Market. So well be talking about that tonight. And what i want to do is set the stage for the bread riots, give you an idea for the conditions under which it occurred, and then ill talk about the riot itself and then ill end with the aftermath of the riot. I have a slight up here of robert keen. He wrote some insightful things. I want to share something from his diary. On march 7, this is what he said. He was an official in the War Department. And he said flour in the city is 30, but butchers are closing their stalls. Pound. 1. 25 per then he said the scheduled prices, which are often 50 below the market or neighborhood price. Price schedule he is talking about is basically the government prices that farmers had to abide by when they sold goods to the army. So, the farmers resent these prices. Corn, and meet, as meat, as soon as they were brought to towns, there was a surplus. Unless the secretary changes his policy and buys in the market for the best price. And then he concluded there is a manifest uneasiness in the public mind, different from anything that i have noticed hereto for. 1863, the war had done structure ofe the the south, the socioeconomic structure of the south. Of course, during this time period, women were supposed to be subservient to men. Womens domain was the heart and home. They were supposed to be the Spiritual Center of the home. Basicallysupposed to take care of their family and their husband, attend church. But they were not the breadwinners. They were not supposed to be out in the public sphere. They were not supposed to participate in the political process. But as the war occurred, you have men leaving homes, leaving behind businesses and farms, and so women really come into this new role of managing business and going out and earning money. So, their status changed as a result of the war. And another thing that happened as a result of the war is the disparity that existed between the upper and the lower classes becomes more and more obvious. Before the war, you had the wealthy, the upperclass people seeing it as their duty to care for the poor, to be benefactors, to close them claude then and clothe them and feed them. How do we support our troops . How do we support the soldiers in the field . So there is this shift, there is not people looking out for the poor and taking care of them. And then theres this also, because of the extreme shortages that occur, they hit these people in the poor and workingclass the hardest. So, if you look at the memoirs of the women who wrote during the civil war, upper middleclass women, theyre certainly lamenting the shortages of luxury items. But at the same time, you have poor people who cant even put food on the table. And i was reading over this talk, i was struck by the similarities to today. I had a friend who did a post on facebook, saying she was going through a feed. She was noticing people complain about how much longer it takes things to get from amazon, the slow food delivery, and not being able to go out to dinner. And people were talking about theyre doing household projects. So, you have people who are middleclass, uppermiddleclass certainly complaining about the changes that covid19 has brought. But there are people out there who are wondering how theyre going to put food on the table and how theyre going to pay their rent. So, so i think there are some similarities we can find under this circumstance. Now, another thing that happened is congress produced some legislation that is quite unpopular. 1852, they april of passed the first constriction act in American History, the draft. And this calls for men between the ages of 1835 to be drafted. And then in september, there was a second act that raised that age to 45. But there were some exemptions to this act, and some provisions. And one of those is that men, if they had the money, could purchase a substitute. And there are accounts of some substitutes being paid as much as 4000. This really gives credence to that cry, a rich mans war and a poor mans fight. There are also some exemptions to the draft. Some people that are considered essential workers. National and state officers, railroad workers, druggists, professors, teachers, minors, ironters, pilots, nurses, factory workers. All those people were exempted. If you are thinking about that list of exemptions, there is one other set of essential workers that are not exempted, and these are the farmers. Farmers are essential to grow those crops, to feed the army, and to feed people on the home front. But they were not exempt it from the draft. There was an act that was the past that was passed, and it exempted overseers of 20 or more slaves, or enslaved people. So, this is yet again something be and isrs to geared toward benefiting the upperclass. Because only 20 of the population owned slaves, 20 or more people. So, this created a great deal of unrest. Then at the same time, the confederate government continues to print and print more money. That money is not backed by anything other than the of future cotton sales hope of future cotton sales. That money becomes useless. The value of the dollar declined. And it declines along with shortages increasing due to the blockade and due to farmlands being ravaged. Richmonds population at the beginning of the war was just under 38,000. And we dont know exactly what the population was by 1863, the another employee in the War Department wrote there was 100,000 people in the city. This certainly seems believable. Richmond was overflowing with refugees, with government employees, with soldiers and prisoners of war, men in hospitals. Very likely could have had a population of 100,000 by this point. And between october 1861 and march of 1854, for 31 months straight, the price index rose by 10 each month. Price wasmonth, the compounded by 10 . We just did not keep up with the prices. Robert keene wrote in his diary, i recently made a rough calculation to compare the present currency with a sound one in the matter of my household expenses. The result is my salary of 3000 will go about as far as 700 would in 1860. The daily dispatch in talking about the increase in prices, blamed the problem on speculators. And you do find a lot of this, not only in the press, but in the memoirs of the day. Billhey showed in 1860, a of a Grocery Store family cost this much. 8. 