Somewhere beyond this ridge is the enemy. His strength has been sapped by steady aerial strikes. And heavy arterial barages. But he is still a long way from being defeated. He still has his will to fight. How can we weaken that will . How can we defeat him . By physical force . Yes, thats the most effective way. But there is still another force applied in combat that we do not generally do not think of as a weapon of war. That weapon is words. Yes, in a situation like this, words are weapons. Now that the enemys had a strong dose of our military power, the impact of words may provide the final persuasion. Words that go Something Like this. Soldiers of north korea, you are surrounded. Your comrades are dying. You will die next. There is just one hope. Leave your positions tonight. This is psychological warfare. Least it is one phase. As a weapon of war, psychological warfare is no novelty. It is as old as war itself but the use of this force as integral part of combat has now taken on new forms. And it works in many different ways. The printed word. And the spoken word. Both hammer away at a single objective defeat the enemy. On 25 june, 1950, the enemy, morale at its peak, a few weeks back that could make the attack psychological. Within 28 hours, the u. N. Began waging its battle in support of our military objectives. The First Operations parallel the early techniques of world war ii. When psychological warfare played a big supporting role in the military field. Initially psiwar was forced to , conduct a defensive action. Its propaganda was designed to uplift the badly sagging morale of the south koreans. Then as our military efforts shifted from defense to offense defensive to offensive, so did psiwar. Result . Desertion, dissension, lowered morale, and surrender. Our propaganda was beginning to pay off. Meanwhile, the National Program found its stride. On 15 january, 1951, at the top army level, it was established. This move had farreaching results. In civilian colleges and universities, longrange recruiting and Educational Programs were instituted. Laboratory experiments and research led to new and better psychological warfare. Reserve units were recalled and several new units activated. At fort riley kansas a psiwar Training School was established. Here, recruits with specialized backgrounds were taught the nature and methods and techniques of propaganda and its dissemination. Coincidentally plans were lost for the permanent training coincidentally plans were lost for the Permanent Training Center at fort bragg. Like the fighting in korea their operations went into high gear. At general headquarters tokyo. Staff planning and supervision are handled by this section while the operating unit in tokyo is the first leaflet group. This group conducts strategic propaganda and supports the tactical operation in japan and korea on 32 radio stations. For about four hours every evening the station delivers propaganda that gets the north koreans with facts. Radio presents this fact. The most rewarding form is the news. News is readymade propaganda. And to an enemy denied access to outside information is as welcome as food and water. In addition to news radio employs other techniques to attract the maximum audience. Messages from prisoners of war are broadcast assuring their families they are safe and well cared for. These awaited messages in deuce induce the enemy civilians to turn his set on and to make sure he will keep it on. Prisoner of war messages are spotted at different times during the week. Often a Radio Program takes the form of a drama such as we see now. Dramatization is close to the oriental mind. Ever since his earliest schooling. The average far eastern or has been taught by having things acted out. Carefully planned and rehearsed. These dramatic offerings play heavily on the emotions. There is no strict evaluation of radios achievements but with the constant repetition of the free worlds point of view, it is certain to have accumulative effect on the enemy nerves. In this effort to weaken and harass the enemy, programs are broadcast from mobile units in the field. Completely selfsustaining, they perform in numerous ways. As a relay station for larger networks. As a stopgap to fill a temporary void or to lend direct support to the tactical operations. At the central Training Plan near tokyo they produce many of the tactical leaflets. Every leaflet has a central issue which is exploited by any number of themes. For instance, things may strive to lower the enemys morale and make them susceptible to tactical propaganda when he reaches the front line. In these cases, leaflets stress such points as the u. N. Stand against aggression. The friendship between United States and the people of china and korea. The unfulfilled promises of coming as leaders. Of comunist leaders. And the horror of death away from home and family. Along with the mounting numbers of communist casualties. Leaflets also stress the humane treatment of prisoners of war. And finally, the methods of surrender. In the selection of a theme, many factors must be considered. Does it capture the interest of the audience . Above all, does it establish confidence in what we are saying . A theme has been selected. The theme is needless death. First, an artist prepares her dramatic piece of art and the theme comes to life with the grief stricken mother visualizing the pointless death of her soldier son. Two versions are prepared. One for the koreans and one for the chinese. By using overlays, special care can be given to the details of the soldiers gone in uniform. Even a small in accuracy