct support to the tactical operation. At the Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet GroupCentral Printing plant near tokyo, are produced all strategic and many leaflets. Every one has a central idea or issue, which is exploited by any number of themes. For instance, themes may strive to lower the enemys morale and make him more susceptible to propaganda when he reaches the front lines. In these cases, leaflets stress such points as the u. N. s stand against aggression. The historic friendship between the United States and the people of china and korea. The unfulfilled promises of communist leaders. And the horror of death away from home and family. Along with the mounting numbers of communist casualties, leaflets also stress the humane treatment of prisoners of war. And finally, the methods of surrender. In the selection of a theme, many factors must be considered. Does it capture the interest of the audience . Does it hold that interest . Above all, does it establish confidence in what were saying . A theme has been selected. The theme is needless death. First, an artist prepares a dramatic piece of art and the theme comes to light with a grief stricken mother visualizing the pointless death of her soldier son. Two versions are prepared. One for the koreans and one for the chinese. By using overlays, special care is given to tdetails of the soldiers gun and uniform. Even a small inaccuracy may destroy the effect of months of previous propaganda. The text that goes with the picture is first written in english. With the help of an interpreter, it is then translated into both korean and chinese. Short, punchy words make their point quickly. He is fed the thought that he will soon join the swelling victims of needless death. The final draft is reviewed. Carefully checked for errors. In many red units, offenders found reading u. N. Literature have been shot by the firing squad while their comrades were forced to look on. And finally, the leaflet is approved for production. One index of the leaflets effectiveness is what the enemy spins in guarding against it. As a method of psychological warfare, the leaflet is invaluab invaluable. Theyre impressed by realistic drawings and photographs. More over, its far more permanent than the spoken word, where it can be read and reread. After copy and artwork are okay, theyre photographed and processed. Plates are then mounted on the presses m although theyre worn by leaders, the leaflets are impregnated with germs and will rot their hands or make them blind. The size of a leaflet is such that it can be easily concealed. Leaflets are then packed in rolls so that the maximum number can be carried in one load. They are then placed into bombs. Normally, each bomb adates about 22,500 leaflets of lightweight paper. Bombs are systemically loaded into trucks and transported to the airfield. This b29 is about to range deep into Enemy Territory. It is a fighting craft equipped to take care of itself against enemy attack. We can only estimate roughly how many airmail copies of needless death will reach the enemy. Never the less, we know leaflets will scatter the seeds of unrest and possibly surrender. In korea, tactical propaganda is handled by cy war section, g3, eighth army. Operate iing under this section seoul is the first loud speaker and Leaflet Company. A large share of intelligence is gained by interrogating prisoners of war done by g2 teams. Special interrogation teams connect closer examinations of the prisoners and poll them. Often, they speak freely and offer important facts about the conditions they left behind them in their own front lines. This information, when evaluated and interpreted, has the leaflet themes. Since themes are often individually tailored to meet a front line situation, the l and l company must meet that situation before it changes. So that our propaganda can take advantage of the psychology of the hour, the companies are run off presses which can operate in buildings or in vans. Leaflets are dissim nated in two ways. First, by air, as we have seen. And second by artillery shells. Specifically adapted, these 105 millimeter shells can penetrate targets. Leaflet shells can also strike in combat zones in which aircraft can be impractical. In addition, these message filled missiles are able to penetrate densely wooded areas. Leaflets are printed in color and vivid contrast to the terrain they are aimed at. They are best fired at twilight, since it is still light enough to see where the enemy landed, yet dark enough to gather up the literature. Which is comeing to him air express. The loud speaker platoon of the loud speaker and Leaflet Company operates directly with the front line unit. These loud speakers are used to get across timely messages to the enemy in close proximity. Further more, illiteracy is prevalent among the chinese and north koreans, so the spoken message makes our meaning thoroughly clear. When more mobility is desired, loud speakers are mounted on tanks. The physical force of the tank coupled with the psychological force of the loud speaker is an ideal exam ple of cy wars most effective performance. A similar combination is the airborne loud speaker. A tactical aircraft, it can reach Enemy Territory inaccessible to ground loud speakers and it can cover both civilian control and gorilla areas. Because of their nostalgia value, the voices of Chinese Women are used. Some feel if a woman can fly over their positions, the communists must be losing the war. In the time that lies ahead, still newer methods of propaganda are growing out of research and exper menation. For cy war and its media of expression are dynamic. Always learning surer ways. Of break iing the spirit of the enemy. These are the cy war soldiers. They alone do not win victories in combat, but they have a potent weapon which they use to support infantrymen, the gunner, and the tanker in inflicting decisive defeat upon the enemy. Tonight on American History tv beginning at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, a night of programs on espionage. We begin with paul kix talking about his book. Which chronicles the world war ii exploits of robert fuco. Watch American History tv tonight and over the weekend on cspan3. American history tv on cspan3. Exploring the people and events that tell the american story every weekend. Coming up this weekend, 60 years ago, four africanamerican students protested segregation at a wool worth lunch counter in greensboro, north carolina, which began the lunch counter sit ins of the civil rights movement. On sunday at 00 a. M. Eastern, live on American History tv and washington journal, well discuss the sit ins and desegregation in the 1960s with tracey parker, author of Department Stores and the black freedom movement. Then at 4 00 p. M. Eastern on real america, two films on the civil rights movement. February 1, the story of the greensboro four and American Revolution of 63. And at 7 00 p. M. Eastern on oral histories, an interview with former Bennett College president and her role in the 1960 sit in protest in greensboro. Explore iing the american story. Watch American History tv this weekend on cspan3. The korean war ended with an armistice agreement in july 1953. Next, an oral history interview with veteran alan clark, recorded in fall uubrook, california in 2015. He talks about serving two tours in cokorea with the