Oppression of certain peoples by federal troops. Wounded knee occurred in 1890, and the trueblue saloon we will encounter today, it is the name whicharticular bar at american soldiers were assaulted hile, at antry of c major port along the coast. I want us to consider the ways in which the u. S. Army and navy were envisioning their future. Considering the past presentations the ways in which the armed forces, especially certain elements of the officer corps, were anticipating great power conflict. Infusedegree of anxiety their beliefs. Historians dont have any radically or persuasively clear understanding of exactly why americans of this age were so , and at the same time there was a lot of optimism about prosperity and increasing productivity and benefits for american power. There were other americans who that thely worried extension of American Interest globally would implement the for regional aspirants for power such as japan. Presented opportunity the world at the end of the long 19th century, it provided an opportunity, and an urgent one, for american strategists and thinkers, especially those in ,niform but not exclusively so if we consider Teddy Roosevelt members of the navy league, to grapple with what the uncertain future meant. That is the thrust of our presentation today. Navigating the images on slide one and we see buttons for constructed in the 1880s. These were seen as the first elements of the new steel navy, as it was often called. Warships, and you get the sense that they were a blend of traditional age of sale and of sail and new steam technologies. The United States was undertaking to construct what was in many ways modern technological marvels. But if we take that young officers critique the heart, we will appreciate that despite the fact that the u. S. Was modernizing, it was modernizing and noting new ships without much understanding of exactly how to do it well. Take theothers would u. S. Navy to task internally, informing an insurgency of sorts among junior officers. Quo, toenge the status challenge complacency, and also to challenge the new, and to argue that simply because it is new does not mean it is good. How would you know . Moreover, if you were a member house armedon the Services Committee or Naval Affairs committee or just a Voting Member of the appropriations committees . How would you know that what the navy was presenting you was sensible or not . It is a real challenge to intivate defense expertise civilian legislative bodies and policymaking bodies. The United States was no exception in this era. If anything, it seems that congress was more than willing to occur rate lots of money to appropriate lots of money to build things, and less concerned with the specifics of how well things were made, how well they were trained and operated, and frankly, the internal dynamics of Naval Administration and the School Systems the navy would create to educate and develop proficiency in operating these complex marvels. Depictse to the right sort of a jackinthebox type of character. Outturn the handcrank and pops this frightening monster. It is probably hard to say, but the diminutive fellow at the bottom has a ribbon saying egan , who was the american minister to chile. We had few embassies, so the ranking diplomat was not an ambassador but a minister. It was not faithbased, it was just a title. He is not a religious man, but he is an american diplomat. Eganis particular case, proves to be a firebrand and good fun and a lot of ways, as the story will tell. What we see is the fellow who has popped up, a clawlike figure, is about to swing his favor. If i was to tell you in 1891 in 1892, the u. S. Came very close chile, you might be surprised. You might be even more surprised that had the u. S. Declared war , we would have lost. Horizons shift our beyond the boundaries of the continental United States and also far overseas as elements of the u. S. Or me u. S. Army were considering conflicts. A key figure in what i would characterize as the armys strategic reorientation was a fellow named arthur wagoner. He was a scholar in many respects. He was a student of war. He would author this particular study, which was an examination of the austro prussian conflict, what we would call the german wars of unification in the 1860s, at the precise time of the american civil war. Wagoner would publish this volume about two decades later in 1889. He would also write the First American military theory text, the theory of war from an American Perspective called organization and tactics. This was a few years later in 1894. He is associated most often with educationf officer and not just the mechanics of how you organize your forces but thinking through strategy, harmonizing policy and strategy and tactics, and the ways force can optimally be used. As a soldier, he was chiefly concerned with the affairs of land warfare. Much of the u. S. Army was contented with thinking about the prospect of warfare in the future in the era of reconstruction and indian fighting on the front tier frontier. It was pretty much a domestic continental influence. If it were to fight, it would be on the home turf of the continental United States. Therein this era were very few or very few people i should say in the u. S. Army, would enter time would entertain the idea of the mexicanamerican war or assaults on coastal fortress cities that dotted the confederacy coastline. The army was by and large a land force and did not think it was necessary to do much more. Ner is one of the few people that appreciate great power conflict and part of that study was a function of having firsthand observation of foreign militaries. Ill see williamsons and william sims and wagner and weres in this era tasked by their various departments with Foreign Military observation duties. They were accredited jobs, they did not