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Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Im a board member of the Abraham Lincoln institute and a former executive director of the commission. Thank you for joining us today. Unlike that of winston churchill, abe lincolns humor tended toward selfdepravation. The spectators shouted that lincoln was being twofaced. Twofaced cried lincoln. If i had two faces, do you think i would wear this one . [ laughter ] lincolns humor was an essential component of his personality and political persona. Richard carwardine will explore with us whether his humor might also occasionally have been a handicap. Richard carwardine was educated at corpis kristy. He taught history before being appointed professor at Oxford University and a fellow of st. Catharines college. He was elected president of the college in 2010 and served in that post until 2016. He is the author of one of the finest modern biographies of the 16th president , lincoln a life of purpose and power which was awarded the lincoln prize in 2007 and lincolns sense of humor a doubleedged sword. Ladies and gentlemen, professor richard carwardine. [ applause ] good morning, fellow lincolnens. Im going to begin with a wellknown story familiar to some of you, i have no doubt. The occasion was an evening banquet in illinois. The month was february. The year 1856. The setting was a convention of republican newspaper editors. A Abraham Lincoln was there and spoke. He apologized for being an interloper as he put it and cast himself as the subject of a story about a man with features the ladies could not call handsome. Riding through the woods, he met a lady on horse back. He waited on her to pass but instead she stopped before saying, well, for lands sake, you are the homeliest man i ever saw. Yes, madam, but i cant help it, he replied. No, i suppose not. Said the lady. But you might stay at home. [ laughter ] once the editors had stopped laughing, lincoln said he felt that with propriety, he might have stayed at home. Well, the story is i chose it because its particularly apt. I was scheduled to speak her last year at this symposium but when it came to it, i stayed at home. And now i may possibly be the ugliest man youve ever seen, though i certainly hope not. But that wasnt why i stayed away. I simply wasnt well enough to travel. So im especially grateful to president john white and the executive committee of the Abraham Lincoln institute for extending the invitation a second time and i want to thank michael who stepped in to fill the gab a year ago. While i was working on my book on lincolns humor, i was aware of those who questioned my choice of a subject so seemingly lacking in gravitas and so marginal to the big issues of lincolns time. I believe that people are as much revealing about themselves when theyre being funny. It was plato who reflected serious things cannot be grasped without ridiculous ones. No one indulged in humor more than lincoln. It was as characteristic of him as his stove pipe hat. But it was an intensic way of the man, a habit of mind. It excessed his humanity, his sense of proportion, his understanding of human foibles. What prompted my research and my inquiry was a remark lincoln made to david ross lock. Lock was a young ohio newspaper man a man. His satire centered on a copperhead grotesque. A pastor of a proslavery church, he was a drunken, greedy, lying racist. Lock called him a nickelplated son of a bitch. Which was were syndicated in union newspapers. His use of the appalling name to ridicule disloyal opponents of the administration delighted lincoln. The papers were his constant companion. The copy in the library of congress has singe marks made by the president s candle. He could quote passages at will. And lincoln delayed dinner by reading it aloud to old friends from illinois. For the genius to write these things, lincoln told the author, i would gladly give up my office. The pleasure he took in locks savage assault on racial prejudice and antiemancipation sentiment speaks volumes about the moral springs of lincolns own humor. He admired the great ethical force of locks satire. A close associate maintained that the president red him as much as he did the bible. Lincoln relished pretty well every form of the comic. Tall tales, word play and delight in the ambiguity and surprises of language, quick whit, irony, logical fallacy and dirty jokes and stories. But his love tells us that his chief pleasure was satirical humor that elicited righteous humor. As my title indicates, i shall focus on the utility of lincolns humor. The personal and political benefits that accrued and the political danger that lay in being known as a humorist, particularly, as a leader in time of war. I would suggest on balance, but he derived more advantage from laugher and humor was an essential element in his statesman ship, in his skill in Public Affairs. We should recognize that lincoln deployed humor as an act of deliberate selfconscious therapy, as a healthgiving salve. His appetite for comic release and his vulnerability to depression were two sides of the same coin. Laugher was a therapeutic antidote to the low spirits to which he was prone. Lincoln explained if it were not for these stories, jests, jokes, i should die. They give vent, they are the vents of my moods and gloom. At the landmark Cabinet Meeting of september 22, 1862 when he unveiled the preliminary emancipation proclamation, he began by reading out a short piece. Gentlemen, why