25. 60. 3, it just think about this. At a time a woman serving as a war matron was making 35 a month. And groceries for a week or close to 70. So its no wonder that children were being put to work. Theg girls began working in Confederate States laboratory on browns island. The Confederate States laboratory employed around 300 women and girls. According to one of the richmond newspapers, young girls between the ages of nine and 12 were rolling 1200 cartridges a day. They were being paid between 2. 40 a day. Nd that is not certainly that is not going to be enough to support a family. But the attempt was to make ends meet. In the lead up to the bread riot, i think this is one of the things that definitely increased tensions in the city, in addition to the legislation and the shortages. Explosion on the Confederate States laboratory. Arein this explosion, there missed my slide there. Children,45 women and of human, who were killed a few men, who were killed, and another 120 that were injured. This is a catastrophe that hits home among the working class. And then, following this, is when james, the confederate secretary of war, introduced his price schedule. In this price schedule was in response to an act that had been passed by congress to regulate impressment. Porridge, food for animals, crops, and property. By property, what theyre talking about is enslaved hadle, because the army enslaved people dig trenches, build fortifications, worked for the army. Set a price for various commodities and its something farmers were not happy about. Andsome farmers boycotted refused to bring goods into the city because they knew when they did that, the army would seize their goods and they would only pay what was in suttons price schedule. In addition to this, there was a new act that required merchants to get a passport in order to enter the city. So, this is just one more bit of red tape. And then finally, Mother Nature conspired. D4 inter of 1863 and 86 1864 was a harsh winter. Over half the days in february and march, there was either snow or rain. And on march 19, there was tremendous snowfall of nine inches. In the next day, there was another inch and a half added to that. And then all of a sudden, march 22, as so often the weather does in the spring in this area, you have the complete change. Day,a bright, warm, sunny and that produced a rapid thaw. Keen reported high water and deep mud would be the consequences. Even those who were willing to get passports, willing to risk the chance of their crops being ticketed by the army being complicated by the army, even those who wanted to bring their products to market, they werent able to do that. Now, one thing i found very frustrating as i was researching this talk is that robert does an amazing job of setting the stage for their bread riots. And then, of all things, is silent from april 2 to. April 6 and when he begins writing again, he does not talk about their bread riot. Fortunately, there were other people that did mention what was going on. And one of those was jp jones, who was a war clerk. On april 2, which is the day of the riots, he reported, this morning, early, a few hundred women envoys met in concert by the capital scare women and boys met in concert by the Capitol Square. There were more than a thousand, but few men were among them. These were mostly Foreign Residents with exemptions in their pockets. Jones was correct in his assessment that the meeting had been prearranged. One of the leaders of their bread riot was a woman named mary jackson. And she was a 34yearold huckster, or seller in the market. She had been in the market for seven years. She had a husband who was a painter. She was alert he was a little bit younger than she was. They had four children. One of them was a sign in the army. Mary jackson had made herself wellknown by continuing going to the War Department and seeking a discharge for her son. That mary jackson spread word the day before. She was talking up this riot that was going to take place. But thet this riot, protest that was going to take place. Mary jackson was described by the richmond examiner as a good specimen of a 40yearold amazon, with the eye of a devil. Another paper said she had a vixenish eye. Ill talk more about the portrayal of women in the bread riots as we go on. But mary jackson arranged for women of the town to meet in Belvedere Hill that his church and oregon hill, which is a working class neighborhood. And at this meeting, they decided they would go with a body to the Provision Stores and demand goods at government prices. So that was their goal. They wanted to be able to go to the market and pay the same price that the army was paying for the goods that it purchased for the soldiers. Now