function as spies or anything like that. They were known to companions. In many of these foreign wars the francoprussian war, choose your favorite, americans were neutral in the conflicts. So they have the ability often to travel to both sides of the warring lines, make notes and observations, and report home about the stateoftheart of warfare in other lands. It was on the basis of these firsthand observations that agner and others were able to make assessments of other countries abilities and mentalities that under skirted conscription and the power of iesmilitary leadership. And here in the u. S. We should appreciate that military officers of even the highest rank were not generally considered very important in american society. They were often aristocrats, at least in the navy, and treated well in certain social circles, but yonder that, they were not necessarily politically influential. A broaderin societal level, people did not think much of the u. S. Navy or army. The notion of a slow, strategic reorientation is one that i am making a case, and argument that the u. S. Army or at least elements within the army, them, being one of that the u. S. Army needed to be ine diligent and meticulous studying other conflicts of contemporaneous concern. As much as the civil war had engulfed the u. S. , it was more tempting often times to look at Foreign Military examples for shining possibilities. Rapid campaigns, decisive victories and the like. It just so happens that the inmans, or the prussians these conflict unifying germany in the 1860s and 1870s in ofnce was a key demonstrator amazing abilities organizationally and on the field, what becomes germany, what was then called prussia, it was a force to be reckoned with. Ofwas organized, made use rails, and displayed a host of other strategic inspirations that impressed american officers. Youuch so that wagner, if read the text, and i encourage you to study it, he was critical of this group of officers who were enchanted by european models of recent warfare. Butso much the napoleonic, the ones in the mid 19th century. There is a small class among professional soldiers, he writes, that are wont to the still admiration on recent european wars. This is where he gets critical not because they were excellent but because they were european. He is making the case that the exoticism of Foreign Military potential obscured what the u. S. And the civil war had accomplished in terms of developing military expertise. Critical point of elevating the professionalism of the American Military institution. Wagners lament was that this had atrophied in the immediate aftermath of the war. Structures had been dissolved and dismantled. There were american demands that budgets be shrunk, the size of andmilitary be shrunk, sometimes the enlistments of temporary soldiers to fight during the civil war were expired, so they went home. At the end of the second paragraph, he would argue that the art of war had reached a Higher Development in america than in europe in 1866, and in some respects, higher than in 1870. He is making a case that for all of the Amazing Things pressure was able to accomplish on the , theefields of europe United States actually displayed and so her abilities, does make a case moreover that europeans had failed to learn much, if anything, from the American Military experience, and had the austrians, for example, paid more attention to interior lines and the effective use of defensive fortifications such as were erected around petersburg or federick spur or vicksburg, they could have inflicted far more casualties on the prussians and perhaps won the war that they lost. Is a mind, and intellect in this era. 40th out of 43 cadets at west point in his graduating class, so he was kind of autumn of the barrel academically, but nevertheless, one of the few who shined. There are a host of individuals like this historically who did not perform particular well at the military academies but demonstrated through the course of their career that they were far more cerebral and more capable than the class rosters suggested. Of 4040ison, a class five officers was the extent of a graduating class at the military academy in the late 19th century. Today, the numbers are in the realm of 900 cadets graduating from west went on an annual basis, so you have some sense of the enlargement, dramatic enlargement of the American Military in the modern age in contrast to what was in the 19th century. Lets turn to slide three. Of wagnersion expense, lets focus on john schofield. Military academy graduate, he graduated seventh out of a class of 52, so substantially better in terms of academic performance. His career stretched from 1853 to 1895. A lengthy career. He was the recipient a medal of honor and had served in the civil war and attained the rank of Major General. He would subsequently be the secretary for president johnson. And culminate in the final position of commanding general of the u. S. Army. He had a very distinct military career. Near the end of his career, he was sent on a secretary of war survey of france, he went to the hawaiian islands, he traveled a good portion of the world. At west point, he was a philosophy instructor among other topics. Math and physics. Schofieldgard, demonstrated a variety of abilities. , in particular in his memoir, he emphasized the armys role in a number of important facets of American Life. He makes an argument in the upper paragraph about Coastal Defense and atrophying defenses of American Force designed to protect american ports, chiefly. The wooden carriages had gone to decay, the guns lying on the ground. In essence, he is making a case that naval technology, warshipsy with metal were going to far outstrip american defenses along americas coast. He does make another case that the navy, the second paragraph, was the