Welcome. We couldnt be more happy than you joining us here at the center and were happy there is a center for colorado womens history. Now im Michael Eriksson the Education Coordinator here and i love setting things up like this and we couldnt be more happy and honored to have charlotte waysman join us. Many of you know her and her partner here coauthor jill teigen wrote this book, beautiful book, that is worth every penny it is. Shes here and after shell answer all the questions after the presentation and have a table set up here to answer more questions or even sign one of the books if you purchase one here today. Were going to go ahead and get started here. Again, thank you for coming and thank you Charlotte Waisman for being here today. Thank you. Its great to be with all of you and thanks for many of you i know coming its good to have the smiling audience right in front of you. I was asked to talk about women of the west and i was told, you know, to talk 45 minutes and take 15 minutes of questions. I have a timer for myself and4m will start it and i will stick to a script so that i can stick to time because those of you who know me know that i also could just talk forever and i dont want to do that now since you probably have other things to do as well today. We are having this filmed so its very exciting and it will be on cspan 3 i think. Cspan 2, im sorry. Look for it. Have that opportunity as well. Im going to do what i describe as a brief dash through history here. Because its going to focus on there we go. I can see i better be lighter fingered with this its going to focus on women of the western part of the United States, womens roles, how their roles have changed, and the issues that women face both historically and today. I want to note the varied contributions that women have made to our standard of living and our quality of life despite the obstacles that face them then and frankly still today. The women i will be using as examples are from the more than 850 women who are pro filed in my book which mike showed you her story a timeline of the women who changed america. Had a wonderful coauthor jill teigen and the two of us worked together to create this beautiful book. Im also going to share some profiles of other women who for want of a better phrase didnt make the cut. I reviewed over 4,000 women to choose the 850 that are in the book. You can understand why sometimes when people say how about so and so, is she in the book, and im you know my eyes kind of go, maybe we should look in the index or something because i forget who is in and out. First of all i want to thank mike the education director for inviting me to speak to you today and the director jillian, standing in the back there, who in march of this year has helped usher in this house to now be known formally as the center for colorado womens history at the buyers evans house museum. Big mouthful. Maybe you need an acronym for that. Its so important for all of us to continue telling womens stories and it is most exciting to me that the buyers evans house is a very special part of colorado history in this way. History colorado. I would like to start with a brief overview to explain my concept. Its lavishly illustrated. There are color photos, there are brief summaries of the women to highlight their achievements. I begin with virginia dare, who was born on Roanoke Island in 1587, the struggles and milestones of women such as Heller Keller and susan b. Anthony and continues to the present about 2011 when the paperback came out. It was a hard bound earlier. Modern role models such as oprah im proud to tell you provides the forward. Along the way there are names you know and you would expect. Everybody knows betsy ross, amelia earhart, condoleezza rice. How about raising your hand, elieza lucas pinkney. She as a teenager developed the process to cultivate indigo the basis of the colorado of the carolina economy for more than 30 years. Florence siebert. The woman who developed the tu ber cue lin test in 1931 used by the World Health Organization even today. Stephanie controlic. She invented kevlar. A chemist. Kevlar vests protect our police and men and women in the armed services. This is kind of a trick. Lena bryant. She was really lane bryant and her name got misspelled on a loan application. But the important thing is, she started in 1904 to create maternity garments for women so women could go out of their house when they were pregnant. I love that. Dale mesic. She was a female cartoonist who created the strip brenda star reporter. This one you might know. Candy lightner. Organized mothers against drunk driving. When tragically her daughter was killed by a drunk driver. This last one, i didnt know, my coauthor told me about it and it killed me i didnt know about it. Gertrude ilian. A nobel laureate. Yeah. Who created a drug to fight childhood leukemia. Well, my purpose here is not to embarrass you for the women you dont know, but to help you understand we just dont learn about these women in history. To provide additional context and again to very briefly acquaint you with the book, i thought i would answer a few of the most frequently asked questions