dont you laugh, he asked his colleagues. With the fearful strain that is upon he might and day, if i did not laugh, i should die. Humor was also, of course, a means of empowerment, of imposing himself on others. From an early age, lincolns comic story telling made him entertaining company. It might have been a recipe for social rez in a sense. He had a strong sense of selfworth and enjoyed the personal regard he won for his whit and quaint stories. This social empowerment, helped, for example, to secure his election as a military captain in the war, to win him in the respect of fellow congressmen and to make him the magnet for the welldisposed attention of lawyers and residents gathered at the county seats of the illinois 8th circuit. Later in life, lincoln would repeat with appreciative glee the description of a type of southwestern political orator who, and i quote, through back his head, shined his eyes, opened his mouth and left the consequences to god. In sharp contrast, there was little in lincolns own speeches that was not planned and well calculated. His use of humor and stories in his public addresses and private conversations was rarely lacking in broader intent or designed to cover up empty thought. The utility of his humor can be categorized under six headings, at times it lay at crushing opponents. When used as means of selfdeprecation, humor could be a weapon of subtle attack. Sometimes it was a way of planting a selfserving idea into the mind of his hearers. It provided too a means of tactical diverse and it had a role in relation to public morale. He used his stories as parables, as a persuasive form. The use of humor to crush opponents. As an inspiring wig politician, he went to crude went to eviscerate and humiliate his opponents. The roasting was one stance of lincoln using his power to hurt to withering effect. The occasion was a meeting in front of a large crowd in springfield during his campaign for reelection to the state legislature in 1836. Lincolns speech prompted a request from george folker, a local democrat, that he be given the stand. Folker was a recent convert from lincolns wig party and had been rewarded by his new associates with a lucrative public office. He had also built the best house in the city over which he had erected a lightning rod, the only one in the place. 15 years, lincoln senior declared that the young man would have to be taken down. After waiting with excitement, lincoln resumed the stand. He acknowledged that he was young, but he said his critics should remember, i am older in years than i am in the tricks and trades of politicians. I desire to live and i desire place and distinction, but i would rather die now than like the gentlemen lived to see the day i would change my politics for an office worth 3,000 a year and then feel compelled to erect a lightning rod to protect a guilty conscious from an offended god. During the same phase of life, he learned that aggressive humor could injure its author as well as its target. In september 1842 he wrote for the pages of the journal a satire ridiculing the 36yearold james shields, the state auditor. Shields was an impetuous man with a short fuse and had good reason to rage at the insult with its Sexual Assault on his character. He challenged lincoln to a duel and duel accepted the challenge. We cant be sure how long he intended the dark humor, broad swords, precisely equal in all respects. Lincoln would have a huge advantage in reach. He did manage a joke on the way to the duel. He was reminded, he said, of the Young Kentuckian whose sweetheart, as he was leaving home to fight in 1812, presented him with a belt that she had embroidered with the motto, victory or death. Isnt that rather too strong, the volunteer said, suppose you put victory or be crippled . [ laughter ] only at the last moment was the duel averted. Never again would lincoln, who was deeply embarrassed by the whole episode, never again would he write asupplementisaulting s. Lincoln learned to be more deft and subtle in sharpening a debating edge. He used gentle wit to put his opponents on the back foot. Stephen douglas said he did not fear lincoln in debating matters of substance, but theres one thing which i stand in dread. When lincoln begins to tell a story, i begin to get apprehensive. Every one of his stories seems like a whack on my back. Thats the effect th. Next, selfdeprecation and subtle attack. In the face in his face to face engagement with the public, lincolns recalls of stories and jokings was designed to remind his hearers of his lowly origins. It encouraged Common People to look at him as a natural man, able to engage with farmers on equal terms. Lincolns lifelong selfidentification with plain folk was closely aligned to his habit of selfdeprecation. As i voted at the outset, he made much of his unprepossessing appearance. Conscience of his height and proportions and many considered him an ugly man, he faced that head on. His jesting gave rise to a that as he was splitting rails he found himself looking down the gun barrel of a passer by who explained that he had promised to shoot the first man he met who was uglier than himself. Getting a good look at the mans face, lincoln remarked, while bearing his chest, if i am uglier than you, blaze away. [ laughter ] this selfmockery amounted to more than securing a laugh by preempting remarks about his strange looks. It was a means of enlisting the audience on the size of the underdog. He use this big man, little man technique