aggressive and defensive arm of National Military power. Not the first line of defense, the first line of offense. What is the point of the army, then . It is defense. Orientationnsive for the purposes of the army. And he also speaks about wounded knee in the paragraph to the right. And made a case that a fellow named nelson miles, who would have a lengthy career in the u. S. Army in indian wars and the spanishamerican war, but he would make a case that basically wounded knee was an accident, an acident rather than by design mistake. Would not pursue a general war with the u. S. Army or United States government because of the negotiations of general miles. The sioux had no general intention to go to war, he writes, if they could go without starvation. Again, speaking to meeting the needs of native americans and fulfilling treaty obligations the u. S. Had established. Schofield,king at this was not an era where you could serve in uniform and have a beard to your belly. This was prespecial forces in inspiration. Four. Turn to slide this is the cover of a particular book. He finishes as lieutenant general, but 46 years in the army suggests a lengthy tenure. Moreover,tions related to those of Teddy Roosevelt. He argues that members of congress should have military service. He writes in the upper left, no man is fit for a seat in Congress Unless he has had such an education as to be in uniform. Moreover, the first thing members of congress should learn is that the only way to carry war economically is to make it short, sharp and decisive. How would you do that . Perhaps by winning in impressive an impressive battle. You could help the results would be durable. Perhaps like the prussians against the austrians or french in the wars in the 1860s and 1870s. With regard to preparation, and that is a major theme, preparedness for war among those hahn, and to dole out military preparations in triplets is to invite disaster. No man is wise enough to tell one more will come. You have only if hundreds of millions are needed and youve only spent 50, you might as will have thrown that into the sea. Schofield is offering a powerful come up by this time, more than a century of decisions,litary which was comfortable in conscripting groups and raising the means of fighting once war began. Saying this is folly. His peers in the navy share this perspective. That thelso argue United States ought to undertake Something Like the prussians had, which is universal military training for the male population. Basically to put all men into some form of military service and that they would drill as be led by and smaller, fulltime professional force. He felt this was an ideal balance to ensure that there was a sufficient pool, a national pool, not just a triplet of militia, but by and large, that half of the population would have received military training and could be called on at times of big power war. This is one in the bottom right , schofield isk critical of Abraham Lincoln. Of reason and experience i would impress on my countrymen in every possible way is when war or insurrection comes or is threatened in other words, when the civil war dooccurring in 1860, 1861 not invoke judicial proceedings or call for 75,000 men as lincoln did in his initial call for volunteers to fight the confederacy after the attack on fort sumter. But call for men, that is the emphasis, and let them come as many as they will put if the army is configured properly, it could accommodate this massive upsurge and people along the lines of the french. Retooling of for a the structure and traditions and temper of American Life to incline it much more toward a military countenance the likes of which the prussians had been doing and were held in high esteem in the ranks of the u. S. Army and navy. Navy. Lian the bottom quotation i think really struck me as i was looking at schofield some years ago for the first time. Foreign conquests and permanent occupation are not part of the policy of this country. What a radically different world we inhabit today. One of the questions as historians that we ought to pose, if that was the mentality, even though schofield was arguing for strategic reorientation, to be prepared for great power of war, hes arguing for defensive war, not to go on the march overseas and not to seize other possessions or conquer anything else exterior to the continental United States. If that is the case, and if that was the norm in the 19th century, how did it come about that the United States has become sort of habitually entrenched in other lands . It is an open question and one worthy ongoing examination. If you are schofield, how do you win the war . War would be short by is won quickly overwhelming numbers of trained soldiers ready to go at a moments notice. We are the beneficiaries of a large Defense Budget able to fight and win. He looked at the prussian models of the 1860s and 1870s as examples of doing just that. Oft is the folly and pain the civil war in his mind . That it was such a long and lengthy conflict because neither side had really invested in adequate military preparation for the possibility of big war. Thus, it dragged out and got bigger and bigger and bigger, but it was a bleary, bloody affair. Wagner would suggest the americans learned some things are along the way and refined the art of war in so doing, but schofield is critical. Lets turn to slide five. I would like to introduce you to a figure named emery upton, another Civil War Veteran and author of several works, and perhaps this should be a theme that the vision nears visionaries and those anticipating for war and making comparisons about other countriess military abilities were authors in uniform. One of the ways they influenced their peers in uniform as well as interested observers in military affairs was through writing. In this case, infantry