that i get. The selected women are women who changed our country with their accomplishments most of whom as ive already indicated we havent learned about in school. Frankly, when i was in school, it never occurred to me that they werent teaching me about the women. I mean you know, men did the alamo, right . Men forged across the mountains to discover the northwest passage, lets say. Men found gold. I didnt think about the more than 600,000 women who also moved west. Now the idea for the book grew out of my teaching a yearlong Leadership Development class. When i mentioned some historical women i thought everybody should know, i was flabber fasted because these women did not know the women who came before us who contributed so much to our lives. I went looking for a book. I had been a University Professor and thats what you do, right . You find the book, assign the book and then people know. Well, it didnt turn outta way. I reviewed and purchased more than 200 books, but nobody had done a timeline format such as i thought we should do. Then i met jill and we together started thinking we need actual criteria for who is going to be in the book and whos not going to be in the book and thats how we reviewed over 4,000 women. Remember there was no google when we started. Even if we had typed into the computer a wellknown name like clara barton nothing would have come up. There was no wikipedia. There was no way to find people, especially women, of course, online. So we did it the hard way with help from reference librarians, scholars, articles, books, oh, many, many books. There was one book at that time women of the west done in 1984 and had about 12 women in it. And we just kept looking, kept looking. Of course there are more books now on women and theyre sliced and diced different ways. Just yesterday i got pushed a notice from amazon, five new books on american women. There are lots you can look. Nobody has done that timeline format that i thought of. I chose also not to compare the accomplishments of one woman with another. After all, susan b. Anthony worked for all her life to get the right to vote for women. Can you imagine getting together, you know, yeah, we should do this and it takes 72 years . Not one woman from that original group was alive to vote by 1920. Speed skater bonnie blair, she won medals, gold medalses in three olympics, the First American women to win five gold medals in the history of the olympics and its true, she worked many years to hone her craft but she did not have to convince people of her cause, right. She didnt have to raise money for her cause. She certainly didnt have to be arrested for her cause. I fully believe its impossible to weigh one womans accomplishment against any other. Ultimately i came to understand that its the very diversity of achievement that is critically important to identifying the breath and depth of womens contributions to u. S. History. Now the book i wrote does not describe the Indigenous Peoples of what was later to become the u. S. Sadly, there are very few written records of what life was like for women in their times. My journey from my book starts with the women and men who mostly colonized our country around 1600. They left wherever they came from seeking better lives here, religious freedom, freedom of opportunity that wasnt bounded by your class, your ethnicity and for some theyiov came for. Now some examples of women in the colonies, very varied from mistresses of enlarged plantations, wives of wealthy merchants, women on the western frontier. 600,000 of them. Or women in slavery. Nevertheless, there was one thing that all women had in common at that time, all women were legally the word is chattel. Property. Thus they were subordinate to men and without any civil rights. The laws and customs in the u. S. Even before we were a country came from england and thats how he got those laws based on common english law. So women particularly married women were trapped in a condition later called civil death. They had no control over their own property or wages and no legal rights separate from their husbands. Now i was asked to speak on women of the west. I was trying to figure out what are the Western States. I was first stymied by this because i have to tell you that not even the scholars are in agreement as to what the Western States are. I chose this 1840 depiction to show you some of the issues present at that time so because when i talk about western women, its rather challenging to show their roots. Even today. States or seven Western States or even 11 Western States or all states that have Rocky Mountains in them. People slice it and dice it in many different ways. I havent set up a definitive way for myself. I just thought i would have fun and share some women with you who come from what was either really a Western State or may be a Western State or whatever. I would alert you to some of our western sisters. Today its not very difficult to Research Women of the west. Their stories are very well documented. In the colorado womens hall of fame the wyoming house for historic women which is pictured here, it honors louisa swain. I had not heard of her. Along