may create a wave of ridicule among the enemy. And destroy the effect of months of propaganda. The text that goes with the picture is first written in english. With the help of an interpreter, it is then translated into korean and chinese, short punchy words make their point quickly. And fan the soldiers feeling of despair. He has the thought that he will soon join the victims of needless death. The final draft is then reviewed. Carefully checked for errors. In many red units soldiers found reading the literature have been shot while their comrades were forced to look on. Finally, the leaflet is approved for production. One index of the leaflets of effectiveness is the elaborate effort the enemy spends in guarding against it. As a weapon of psychological warfare, the leaflet is invaluable. Chinese and korean soldiers are especially impressed by a realistic drawings and photographs. Moreover, the leaflet is far more permanent than the spoken word. Where it can be read and reread. After copy and artwork or okd, they are photographed and processed. Plates are then mounted on the presses. Although they are worn by their leaders the their leaflets are impregnated with germs, and will rot their hands or make them blind. Many prisoners have been found to carry them secretly. In the size of it is such that it can be concealed. Leaflets are then packed in roles. So that the maximum number can be carried in one load. They are then placed in the bomb. Normally each bomb accommodates 22,500 leaflets. Bombs are systematically loaded into trucks and transported to the airfield. This b29 is about to range deep into Enemy Territory. It is a fighting craft equipped to take care of itself against enemy attacks. We can only estimate roughly how many airmail copies of needless death will reach the individual enemy. Nevertheless, overall we do know that leaflets will scatter the seeds of dissension, unrest and possibly surrender. In korea, tactical propaganda is handled by the psiwar section eight army. Operating under this section in seoul is the first loudspeaker and leaflet company. A large share of intelligence is gained by interrogating prisoners of war. Special psiwar interrogation teams conduct examinations of the prisoners. Often they speak freely and offer important facts about the conditions they left behind them on their front lines. This information when evaluated and interpreted indicates how effective our past propaganda efforts have been. It supplies the basis for further broadcast and leaflets. Since themes are often individually tailored to meet a frontline situation, this company must meet the situation before it changes. So that our propaganda can take advantage of the psychology of the hour, tactical leaflets are run off on the companys own presses that can operate in buildings or vans. Leaflets are disseminated in two ways. First by air, as we have seen. And second by artillery shells. Specifically adapted, these 105 millimeter shells can pinpoint targets and reach troops in the most localized areas. Leaflet shells can strike in combat zones in which aircraft would be impractical. In addition, these message filled missiles are able to penetrate densely wooded areas. Leaflets are printed a collar in vivid contrast to the terrain they are aimed at. They are best fired if it is still light enough for the men to see where they land and dark enough to cover him while he gathers up the literature, which is coming to him air express. [explosions] the loudspeaker platoon operates directly with the frontline unit. These loudspeakers are used to get across timely messages to the enemy in close proximity. Furthermore, illiteracy is prevalent among the chinese and north koreans. So the spoken message makes our meaning thoroughly clear. When more mobility is desired, loudspeakers are mounted on tanks. The physical force of the tank coupled with the psychological force of the loudspeaker is an ideal example of psiwars most effective performance. A similar combination is the airborne loudspeaker. A tactical aircraft, it can reach Enemy Territory inaccessible to ground loudspeakers. And it can cover both civilian control and guerrilla areas. Because of their nostalgia value, the voices of korean and Chinese Women are often used. Some enemy soldiers feel of a woman can fly, the communist must be losing the war. In the time that lies ahead, still newer methods of propaganda are growing out of research and experimentation. For psiwar and its media of expression are dynamic. Always learning sure ways of breaking the spirit of the enemy. These are the psiwar soldiers. They alone do not win victories in combat. But they have a potent weapon which they use to the utmost to support the infantrymen. The gunner. And the tanker. In inflicting decisive defeat upon the enemy. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you are watching American History tv covering history cspan style with event coverage, eyewitness accounts, films, lectures and college classrooms. And visits to museums and historic places. All weekend, every weekend on cspan three. The cspan cities tour travels the country exploring the american story. Since 2011 we have been to 200 communities across the nation. Like many americans, our staff is staying close to home due to the coronavirus. Next, a look at one of our city tour visits. The Africanamerican Community here in tulsa was started by a real estate person from arkansas, and his name was old w gurley. He bought 40plus acres in this area in early 21st century, and he began to develop this area, selling real estate to individual blacks who wanted to pr