tactics double and single rank in 1870 five was published by a commercial publisher. It was not published by the army general Staff College or Calvary School such as wagner. Upton pursued a commercial publisher. Nothing he is writing about is classified necessarily but it suggests that commercial publishers found military science and art of profound importance worthwhile of investigation. Upton himself was a bit of a civil war phenom. The rank ofved Major General and remained in uniform for a good many years after the civil war. He ultimately committed suicide in 1881. In that regard, he also follows in the steps, tragically, of someone else who could not adjust to retirement. Upton, by all accounts might have had a brain tumor, and was exhibiting a variety of signs of neurosis and cognitive difficulties that were inextricable inexplicable. There are some ideas that his mind was not quite right owing to medical maladies. Nevertheless. Upton had studied the civil war firsthand and he would write about it and basically develop his recommendations on how to improve upon the fighting, the infantry fighting on the battlefield. The proficiency of soldiers was vital to victory. Not just a conscript of volunteers or parttimers the likes of which Abraham Lincoln was one, and a local militia during the blackhawk wars. He is making a case for bona fide, professional soldiers who train and drill and understand how to use weapons, follow orders, and understand the purposes for which they are fighting. Lets turn to slide six. To get a sense of some of uptons International Experiences in the aftermath of the u. S. Civil war. Here i include the cover for his book that is published by the same commercial publisher, appleton and company, in 1878. In 1877, he had been given orders from the secretary of war and chief of staff, general sherman, to basically examine a variety of things. The secretary of war had encouraged him to travel through germany to Pay Attention to their schools for the instruction of officers and strategy, apply tactics in higher duties in the art of war, etc. Sherman said if youre going that far, go all the way to asia before you come home. Spend as much time as you can in calcutta in india. Yet familiar with british officers, learn how they do imperial duties to govern 200 million people, at the time. Notice how they quarter, feed and transport men in peace and war. All of these things encapsulated in this volume all of these books are online through an organization, and also google books. If youre interested, you can pursue them readily. Into a fascinating insight contemporary military life in a number of countries. Firsthand then parallel developments in other upton becametions, of the conviction that the u. S. Was woefully backwards, and shared these perspectives. Contemporaneous commentators about the dereliction of duty at a National Level they believe the u. S. Government was failing to provide national security. That it was failing to anticipate the threats of Foreign Military and changes in the hp lets turn in the age. Lets turn to slide seven. You see the cover for what is called the military policy in the u. S. Uptons volume, ultimately , wased and looks like this a volume that circulated among his officer peers in the ranks he called itnd audaciously the military policy of the United States. Was it the military policy . By no means. But this was his vision statement for what the u. S. Military should be. Convinced that the American People were deceiving themselves. What he was arguing was that there needed to be a fundamental strategic reformulation and how the u. S. Thought about war, how it prepared for, and he articulates some of the reasons. Upper excerpt from military policy, with the greater mass of people who have neither the time of or inclination to study military science, no error is more common then to mystic military resources for military strength to mistake military resources for military strength. In other words, you could have point 5000 soldiers you could have 25,000 soldiers, but perhaps they were not well developed, trained, maintained and in fighting form. The idea that simple numbers meant something by way of power, upton is trying to challenge. He will also argue in the second snippet that all of our wars have been prolonged for want of judicious preparation p in other words, the u. S. Revolution, the civil war, had taken far longer than they ought to because the u. S. Was not prepared for those conflicts. Make a case that the cause is obvious to the soldier and should no less obvious to the statesman. If you are in uniform you should receive these things, but if you are a civilian, perhaps you should not. Why had the u. S. Not cared . He argued the legacy of fear of since thees days of the british colonies, there had been, as we discussed, a fear of a large military establishment. A traditional source of insecurity and tyranny. An englishspeaking peopless concern. He was making the case that the reason the u. S. People had been oblivious and opposed the preparation was because they have been overly fearful of a standing army. He writes in the bottom of the middle paragraph, he writes that i am aware i tread on delicate ground and every militia man who has patriotic responded to the call of his country in his hour of danger may regard himself as unjustly attacked. So upton is not trying to art orne the military passion or even contributions of parttimers, but he wishes america would wake up to the necessity he feels is urgent to get ready for real or and real war, and needs professionals to do that. Lets turn to slide eight. Lets look at how close the u. S. Chile came to war. You see some images of an American Naval officer, his nickname was fighting bob. Of other images that relate to the scenes i would like to suggest. Ae of these is the