with 12 other wyoming women whose lives were impacted. Theres also the Montana Historical society, to name just a few places one can google or research. Other Western States such as arizona, new mexico, might we call new mexico a southWestern State . You see where i have some problems here. You can find out about the women if those states. Louisa swain, whose picture is there, i didnt know her before i began my research on western women. Think about this, in september of 1870 became the first woman to cast a ballot because,hhm wyg gave women the right to vote well before, you know, 1920 happened for the rest of the country. Again, scholars tease about that and say well, wyoming wanted to become a state and there arent enough people so they included women. I mean i dont know, but i think its kind of wonderful she was able to have the vote at that time. There were just hundreds of women who stand out in the west due to their strong character, their contributions to society, or just their plain old interesting personalities. Think about the many women who were the hearty pioneers. They crossed the vast prairie, mountains heading westward. Sherry and i were talking about it and said we didnt think if we were on those wagon trains we could have survived their lives. Their lot was in raising children, running a household that included, think about it, they made all the food processing, all the soap, all the candles, they made all the clothing by hand, if they had chickens and pigs and ducks and milked cows, it goes on and on all they did. They cooked, they sewed, they nurtured, they nursed illnesses in their own families, in their neighbors, they acted as midwives and in the meantime they started schools, started churches, occasionally they warded off indian attacks. Now there were, of course, other western women who took roles outside of the home and they formally began being recognized too. There were nurses. There were stage coach drivers and even a few physicians. A few women who dressed as men to participate as soldiers in some of our countrys wars. For those less fortunate women, many forced by circumstance, need, or sometimes just for the adventure of it, in the early west youll find female outlaw, female gamblers, powerful brothel madams, sometimes called homewreckers, black jack dealers and quite a number of women who were very euphemistically called soiled doves. Some wild west legendary women are noted in books such as ten notorious female outlaws from the wild west. In the days when the west was ruled by the gun, especially if a woman was on her own, it took a woman of great character and great resolve, strong resolve, to survive. Really, ive not chosen the best stories to tell or the mo poignant stories to tell or heartwarming. I just want you to enjoy the women i bring to your attention as i briefly tell their stories. Atoting wild west concept of legend that perhaps if you pardon the pun shoots down the view that life as a female pioneer was about cooking, sewing, cleaning, caring for children, et cetera. Of course i would be remiss if i didnt mention briefly anne evans since were presenting in the buyers evans house. The daughter of our second territorial governor john evans. I was reminded before the speech i went to Northwestern University which was founded by john evans and four of his friends in evanston, illinois. Anne was a very active supporter of the early art scene in colorado. I live in evergreen and a longtime dear friend of mine until she passed away was Barbara Sternberg and she wrote a fabulous book called anne evans a pioneer in colorado cultural history, the things that last when gold is gone. I believe that her coauthor spoke here about the book and evans. So she was described as an american arts patron. She devoted her life to the founding and support of some of colorados largest cultural institutions including the denver art museum, the central city opera and the Denver Public library. A western woman of some refinement i would say. I mean after all, she was born in england after all. Lets compare her to annie oakley. Now when talking about western women, you have to include her, right. Her birth name was phoebe moses. She was born in ohio in 1860. By the time she was 9 years old she was helping her family to survive. She had eight siblings. She helped them by shooting, hunting, and selling game and wild animals. Though she learned to use a rifle for practical reasons, she eventually became a skilled sharp shooter and joined the buffalo bill wild west show in 1885 and she toured with the show for 16 years. The show or celebration of the old west included skits of stage robberies, gun fights, military exhibitions, though most of the heros of that show show were me bills wild west show really celebrated her skills and she became one of the most famous women of the west. Some people say that annie oakley is our first female superstar. And she was given a nickname by chief sitting bull who was amazed at her skills. He called her little sure shot. I want to stop for a moment and review another serious issue for women of those earlier times. Now, remember they had no legal rights so limited in their legal rights, accepting the customs of Society Women mostly honored their husbands demands. And western women like women across the u. S. Spent their time you could say it with me, right, the mantra, cooking, cleaning, attending their children, the horses, milking the cows, the chickens, taken care of their endless, endless household chores. What women were doing in the u. S. Across the 1800s and i use that date because of the data point i found, at this time women were very busy having babies. In 1800 the per capita birthrate in the u. S. Per woman was 7. 