its kind of interesting about this meeting that took place in the church because immediately after the riot, the pastor of the church paid for an announcement in the paper that said, so far as known to this church, not one of the members knew about the meeting being held in the member house. So the pastor was very quickly to distance himself from this discontent. But this crowd of women decided to gather at the capital. So, they went to Capitol Square to seek outplan was the governor. They went to the governors mansion. They were told he had actually gone over to the capital to begin his day of work. And the woman who kind of led the delegation approaching the staff at the Governors Office was a misses johnson. And she also is described in an unflattering way, a toothless old woman. But she spoke to colonel bassetts front and said that they wanted bread and bread they would have or die. And french said you are not proceeding in the right way to get bread. Answer the governor is already gone, because and so the governor is already gone, but because this is a very big crowd and very loud, the governor did eventually come out and speak to the crowd. What he told them was i dont have the authority to make farmers sell you good at those government prices. I cant do that. Definitely not what these ladies wanted to hear. So they left the Capitol Square. According to jones, about 9 00 a. M. , the mob emerged from the western gates of the square and proceeded down 9th street, passing the War Department, crossing main street, increasing in magnitude at every step. But preserving silence and so far, good order. This gathering of over 300 women come from . Look here at this map of richmond, with the capital there in the center. And these women came from all over. You had women coming from what was the west end of the city at the time, from oregon hill and at sheep hill. O and then from the east side of the city, you had them coming from rockets landing and fort mayo. That came also women from the outlying counties, so obviously this is something that was planned. This is something that had advanced word, and people stopped what they were doing so that they could gather. Now, this riot was not without precedent. And atlanta, georgia, there had been a riot in march. Also, rights at Salisbury High School in raleigh, north carolina. There was one in mobile, alabama. Thats what this illustration is of. And then on april 1, just a day before the bread riots, there was one in petersburg. Nes said not knowing the meaning of such a profession, i asked a pale boy where they were going. A young woman, seemingly emaciated, but yet with a smile, answered that they were going to find something to eat. I could not, for the life of me, refrain from expecting expressing the hope they might be successful and i remarked they were going in the right direction to find plenty in the hands of the extortioner. So jones is a bit sympathetic towards these workers. Capitolwomen left the. They headed down main street and another group headed down. Street. Down. Street down perry street. Places like pollard and son, and tyler and son, and also the government commissary was one of the targets. The riots begins with little over 300 women. Some accounts put it over a thousand people, mainly women, but some men involved, as well. But these people did a great deal of damage. Tyler and son lost over 6,000. Tj hicks lost 3500. And i should note that tj hicks was a jewish businessman. You do of the writings, see there is a great deal of antisemitism, and people are often equating the speculators with jewish businessman. One interesting incident that i came across as i was researching for this talk was in the testimony following the riots. They did have traits of the riles trials of the rights. Hethe story of james knotts, said he instructed someone to throw a box of needles out the window, hoping that he said it would appease the mob until the officers could come up. When i read that statement, i thought thats just strange. Why would you think in the middle of the riot, people would stop to pick up pins and needles . I just thought thats. And then of heat thats odd. And then a few days later, i was reading in james jones diary, and he said pins are so scarce and costly, it is a general practice to pick up any found in the street. That gave me pause. Here we have this going on twice, references to pins and needles. So i asked our Collections Department if we had anything. And we actually had two different items, or sets of items. We have these brass pins. They are looking a little tarnished. Note with them, the pins were brass unavailable in the confederacy. And then this, these needles are even more interesting, because the donor of them, catherine stiles, wrote this nice little note. Needles that were left as a in 1854 georgia 1864 and 1855. Never going out on horseback without a few to use as money or if you to give as needed. So, this is something of value. I just found that an interesting aside. The riot how does this riot end . Well, because of the noise, mayor mayo did read the riot act. Jefferson davis appeared on the scene, as well as governor letter. Governor lecher. All three of these men tried to put down the riot. What was effective was the arrival of the public guard, which was commanded by Lieutenant Commander edward scott great. And he had about ash scott gray edward scott great. And he had about edward scott gray. And he had about 20 men with him. The crowd was ordered to disperse or they would be fired upon. We dont know who that someone is. 25 years after the riot, the richmond dispatch held a paper debate about who put down the riot. And they asked the question, was it the governor or was it Jefferson Davis or was it mayor mayo . There were very few votes for mayo, giving the order to fire. Five of them give the governor a prominent role in putting down the riot, and four of them have him issuing the five minute warning, disperse or you will be fired upon in five minutes. Jefferson davis figures in eight accounts and only two of them have him as showing the order to fire upon the crowd if they didnt disperse. So this is quite a fascinating thing. 