drawing of chilean warship called the esper alda. Andas british manufactured chile purchased it outright. Ine we see from the bbc 2014, a report of turkish sailors attacking u. S. Soldiers who were on leave in istanbul. I have called this scandal the baltimore incident and that is how it is often referred to in history books. If it is in a book, it is usually a footnote. Ofs particular possibility war is what i will call a near chile. Th there was no fighting but it came close. The near war or baltimore customarily the names we can attach to this almost war. Chile had undergone a civil war. There were two main factions the president and his supporters versus members of congress. Congress were the congressional section and were seeking to overthrow an individual they believed was a dictator. An equip their insurrection and attempted overthrow, successful overthrow the president , they even purchased guns on the open market in the u. S. They sailed a ship to san ofncisco and bought a cache arms, back when you could buy guns in san francisco. At this particular moment when ists wereonal trying to overthrow this dictator, the United States government elated lee belatedly and spasmodically reacted and was afraid that american neutrality would be compromised if chilean civil war fromgerents acquired guns the United States. U. S. Navy warship was tasked to intercept this ship laden with guns bound for chile. It failed, it once it arrived in chilean waters, the theyessionalists, once were informed the u. S. Government had pursued them, were rather incensed and angered the u. S. Government was attempting to interfere in the outcome of a war they believed was just. Strike one for the reputation of the u. S. And in particular the u. S. Navy in the esteem of congressional supporters. Strike two is because of egan from the initial slide we looked at with the jack in a box. He was a bit of a firebrand, a trash talker, and some of the in impolitic things he said about chile leaked in the press and helped inflame things. It seemed the u. S. Government preferred the status quo in chile. Why . Its minister was in favor of thepresident and moreover, u. S. Navy was tasked with trying congressionalists from equipping themselves. So we have what you could call strike two and the reputation of the United States and its emissaries and chile. Americanime, the warship observing military slugging it out along the coastline of chile. Also apparently some german ships and french and british were periodically observing military operations during the civil war. It was routine but the attention of the American Ship or the presence of the American Ship, called the baltimore, caught the attention of the congressionalists. They felt they were leaking information to the president. Unaware of the depth of brewing hostility, perhaps blissfully unaware of it was the commander of the baltimore, a fellow who we already encountered in his choice counters about the greeley expedition. Toys comments about the greeley expedition. The ships part of crew to go on shore leave. Unauthorized shore leave in the middle of a civil war seems lunacy. You would not wish to authorize shore leave in syria, for example. Here you see the attack on american sailors and his temple, which is a far more serene country in a lot of ways than perhaps see you. But he authorized his sailors to go on leave, and where did they end up . Predictably a bar. Sailors in this era were known for inebriation and frequenting bars and bar life. There was a violent reaction among local chileans who basically orchestrated an attack on the american sailors at the bar. It was called the trueblue saloon. Saloon, several dozen american sailors were roughed up, physically assaulted, and two of them killed. Police, the chilean police, assisted apparently in some of the brutality, participating in mob violence and certainly not texting inebriated american sailors. Some made it back to the ship and reported to their commander what had occurred. The commander corresponded with the american minister and collectively they wired back to their superiors in washington, d. C. To notify them of the chaos and the deaths of two americans. Hlay committed a major faux pas when he wired back to washington, he lied. He said my sailors were not drunk, they were good and noble and respectable people. Selfrespecting Navy Department official or member of the executive branch could appreciate that sailors on shore leave during this era would not be drunk. So he shot himself in the foot of his credibility, so to speak, by a sickly misleading or trying , orislead the events mischaracterizing the events. He is recalled because of his untrustworthiness and bad decisionmaking. The fellow tasked with replacing him on the baltimore was named evans, depicted here. He arrived on a warship called the yorktown. The next few months, this crisis enlarged and radiated in intensity across the United States. American Public Opinion got more pressous and angry as the manipulated and toyed with american sentiments. There is certainly nothing wrong with emphasizing the death of american sailors as a source of agitation, but there were certainly calls for war and teaching the chileans a lesson and demanding the chileans respect the power of the United States. This chorus of voices from washington, d. C. To the west coast, it seemed the American People were inclined to fight chile to force it to apologize. We could call this an affair of honor. Does one have to fight for honor . Win . Ne most americans were brimming must be athat chile backwards country economically and militarily, they considered the decrepit vestiges of the spanish empire. Most americans through uninformed and racist lenses, described chileans in all kinds of unsavory ways. But americans were confident that should they be called the fight, they