04 per woman. At this time i know people are like i get it. At that time this was the highest birthrate in the world. Not china, not india, not any undeveloped country, africa. No, here in the u. S. , 7. 04. So there wasnt a lot of time for women to have other endeavors, right . Furthermore their Life Expectancy was a great deal shorter than ours. Remember i just noted annie oakley one of nine children, and ill bring those kinds of things to your attention as i go on. Think about it. Did women really have the time to be poets and painters, artists, activists, writers, wanderers . Women of the west, where did they find the time, the energy, the money . I mean, its true that some women did work outside the home. We know that, but oh, my goodness 7. 04. Did you ever hear of washtub pneumonia . I hadnt until i started this research. On the early life of Martha Canary who is now called Calamity Jane. When Calamity Jane was 13 her mother died of what is called washtub pneumonia. The phrase was used to describe respiratory ailments contracted by people who were laundresses in the cold camps and the gold camps, you know, the Western Mining camps. Because the cause they think was probably that the coal dust mixed with the detergents and with lye that was used at the time, so thats why her mother died of washtub pneumonia. Calamity jane, well there are many tales about how she got her name. No one really knows for sure. She was a tough cookie. She liked to dress like a man, dress in buckskins. When she was 16 years old her father diedmism remember she lost her mother at 13. Her father died at 16 and she was the eldest of six children, so she took on the role of being the head of the household. She moved her family to fort bridger, wyoming, and then onto piedmont. By the time she was 18 she had been a waitress, a cook, an ox team driver. She did everything she could to support her sisters. She the model of a western woman, a western frontiers woman, and she even became a professional scout. Shes probably most wellknown for being a close friend of wild bill hickoks, but also she gained fame for fighting american indians. She had a reputation for being able to handle a man, handle a gun, shoot like a cowboy, skills that took her into Buffalo Bills wild west show, too. She could perform sharp shooting astride her horse. The love of her life was wild bill hickok, and its not really clear. Allegedly they were secretly married, and in 1870 and three years later she had a daughter, he took off. She did live a very colorful and eventful life but historians reveal she was very prone to exaggerations about her life, lies if you will about her exploits. So in addition to whatever work women did to contribute, to make money, to be part of their Family Support there are six main social issues that women in this country spearheaded. And women of the west heard about these issues from women of the east and also took part in them. Although, i wont say that they were as deeply engaged as other women in other parts of the country because its very important to recognize and im going to talk very generally here. Youll have to forgive me for a gener generalization, that the women who put their energy into these different areas were generally speaking married, white women, welloff who had household help and supportive husbands, and also most of them were quaker. Because the quakers do not have a preacher, and they put men and women together in a circle to talk their religious ideals. So women were allowed to talk in public because in the 1800s most women did not talk in public. And as a matter of fact in 1848 when they held that first Womens Rights Convention several of the women said to their husbands, we well, you have to talk. The women organized this event, but they were afraid and they did not talk until the second day. Often in my presentation i use these six points of view, these threads as the highlighting feature. Telling stories, many w . ie storf women in each of these different areas wi areas. With my focus today on the west im not going to do that because most of them as i said dont have a western woman as a focus, but do be aware of the importance of each of these issues. Women taking prominent roles in each of these culture areas our United States today would be a very different country. I do want to spend one moment on education because i dont think we recognize the importance of women helping women as educators. Early in our countrys history women were not encouraged to go to school. The Literacy Rate at the end of the colonial period for white 80 for white men. Public education for