throughout his prepresident ial years against some of the biggest oratorical beasts. In political wrestling, he assumed the identity of a modest provincial facing the democrats prime hope for the white house who enjoyed the status of a very great man while he himself was only a small man. The heavy irony of this language intensified by the sight of the little giant standing next to the elongated lincoln. Lincoln also used laugher to a larger selfserving idea. As a lawyer, he wielded humor to plant a seed that would shape the deliberations of a jury. During a lunch break, he is said to have told jurors a story of a small boy. The hired man and sis and hes pulling down his pants and shes lifting up her skirt. And theyre getting ready to pea all over our hay. The father said, youve drawn the wrong conclusion but have your facts right. Following his opponents speech, lincoln told the jurors, my opponent has his facts right but drawn the wrong conclusion. He used anecdotes to smooth the conversation without giving offense. In late 1863, a nuisance of a brooklyn postmaster with his eyes on the following years president ial election fastened himself to the tycoon and tried to get into conversation on the subject of the succession. Would lincoln run again . The president quickly put him off with a story of his friend jesse who as state auditored controlled the use of the statehouse. A quack preacher requested it as the venue for a lecture. Whats it about . The Second Coming of christ. Nonsense, if christ had been to springfield once, he would be damn clear of coming again. [ laughter ] one of the president s most stressful tasks as leader of the new administration in 186 was dealing with the avalanche of applicants for government posts. He was bombarded with far more requests than he had jobs. One day a delegation called to urge the appointment of an acquaint ens of him. They emphasized his fitness for the post but his poor help which would benefit from the climate. The president closed the interview with effected regret. Im sorry to say that there are eight other applicants for that place and theyre all sicker than your man. [ laughter ] but above all else, lincolns stories served as parables, as a colorful and pointed means of instruction. They gave him the means of driving home political arguments with engaging economy. He never seemed to talk without some aim in mind, one acquaintance reflected. The few stories i heard him relate were told in each instance to illustrate a welldefined point. Lincoln himself told a colleague, they say i tell many stories, i reckon i do, but i have found in the course of a long experience that Common People, Common People, take them as they run, are more easily influenced and informed through the medium of broad illustration than in any other way. As president he used stories to drive home political arguments with engaging economy. When Major General john pope telegraphed that he had captained 5,000 confederates, the cabinet asked the president s opinion. That reminds me of an old woman who was ill. The doctor gave her medicine for her constipation. The next morning, he found her fresh and well and getting breakfast. She confirmed that the medicine had worked. How many movements the physician inquired . 142, she replied. Madam, i am serious. 142. I must know the exact number of movements. I tell you 142. 140 of them wind. [ laughter ] lincoln closed the discussion, im afraid popes captains are 140 of them wind. Finding himself with the support of only one member of the cabinet during a critical phase of the trent affair when britain threatened war over the navys seizures of envoys he recalled the drunk who strayed into an Illinois Church and fell asleep in the front row. He slumbered on as the revivalist asked, who are on the lords side . And the congregation responded by rising en masse. When the preacher inquired, who are on the side of the devil . The sleeper stood. But not fully grasping the inquiry and seeing the minister on his feet, he stood up. I dont exactly understand the question, he said. But ill stand by you parsen to last, but it seems to me that were in a hopeless minority. [ laughter ] the power of lincolns humor to enforce his argument was on one estimate irresistible. It confirmed the president as the representative american. The womens right activists and abolitionist dole rebuked those fine ladies who were repelled by the president s homely manners and jokes. As a nation, she wrote, were an intelligent but not as a resucu people. Hes never written a letter that his constituents can understand. Aesop told stories and his wisdom had kept his name alive. Our divine master new little of classic law but did know how to tell a simple instructive story. During his presidency, lincolns supporters seized on his studied use of humor to show how an occupant of the white house could remain a genial man of the people. Proadministration newspapers drew attention to the president s latest story. Lincolns private secretary cultivated a warm relationship with several journalists and supplied them with examples of the president s wit. Commercial interests exploited this benign reading of lincolns humor. In compilations of jokes and stories, supposedly, but rarely originating with the president. In setting out the moral value of lincolns storytelling, his supporters sought to counter his opponents disdain for a chief magistrate whose taste in jokes made him unfit for his position. Both confederates and critics in the union