25 years after the red the bread riot, the richmond fast was asking this question, inviting people to write in. And you have people swearing they were standing right next to Jefferson Davis when he gave the order. You have another set of people swearing they were right by the governor when he gave the order. So the editor finally had to to reconcile the accounts seems impossible, but the governor of virginia, mayor of the city, and several state function ease took part in the suppression of the rights seems a certain, and it may be assumed therefore, it was one of some consequence. So, thats the conclusion they came to. , in ast often today find cat of the bread riot, it was Jefferson Davis that gave the order. Its primarily because they are relying on a memoir. She left an account in her memoir of Jefferson Davis, and talked about how he received word in his office that there was a serious disturbance, that the mayor was there, that the governor was there. So he hurried down to main street. And she paints this wonderful picture of Jefferson Davis hopping up on an overturned gray and addressing the crowd. You say youto them, are hungry and have no money. Here is all i have. It is not much, but take it. And with that, he take ash emptied his pockets of the change, threw emptied his pockets of the change, threw them into the crowd, and said we have no desire to hurt anyone, but this must stopped. I will give you five minutes and then you will be fired upon. That is the account in history but there is debate on that. Most mentioned it was the public guard that pulled out. This was formed by james monroe after the planned revolt in 1800. Verena saysys the guard that appeared was the federal army guard, also known as the ordinance battalion. Question, is the it possible that davis ordered one guard to fire and the governor ordered the public guard . Who knows . That will most likely remain a mystery. Event ofough it was an some consequence, the riot was relatively short, starts about 9 00, over by 11 00. Mary jackson, who had organized that meeting, the huckster, she was arrested around noon at 1st street. There were 44 women and 29 men were arrested. And 12 women were convicted. And Michael Chesson, an historian whose brother sort of an authority on the bread riots, makes a convincing argument that the charges that were brought against old, for lack of a better word, ugly women, were the charges that stuck. So, women who were elderly, who are past their prime, even if they were widowed, even if they had sons in the army, those were the women who were convicted. Whereas the young, welldressed, attractive women somehow managed to get off. And so you have these descriptions of mary johnson, who is a toothless old woman. She was actually the only woman indicted for a felony. She was sentenced to five years in the Virginia State penitentiary. There were also for men who were convicted of felonies four men who were convicted of felonies for the riots. A butcher apprentice also ended up being convicted of robbing a wagon load of beef. She was 40 years old. She was six foot tall, broad boned, and muscular, so not falling into that attractive category. She was fined 1000 and sentenced to six months in prison, but the senate sentence was commuted because she had a tumor on her neck and her doctor advised that she be released. Jackson, we do know that she was denied bail, and that the last record that michael is the found of her november, 1863 sentinel reported that she was going to be tried for a misdemeanor, but because of the evacuation fire, the Court Records were burned. So we dont really know what became of mary jackson. Welltodocials, citizens blamed the riot on undesirable elements. This is an image from harpers weekly, a northern newspaper. But very often what you come across are very negative descriptions of the riots. The richmond examiner declared the riot has been perpetuated by a handful of prostitutes, professional thieves, irish, and. Nky hags yankee hags so, foreigners, outsiders, unionists. The people who committed this riot werent needy. They were just greedy. Sally putnam, who wrote her memoir in 1857, said they were a combination of dutch, irish, and freeney grows free negroes. Is the onlyhink reference i found of africanamericans being involved in the riots. But she pointed out they were free. There was this attempt to portray these people in a very negative way, and to say they are not confederates. There is no way that loyal confederate women would do this. Denial thatthis need exists. Actually, it was the working poor who were involved in the riot. Who did noteople own substantial property. They were not, for the most part, slaveholders. Theyre just your working class and poor people who are struggling to participate in the right hooper dissipated in the riots. Who participated in the riots. Mayor mayo said there is no reason