all had yet to be established, and as men began putting together institutions of Higher Learning they did not include women in their plans. So women took their money and started schools of their own. And they taught in those schools because teaching was considered a very acceptable way for a woman particularly if you were not married, and many women had to give up their teaching careers when they got married. And think about even the roles of western women early. I mean, schools in the west were few and far between. And all these children everybody was having were out there doing chores, right . They were contributing to the family. So any education that a woman had, even the slightest bit of education she taught her own children and that of theofw neighbors. Human rights, a very, very brief little connection here to the west, modest connection. So this is a picture of jane adams and hull house. It was in chicago in 1889, and she and a bunch of her colleagues helped move immigrants to chicago. And heres the western connection. A lot of those immigrants did not like living in the city of chicago. The lead not lived in the city before, and suddenly 1854 comes and theres the homestead act, right . Lots of people left the city, came out west lured by the small rural way of life and that chance to own property, so westward they went. Evolution. The fight for slavery was most fiery. I think you probably know it. Black and white women, black and white men all contributed. Its very important to know that many women who were abolitionists were also deeply involved in the fight to secure suffrage. And some people, again, you know, historians are jcunclear t some people, again, argue that behind the scenes under the table women were told lets get slavery abolished first, and then we will i cant tell you. But the issue in the newer western parts of the country was very confusing. Think of the map i showed you. A lot of the west were territories. There werent states yet. A lot of problems. More women than men were against slavery and western women agreed with their eastern sisters. The two most favorite black women who were part of this was Sojourner Truth and harriet tubman. Now, neither truth nor tubman visited our Western States but the movement in which they were both involved obviously engaged all the attention of the western women well before the civil war of 1865. Temperance finally a westerner or now we have to say is she. Kerry mason is most famous for spearheading the temperance movement, that is the battle against alcohol abuse in prep preprohibition america. Kansas was a Western State at that time. Would we now call it a midWestern State ini would think. She was particularly note worthy because she would go into saloons with that hatchet and smash bottles. In 1880 she was5j v backed by t National Womens christian Temperance Union, and also the governor of kansas and they passed legislation making kansas the first state in the union to be dry. You think about towns like dodge city, theres a saloon on every corner but theyre a state to go dry. I love this visual. It. Yes, lips that touch liquor shall not touch ours. The fifth of sixth issues of suffrage has a very interesting western connection. Because if women were going to get an education, have rights and be able to vote it seemed that it was up to women to make that happen. And the rebellion began in earnest in about 1848, but go back a little bit because two of the fomenters were at a World Antislavery Convention in 1840. Elizabeth katey stanton was there on her honeymoon as her husband was a delegate, and lucria mott was herself a delegate. They bonded when she was denied a seat at the convention because she was a delegate. They decided they would form their own convention when they returned home and advocate for a society for the rights of women. So these leaders at a time in history when women did not speak in public used their extraordinary skills, their network, their friends, articulate like minded women and 1848 Womens Rights Convention. Now, it took them a few good years, eight years to make good on that promise. And lucria mott had six children during that time and elizabeth katey stanton had seven. Most of us know in 1869 the first u. S. Suffrage law in the nation was0 u a ip r t hahp hc yes, i will talkled about janeta little later. So suffrage often thought about as east moving west did not really happen that way, and i think we have to be really clear and proud of that as western women. Now the National Womens hall of fame reports there are about 200 men and women who did the most to advance suffrage, and they contributed in ways big and small. A western woman, Abigail Scott w do duniway was among them. She was born in illinois and she traveled to what was called then the Western State of oregon. Would we call it a Western State now . Im not so sure. Id call it northwest myself. She moved there with her whole describes the very arduous journey west inmz e her book, first book called captain grays company or crossing the plains, Something Like that. She was almost completely selftaught. She read newspapers avidly to learn more, and when she got west she