seized on lincolns humor as a stick to which to beat him. His appetite for low jokes revealed a lack of gravitas, that he used humor to mask his deficiencies. His comic tales measured his cruel disregard for the victims of war. Lincoln, the heartless man. A harpers weekly cartoon, columbia confronts her children, published after the union losses at fredericksburg, a cartoon which i think is available to you in your packs this morning. A female figure with her arm outstretched, the female figure being columbia, points at lincoln who stands outside the War Department between stanton and hooker and asks, where are my 15,000 sons murdered at fredericksburg. Lincolns answer, this reminds me of a little joke, prompts an outraged interruption, go tell your joke at springfield. It was insinuated into each of their campaigning themes of 1864. None was more challenging than the charge of lincolns shocking levity in the face of numbing military slaughter. The oppositions theme of lincoln, and i quote, the widow maker who lays the nation across his knee and tickles the catastrophe with obscene jokes became a campaign staple. Nothing gave this attack greater power than the that. He asked to hear a vulgar comic song with bodies yet warm in their graves. Lincoln drove over the field as heavy details of men were burying the dead. Lincoln slapping upon his knee, come on, give us that song about butler. With a shutter, the general protested, not now, if you please, marshal, i would prefer to hear it another place and time. The campaign gave political cartoonists unbridled opportunity to exploit this familiar theme of lincolns compulsive jesting. In the lithograph columbia commands her children, an angry columbia points at a president and shouts, mr. Lincoln, give me back my 500,000 sons which elicits a feeble response, well, the fact is, by the way, that reminds me of a story. And a cartoon running the machine has lincoln laughing at his own jokes while the new secretary of the treasury churns out green backs. Above all, the bogus episode offered the best target of graphic attack. A poorly executed but still arresting cartoon headed the commander in chief conciliates, the soldiers vote on the battlefield which you also have in your papers. It has lincoln in a long cloak and harding a cap, a reminder of the disguise he is said to have worn when cutting his trip short to washington. Several dead bodies are being carried from the field. A distraught figure, his back to the viewer signals his distress by holding a hand to his eyes. He demonstrates as the president demands, marshal, sing us a song or Something Else thats funny. Song books deployed this reading of lincoln in their verses, i quote, you may call your black battalions to aid your sinking cause and substitute your vulgar jokes for liberties and laws. Know by the memory of our fathers by those green unnumbered graves, well perish on 10,000 fields, we become your slaves. The first verse is a tribute to the victory, the verse, he may crack his jokes, while yet the ebbing life tide smokes from men yet die like butchered cattle. Your name is of the old, and linked with all of our brightest glories. Well its impossible to determine precisely how lincolns reputation as a joker shaped the political Balance Sheet in 1864. That the administrations supporters included many who found the president s levity distasteful, indicates for them, at least, the matter was not divisive. But his opponents believed it offered Great Electoral opportunity. And lincoln too well understood how his reputation for levity could expose him to misrepresentation and electoral damage. It was after careful reflection that he opted not to respond publicly to the fiction. In time after his death, his reputation as the peerless president ial story spinners, joke teller and ready wit would come to take on a character, wholly positive and benign. That was not the case during the dark and deadly days of war. My argument then is that lincolns sense of humor has to be taken seriously. We should recognize its rich variety and complexity of purpose, understand its ethical dimension and remain aware of risks that he ran while retelling jokes while the nation was engaged in a struggle costing three quarters of a million lives. Humor was his lifeline. Lincoln was a shiny example of the truth prophet by a th theologian to gain a Vantage Point for which its able to look at itself. People with a sense of humor do not take themselves too seriously. Theyre able to stand off from themselves, to see themselves in perspective and recognize the ludicrousness of their intentions. All of us ought to be ready to laugh at ourselves because all of us are a little funny in our foibles and our per tensions. We take ourselves too seriously. Were rather insignificant little bundles of energy and vitality in a vast organization of life. Those human foibles were at the heart of what made lincoln laugh. And his appreciation of the absurd absurdy of the human condition infused the stories he told. The sense of humor is in many respects a more adequate resource for the incongruities of life than the spirit of philosophity. To meet the disappointments of life, the irrationalities and contingencies with laugher is a high form of wisdom. If men have some sense of the precarious nature of the enterprise, theyre looking at the whole drama of life from some further and higher Vantage Point. This he suggested was an aspect of the profound wisdom that underlay the american slaves capacity