could destroy chile. They demanded an apology. The chief problem with demanding an apology from the congressionalist faction that has taken over the chilean government is that they would never apologize to the u. S. , at least not under the threat of war. It was an affair of honor and also a matter of consolidating chilean politics. The chilean congressionalists would not apologize to the americans and will not be forced to about to the americans, and frankly, did not feel the need to do so, especially when the american minister was irresponsible, the American Naval commander was a fool, they believed. Why would you apologize to fools . Fortunately for all parties , fighting bob was a practical individual. Was a seasoned, longtime naval officer. He quickly took estimation of the situation in the harbor were he was at anchor. He recognized quickly that the coastal guns the chileans maintained in local batteries were of recent drumming recent german manufacturer and stateoftheart. Crewsltrained, those could be directed to blast apart his warship, which was metal hulled but not armored. He had a newer worship but it was highly vulnerable to stateoftheart postal batteries. Esmeralda ship was an example of a chilean investment in modern technology. This and wroteed in his memoir that the esmeralda individually could destroy and sink every single american warship even if every worship scattered around the world were gathered in one mighty armada. Andad the firepower defensive capabilities and the speed to sink the entire american navy. Evans appreciated this firsthand by touring the ship. He tried to ingratiate himself with his chilean hosts. He was careful not to step on toes and wished to establish good, firm working relations with the chileans. War wereized that if to come, he would die, sibley put. He was not necessarily afraid of dying, he figured if it was going to come, bring it on, but he did not want to die on account of miscommunication and that an accident would cause a war. His estimations of chilean defenses were some of the things that helped to moderate American National policy toward chile. Fortunately for all parties concerned, the chilean government after a few months, subsided thanks to evanss diplomatic initiatives and confidence building relationships. To chileans were willing apologize and pay restitution for the families of the dead sailors. If anything, the crisis resolved, the chilean government made amends, and soon this became a footnote. Lets turn to slide nine and look at some of the newspaper for those i acquired 1891various newspapers in from chicago and kentucky in various areas. Differentspelled and ways. Suggestion was this was a manufactured incident and a conspiracy to kill american sailors. You can read these entries. One of them played around with chili,e with a saucy playing with the food. Here the United States was preparing for war but without a clear understanding of what the implications would be. We learned subsequently that wheneverar warnings completely received. So the American People never completely appreciated nor did the president or department of navy at this time fully appreciate that the United States was preparing to march to war without the means to conduct it. How would schofield have felt . How would anybody have felt if the u. S. Arched to war and been witness to a horrific battle at sea and witnessed the death and destruction of the u. S. Navy . It would have been difficult to transport an army without a navy. In that regard, lets turn to slide 10 to see some of the other statements. There were eyewitness reports from american sailors who were survivors of the incident. Pretty ugly stuff. If you imagine the panic of in the violence. Here we see some images of the sailors. In chile. Killed the one fellow died instantly and the other died of his wounds. Wereof these sailors accorded unique status. They lay in state at the capital building. It seemed to the American People that this was a moment of great opportunity to commemorate the dead and valorize Naval Service in distant lands. Of some had not fully radiated by any means. But in the 1880s, the naval renaissance idea and increasing emphasis on American Military and naval activity was starting to pay dividends in the rising steam of the American Armed forces within the american public. To give you a sense of the trajectory of the conflicts, slide 12, toward where evans describes in his two, butoir, he writes he would say is extraordinary to send a naval officer to determine the sentiment of a country. I have the responsibility of a position that almost frightens me. I could send a wire tomorrow that would cause a declaration of war. Sailor, oricose perhaps more audacious than evans, might have perceived some of the antagonisms chileans directed toward him as necessitating war. Backedns time and again down for the sake of discretion and survival and the sake of maintaining american honor even though it did not realize it was endangered. The crisis resolves. Evans sales home and the American People were full of confidence they forced the chileans to back down. That is not completely true but the crisis abated. As evans returned and rose in increasing rank, he was the initial commander of the great globalleet and its circumnavigation during the roosevelt ministration. He was a commander during this critical moment of naval vulnerability and it helps accelerate the conviction of his peers in uniform and supporters in congress of the urgent necessity to improve the fighting capabilities of americas forces so that they would not be bested by a Regional Power such as chile. Lets turn to slide 15. In schofields memoir, he reveals a striking dream he had hadt the way in which chile a metamorphosis into this splendid animal, as he called it, the noblest of his species, and the