started her own newspaper so that she would still continue to be educated. In 1886 she was recognized as the leading womans advocate in west. So at that time, you know, oregon was a Western State. At 78 years old she became the first registered woman voter in her county. I love she was able to live that long, too. Another important suffragist is lucy stone. I had to put it in. Im the speaker, right, i can do that because theres so many wonderful resonances in her story. Lucy stones mother]a nine children. Two died young, but lucy was the ninth. Lucys mother recognized early on what it meant to work as hard as any man and yet be[yo regar as inferior. On a small farm in western massachusetts, and no im not counting western massachusetts as western, only a geographical marker, lucys work worn mother could only exclaim when lucy was born, i am so sorry it is a girl. A womans life is so hard. Its just very sad. And her attitude grew out of this horrible circumstance. As she was in labor she had to milk eight cows because just before she gave birth because a huge sudden thunderstorm called all the hands to the field to pick the crop because there was this thunderstorm. Saving the hay crop was considered more important than safeguarding a mother on the verge of labor. Many women like lucys mother not only had the household tasks weve talked about before but that heavy responsibility of dairy work, which as you know never ends. Lucy stone as an adult said there was only one will in our house and that was my fathers. Lucy stone became an ardent suffragist, a college graduate, the first woman to graduate from college in massachusetts and a public speaker for womens rights. Shes also very wellknown as a woman of that time to keep her maiden name after she got married. So she got married in 1855. And very interesting it wasnt until 1950 that the u. S. Census bureau recognized a womans right to keep her maiden name after marriage. 1950. So 1889, the Western State ofww wyoming. Still a u. S. Territory at this time. They approve a constitution that is a first in the world to grant full Voting Rights to women. Wyoming is also known as the equality state because of the rights women have traditionally enjoyed there. Wyoming women were the first in the nation to vote, to serve on juries and hold public office. As recently as 1991 in the wyoming legislator onethird of the house are women. And ill tell you later about our legislator because it hasnt happened, you know . And then there was this wonderful first town jackson, wyoming, historical distinction of being the first town in the United States completely governed by women. So who do i know for montana . Thats a question i often get. And sometimes i struggle to answer that because montana like colorado, people move and then they move on. But we like to claim them and so did montana. You can think about other people that you know, but perhaps the most wellknown western women of all of us is janette. She was the first woman ever elected to the United States congress in 1916. Now, remember the vote really did want happen nationally until 1920, but as i mentioned wyoming she voted against our entering world war i. She was one of 50 people to do that. And then she was in Congress Long enough that she was the only person to vote against world war ii. And when she was in her late 70s there are pictures of her marching to end the vietnam conflict. So its just amazing that this woman was true to her ideals all this time. One of her quotes very unduring is were half the people we should be half the congress. And ill tell you that as of 2017 we compromised 19. 6 of the house and 19. 3 of the senate. Now, africanamerican women in montana were a part of this larger experience as well. Not a very good picture of them but only one that i could find. They really worked hard to identify who they were and fight against the negative stereotypes. Another western woman i want to bring to your attention is helen hunthnz jackson, a coloradoan, she wrote a book that looked at how terrible it was what we did to american indians. She at her own expense sent a copy of that book to every Single Member of congress. And she had the printer write in red on the front of it look upon your hands they are stained with the blood of your relations. But to her disappointment the book had little impact. It goes on, right . Western women were very important to our health. Two early outstanding western women, i notice theres a book about doc suzy in the bookstore there, and dr. Susan anderson, she was a colorado woman and one of the first women to practice in colorado. And even more surprising to me and even more surprising to me is the woman here, dr. Susan, ao nativeamerican woman in nebraska. Nebraska considered a Western State at that time. And other colorado women dont you just love this one . They didnt make the cut in the book and they dont make the cut for me to talk about them extensively because theyre part of this whole notion of outlaws and gamblers and madams, and while its fun and there are many people who have written books about them, one book was published in 2017, wicked women, notorious, mischievous and wayward