for laugher. He considered a sense of humor in dispensable to men of affairs who have the duty of organizing their fellow men in common endeavors. It reduces the frictions of life and make the foibles of men tolerable. Laughing at the foibles and absu absurdies of others as with ourselves we mix forbearance. In his strenuous nurturing of the republican, lincoln, the statesman, could call on strategic wisdom, clarity of principle, skill in political management and communication, grasp of human psychology, and physical and mental strength. We should add his remarkable and celebrated sense of humor, an expression of his essential humanity, his sense of proportion and understanding of human foibles. Flawless memory, quick wit and mastery of language, he used his tall tales to undermine opponents arguments when they reeked of injustice. And it leads us to ponder the question, is it possible to exercise statesmanship without a sense of the absurd ies of huma kind . It seems to me that all political leaders would do well to reflect on this, the less were able to laugh at ourselves, the more it becomes necessary that others laugh at us. Thank you. [ applause ] you mentioned that lincoln had a story for everything, or a joke and they always seemed to fit the situation perfectly. Do you think that he memorized thousands or hundreds of stories, or do you think he was just really good at making them up on the spur of the moment . Its the former not the latter. Lincolns memory was formidable, as im sure youre well aware. He said that once a thing was scratched on the metal of his mind, it was forever. What strikes me about lincolns use of stories in every setting was his extraordinary capacity for recall and appropriate recall. He did use it has to be said, he did use some of the stories several times over, in different settings. But they often making the same sort of point. He didnt make them up himself. He said he was a he said he was a retail dealer. He was telling other peoples stories. But he adapted the stories that he had read and well, one of his sources was joe millers jests. The book first composed and compiled in 1730s in london by the british jester and joker joe miller, went through subsequently many, many editions and was circulating in the american west, across america in the early 19th century, updated new jests interpreted by others. Another joke book was probably one that lincoln knew. And lincoln remembered all of the stories that he was told by others, as they swapped yarns. His father was its often said that lincoln had a poor relationship with his father. But thats one of the most important things lincoln got from his father was the capacity to tell stories. His father was a very, very good joke and story teller. Family exchange of stories was important to him. He heard stories as a young man in new salem, certainly on the circuit with other lawyers he acquired stories. And these were all filed away. I dont think he kept a joke book. Its said that by some that he had a file of jokes. He certainly jotted some down and there was a moment when he was waiting in the line of being introduced at the white house and there was one person with whom he had a long conversation. And the conversation was about the source of a joke that lincoln had heard and he wanted the source of that joke which he could then file away. I dont think it was a written file. Just file away up there. So lincoln said, you know, no more than half a dozen stories have i made up myself. But he did adapt those stories. The story, for example, of the when he was complaining that grant drank whiskey, he said, well, just send a barrel to all of my other generals, thats straight from joe miller. Thats in the joe miller joke book. Its not original to lincoln. Obviously his public life and political cases, et cetera, humor benefitted. Would you say because of his depression, the greatest person to benefit his humor was his own psychology, his own ability to snap himself out of difficult moods, et cetera. I believe so. Theres no way of quantifying the calculus of who benefitted most of the one could say he regarded it as essential to his well being. And he said to carpenter, francis carpenter, the painter in the white house, if it were not for the events, it is the vent for my important well being, he was acutely aware. At one stage, and this is relevant to your question, at one stage he said speaking of a member of his cabinet, was probably salmon chase but it might have been stanton, there were several potential candidates. It was so difficult to get a joke into his head that it would take a surgical operation to implant it. It is very funny. Its actually not lincolns, not his creation. He takes it from the english clergyman sydney smith who was an acerbic wit. And i mention that because smith suffered from depression. And he set out a table of a recipe for preventing the worst effects of depression. So ten steps to avoiding the deepest depression. And at the center of these was humor. Finding humor. Being able to find humor in whatever circumstance you felt yourself in. Im sure that lincoln will have read sydney smith, and he would onhe have taken that lesson to heart. He didnt need to take it to heart. He had already learned it. But he saw its importance. What did mary todd think about it . How did it affect his marriage good or bad . Well, i think michael burningham may be able to answer that question better than i. But i think it is very unlikely that lincoln told many of these