ways in which americans ,ad tried to force the chileans but they remained firm and strong and more powerful than ever. We will skip forward on slide 14, but you can read the elements on the secretary of the navys report to congress. I pose this question and it is , thewhile contemplating advanced deployment of American Ships such as under schlay, could that be construed as aggravating . If you are watching other countries go to war and an accident happens where your ship is attacked or your sailors are implicated in some internal dispute, what is the effect on American Foreign policy . Most americans did not contemplate that. Supportingwho were the idea of expanding the navy. You will be sending ships to distant lands and who knows what will happen. You might be at greater risk if you build a bigger fleet. Evanss second memoir, he reflects back on what a different melton a inferent reception he had 1907. He arrives at strength and what a difference between an individual in a vulnerable , toican warship steaming in having the most sophisticated ships afloat. He comments on that and you can read that. The final slide that i have is some of the ways in which this new institution would try to interpret the lessons of recent conflicts. Asther in the United States a direct participant or simply observing, such as a war between china and russia im sorry, china and japan. Or any number of conflicts around the world. American observers went abroad. The Naval War College was cast with undertaking a lot of this initial gaining activity. To rehearse on the big board, literally. How you might play battleship. To anticipate the movements and requirements of modern industrial warfare. If your ships are going to seem away, where do they resupply . How do they get coal or fresh water or food . Where are allied bases or friendly basis and port facilities . Questions like this under guard the transformation of American Naval sensibilities. How do you do it . How do you sustain your forces . How do you repair them . All these ancillary questions. Vital to the Operational Efficiency of the fleet in time of war, or even individual ships. It became part and parcel of inreasing study by officers both services to try to appreciate the ingredients of waging industrial war. Its not just heroism. Its not just by you that you are ordered to fight. They dont expect to receive conscripts or militia instantaneously. What are the professional forces that you have to fight at a moments notice . How welltrained are they . How familiar with american Strategic Principles . How familiar are they with interop row . What are the doctrines upon which they will fight, such as nelsons band of brothers . How do they think of each other . That are the concerns manifesting in the ranks of the United States armed forces at the end of the 18th century. Watch lectures and history every weekend on American History tv. We take you inside College Classrooms to learn about topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. That is saturday on cspan3. This sunday, we hear about Richard Nixons reforms of native American Government policies that led to the restoration of lands and inaugurated a new era of selfgovernment. Heres a preview. Some commentators say that president nixon was influenced by early 1968 messages from president johnson. Read insomething he had january 1969 to one of his most trusted advisors and director of speech writing in the white house. I think theres a simpler and more accurate answer. Helddent nixon personally thaty strong moral belief federal native american policy was destructive, discriminatory, debilitating, and was not right. Ran againstilation everything in his moral core. As a young white house fellow, i did not know the president well. I got glimpses of his thought process. I can say with confidence that he did personalize his beliefs. Tot personalization related his football coach at would your college. He was a member of the la jolla band. The president said on more than one occasion that the coach had a profound influence on his life and inspired him and his teammates to be selfconfident, competitive, and never give up. To go back to those days, the president felt that the coach had never given up even though he was very much discredited against. Native americans and other minorities were not selected as coaches for major football programs. They were not selected to be major coaches or players. The president believed that the coach would have been an allamerican if it had been different times. He would have been a coach at a big ten school. That was just not possible in those days. Nixon thought it was unfair. I heard him say more than once that he promised himself that if you ever have the chance, he would correct the wrongs against native americans on behalf of his coach. Watch the full program this sunday at 8 00 eastern here on American History tv. American history tv is on cspan3 every weekend. All of our programs are archived on our website at cspan. Org history. Watch lectures and college films, and seeal our schedule of upcoming programs. Thats cspan. Org history. Tv,ext on American History a retired colonel talks about his participation in operation frequent wind, the evacuation of americans and south vietnamese allies from saigon after it fell to the north vietnamese. The National World war i museum in memorial provided this january 2020 video. Now, i would like to proudly introduce retired marine corps colonel thomas w holden. Commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the United States marine corps during his College Graduation and proceeded directly to pensacola where he was trained as a marine pilot. He was designated a naval aviator in december of 1968 and received further training in the ch 46 helicopter at Marine Air Base cousin, california. He was deployed to