ladies from the old west. And some of the women stories are fun. Many of them are sad, sad tales i would say because they remind us of the few legitimate ways that western women could earn a ju times. While i could go on with lots of those women i want to draw sa sacajawea to your attention. She was the woman known in the lewis and clark expedition. She helped them achieve their chartered Mission Objective and she traveled with them, and you probably know the story she also had a child on the way and brought the child with her. And theres an interesting factoid about her. There are more statues, likenesses, signs, places and west than any other woman in our American History. And you can certainly find out more visiting theut colorado inductees. L÷ tell you Madeleine Albright is in it, and my coauthor is also in the hall, honored by the hall. So im really kind of winding down. I said i would talk for 45 minutes and i see here my clock here is at 45 and ive got two more pages to go. You can see ive talked about western women, women who did indeed change america who will continue to change our country. And i did research for the book i heard about the Glass Ceiling, the stained Glass Ceiling for women in religion. Just recently i read a reference to the 1÷nconcrete ceiling, th glass cage and selfdoubt seems to hit women hard. But heres what i learned as i reviewed the lives of 850 remarkable women. Womens talents wont be fully recognized and valued unless we make all of the changes, one with the other to move our country forward. Im talking about all of us using our skills, our expertise, our time, our potential valuing each other. We, all of us need to value each other. And as we each strive to make a difference we need to acknowledge the efforts of the thousands of women who came before us, who gave us the opportunities we have today. If we want to make a difference in the world we have to work one with the other to do that. We truly have come a long way, but surely all of us will admit theres a long way still to go. Where would we be without these amazing women on whose shoulders we all stand . As western women we can indeed be proud to honor all the incredible women who came before us. And now im happy to take your questions. [ applause ] yes . This isnt so much a question but something on one of your statistics with the 1800s, the average woman had 7. 04 children, and in 1800s that was not far from 1776 and we became a nation. And i think the emphasis was to populate our country there are lots of reasons people give as to why the birthrate was high. Another was it was farming, they needed laborers. I mean there are lots of Different Reasons for why that birthrate was so high. And no birth control. No birth control. And i think those women in some for the hard work which they did in building our nation. Oh, clearly were to be commended. I dont think that happens regretfully. Sure. Yes . Thats fine, dont be sorry. I remember at one point in time this gentleman came to work with us and his name was gary nation, so i said are you related i knew he was from are you related to kerry nation, and he looked at me and you know about kerry nation and i said yes, and he said yes, i am a descendant of kerry nation, and interestingly he had three sons, no daughters. But he told me everyone of his boys when they were in Elementary School when they were told to write about someone famous in their family or in the past they chose kerry nation. Thats great. And he said a lot of people wouldnt want to say that kerry nation was, you know, an ancestor of theirs. But we talked about it, and i told him the reason why so many women were in the Temperance Union was at that time yes, generally speaking. Generally speaking men frequented the saloons and women werent allowed in the saloons and men drinking too much spending the Family Finances as well as child and Domestic Violence at home. Soo]3f that was really somethin that led to a lot of the antialcohol movement was the abuse that resulted from the men drinking and coming home and violence within the home as well as them spending all the money that was needed to survive. Just thought id mention. That. Yes . First of all, thank you so much for writing this book. Im in the millennial generation. Wonderful. And i have a question. And that is what did you learn researching all of these women . What do i have to look forward to . Great question. I would say as i look back at these women, the women who did something whatever that wonderful achievement was were women of passion, persistence, determination. They really pushed. And despite whatever obstacles were placed there, they did it. And i believe that the millennial generation more than, you know, some of us are well beyond that, that millennial generation will stand up and be counted. I fully believe that. Yeah, most exciting. Good to see you here. Yes . Hi, thank you for coming. Youre welcome. I wanted to know if you could elaborate more on the divisions that the Antislavery Movement caused from the suffrage movement. My understanding is it actually split, there was a split. Oh, there was a split in the vote, yeah the suffrage movement, yes. So