stories to mary. I mean these lincolns story telling was intended for male company. The socalled smutty jokes that he told, the off olor jokes that he told probably wouldnt strike us as quite as appalling as they struck the victorian sensibilities of the drawing room but they were intended for male company in the taverns and the circuit and cabinet room and in the political intercourse conversation. How did it affect his marriage . I dont know how far lincoln used humor within his marriage. I think almost certainly his sense of irony, his capacity for dry wit, his capacity to any situation that was troubling in a way that sort of might have turned it to his advantage with mild humor. I think that probably would have been true of his marriage. But i dont think his marriage conversations would have been the exchanging of stories, however decent. Professor cardin, is there any allegories, anecdotes that you didnt include in this mornings lecture . And is there an equivalent of sense of humor of any british politicians that come to mind . Ive given only a small smattering of the many jokes, which are the larger number are available book in a look called lincolns sense of humor. I forget who the author is now. I benefited enormously from reading it. This is just the tip of the iceberg that ive given you. I thought you were going to say how does it compare with other american president s and which of course is a topic in its own. On the whole, i think that Michael Bishop who kindly introduced me and has been the head of the National Churchill center here in washington, will probably want to say that churchill was the most obvious parallel. And we were, in fact, talking before we came on about churchills humor. Rather like lincoln, churchill was both very funny in his own right. Probably was more naturally immediately witty, although lincoln has the capacity for immediate wit and about whom in case of churchill there are many apo apockraphal tales. And if i may, ill tell that tale you were talking about. He got a churchill got a telegram and message from george bern shaw which shaw said, im sending you two tickets for the first night of my new play. Do come yourself and bring a friend,if you have one. To which churchill allegedly replied, thank you for your two tickets. I cant get along on the first night but ill come along on the second night, if you have one. [ laughter ] as the a. L. I. Boards literally resident psychiatrist, i want to make a couple of points just to kind of stir some thoughts here. I would suggest that there is a difference between lincolns use of humor in public and private and his concerns and difficulties with intimacy. I was wondering if you would comment on that. Because lincoln remains a person noble in many ways, including people that thought they knew him well. I was wondering if you could comment on that. The distinction between his public use of humor,and i missed the second. Lincoln used stories and humor in many ways to deflect, and i was wondering if you could comment on that. That is a very important point. Although lincoln was the life and soul of company and conversations, whether oneonone or whether larger gatherings, he remained unknowable to most of them. In fact, probably to all of them, actually. Did they really know the inner man. How forthcoming was he . And i think very often i think i understand the nature of your question is that joketelling, being witty and funny is a way of deflecting discussion of matters of personal substance. So youre the psychiatrist, but i find that entirely possible. I was wondering in your studies whether you would go along with that . Yes, i do. As david davis said about lincoln and anyone who believes they know what lincoln really believed, they are selfdelusional, deluding themselves. He was the most shutmouthed man. But he was shutmouthed in the sense that he wrote wonderful speeches. He was wonderful company. But in terms of the personal forthcoming and emotionally forthcoming, i think davis was right. And you could think about the possible impact on his marriage in relation to that. Thank you. I think that was that was the last question. Thank you. [ applause ] thank you. Here is what is ahead on cspan3 American History tv. Next, from our first lady series, it is a look at mary todd lincoln. In about an hour and 35 minutes, more from our first lady series with the focus being on eliza johnson. And in three hours and 10 minutes,a discussion on Abraham Lincolns sense of humor. First ladies, influence and image on American History tv. Exam pins the private lives and the public roles of the nations first ladies through interviews with top historians. Tonight we look at julia grant and lucy hayes. Julia grant was a staunch defender of womens rights in general and refused to allow jokes at womens expense to be told in her company. And lucy hayes was the first first lady to have a college degree. Watch first ladies, influence and image, tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3. Cspan has unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court, and Public Policy events. You could watch all of cspan Public Affairs programming on television, online, on listen on our free radio app and be part of the National Conversation through cspans daily Washington Journal Program or through our social media feeds. Cspan, created by americas Television Companies as a Public Service and brought to you today by your television provider

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