some women felt that, you know, we want it, we want it now. And they were what we would call violent agitators. You see lots of that . iu footage about them marching. They marched on3 wilson and t white house, and other women they were white and purple, they had special banners. I mean they were just amazing, amazing women. Passion, persistence, determination. And other women were quieter about it, and they felt like itll come, itll come in time and when the time is ready it will happen, sole th they split. So there were two huge parts of the suffrage movement, and it took some of the more famous suffragists to sit behind closed doors and put that group together, but that was separate from the historians, again, behind the scenes, behind closed doors doing this whole notion of what was happening because of wanting to free the slaves first. Thank you. Sure. Yes . Criteria you used. Okay, the question was the criteria we used. So we created this elaborate scale. She had to be maybe the first to do something or the most famous to do something, or she invented something and she did it without her fathers money or her husbands money or her brothers money, you know, and all these criteria. Six, eight, ten of them and then we broke it because there were women we wanted to include who for one reason or another did want meet the criteria. So one of the women was catherine graham. She was the editor of the washington post. Now, it was her fathers newspaper. He had died and no surprise he nobody thought it was odd least of all her. And then her husband died and the board of directors is all like, oh, my gosh what do we do, what do we do. And she came to that meeting, you know, and theyre thinking shes going to say who on the board is going to be the editor, and she said im going to be thr editor. And they were stunned. They were thinking this paper is going to die pretty quickly. She said, look, i grew up at my fathers knee. I saw what it is to run a newspaper. I then went to college and i was a journalist major. I then married phil who ran the paper. I can run this paper. So we had her on a lot of good points, but, you know, it wasnt her money. But she was the one who was willing to publish the watergate papers, and that was such a huge thing for our country. We said we cant possibly leave her out. Like i told you about lucy stone, were idiosyncratic. Its our book. We can do what we want. Thanks for the question. [ applause ] so well . Kn have charlotte sitting right over here if anyone would like to talk to her or have a book signed, please do come talk to her. But otherwise thank you very much for coming here today. Please come see us again. Our next lecture will be on Victory Gardens and the womens Land Movement here for veterans day weekend. So definitely keep track of all the other lectures in theph future, so thank you again for coming today. First ladies influence and image on American History tv examines the private lives and the public roles of the nations first ladies through interviews with top historians. Tonight we look at Mary Todd Lincoln and eliza johnson. Watch, first ladies influence and image tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan 3. American history tv on cspan 3, exploring the people and events that tell the american story every weekend. Coming up sunday beginning at 9 00 a. M. Eastern were marking the 70th anniversary of the korean war live on washington journal and American History tv. With pulitzer prizewinning journalist Charles Hanly author of ghost flames life and death in a hidden war, korea 1950 to 53. And reel america features a series of u. S. Government korean war films starting with to help peace survive a 1974 orientation film for soldiers assigned to south korea. And at 7 00 p. M. On oral histories u. S. Veteran allen clark on serving two tours in korea between 1950 and 1953. Exploring the american story. Watch American History tv this weekend on cspan 3. W every saturdn history tv takes you to College Classrooms around the country for lectures in history. Why do you all know who lizzy borden is and raise your hand if you had ever heard of this murder, the gene harris murder trial before the claz . The deepest cause where well find the true meaning of the revolution was in this transformation that took place in the minds of the american people. Were going to talk about both of the sides of this story here, the tools and techniques of slave owner power and well also talk about the tools and techniques of power practiced by enslaved people. Watch history professors lead discussions with their students on topics ranging from the American Revolution to september 11th. Lectures in history on cspan 3 every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv. And lectures in history is available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Next on the presidency, while the country confronts the coronavirus we look back at president s who faced crises while in the white house. In this 2003 program from cspans book note series john talks about polk. Mr. Polk ranked 14th in cspans historian survey of president ial leadership. How did they talk you into doing a biography on this