why there should have been any suffering among the poor of this city. More money has been appropriated then has been applied for. The riot yesterday was not for bread. Boots are not bread. Brooms are not bread. Mens hats are not bread. And ive never heard of anyone eating them. So, the confederates very much attempted to downplay the seriousness of the riot. They wanted it and they wanted to keep word of the riot from leaking out. They did not want northerners to hear about it. So, secretary of war stettin issued an order suppressing news of the riot going out over the wire. The richmond examiner did not comply. They were very antidavis, but it makes sense that paper did not comply. The others did, initially, but as soon as the trial for the began, began rioters they began printing testimony, so word definitely got up. There were prisoners being exchanged, who talked about the riots, as well. Even though the confederates trying to say this riot was just greedy people from the north, people who are outsiders, people who are not us, they had to actually recognize that there was a need. Theso you see, after this, Richmond CityCouncil Creating a free market and a fuel depot. And they chanted out handed out tickets to people who were deemed deserving poor. So, they closely examined and felt like if you were working or trying to find a job, you might be worthy of some of these tickets. But there was a process for that congress didderate followup by passing one more exemption act on may 1. They decided that individuals who were deprived of white or slave labor in the production of green or production green. Grain. So, men in agricultural areas could be exempted. Partially as a result of these actions, more effort to provide for the needy and the exemption for certain farmers, this kind of goes a ways in preventing another riot because there is not another bread riot in richmond. And also, kind of a twohanded approach, they needed other bit of help, but they also put cannon on main street between 14th and 15th street. Farmers market, one of those is on 17th street. So, there was this attempt to show for it, and then at the same time, provide a little bit of assistance. As a result of this, there is not another bread riot in richmond. But problems remain. Shortages continue to increase, and so does inflation. By the end of the war, the confederate dollar was only worth about a penny and a half. Alright, so, thats the bread riots. Now,at im going to do hopefully i can have a look at our wonderful checkbox chat box, and i think it has filled up. So, let me see what i got here, as far as questions go, and i will try to answer them as i see them here. Lets see. Scrolling here. I would much rather be doing this live and hear your voices. Alright, lets see. So, someone said did Elizabeth Van lu or any of her family members participate in the bread riots . Neitherestion and no, she nor her family members participated. And again, this is something you see the working class, the poor people. Elizabeth, although she was a unionist, was definitely not in need. Lets see. In the pricing schedules, where they to prevent price gouging or were they left to ensure that the army had goods . Well, i guess on some level, it might be price gouging prevent price gouging, because the army needed goods for this holders and for the soldiers and they felt they should be able to pay a fair price. So, perhaps because there had been some prices that were a little too high, thats why these price schedules were put in place. So, part of it could have been because of the price gouging, but its also the need to be able to supply the army, so the government felt like they had established a fair rate. But that rate didnt really keep up with inflation. So, it wasnt fair. Or at least the farmers didnt perceive it as fair because it certainly wasnt equaling prices that were in the market. I hope that kind of makes sense. And thats a good question. I had someone asking was the jewish merchant believed by the writers to be one of the speculators rioters believed to be one of the speculators . I cant say the name has come up. Not being a native richmonder, i dont know how long they have been in business. Maybe someone does. But his name does not come up in anything that i read, or the name tall heimer has not, in anything not come up in anything ive read about the riots. And this is a good question here about the fact that some richmond residents had farms outside the city, and were they able to bring goods from those farms into richmond for their own personal use . And they were. Of course, you needed to get a passport to come into the city, but not only do you have people that own farms getting produce outside the city, but you have wealthy people like mary chestnut getting produce from farms outside the city, or constance kerry, both of these women write about the feast they got from farms. That was a way to do that. If you had a farm or relatives who had a farm or knew someone, you could get your own produce that way. So, were women reading accounts of the bread riots in newspapers and did participation across class lines . Men, were women, reading of other bread riots, either in newspapers or may in letters from families, so people were aware of these previous bread riots, and it does seem to be kind of a way to build. You hear of writing and other places rioting and other places decide its a good idea. But as far as crossing class lines, no. It was primarily your workingclass and needy people who participated in the bread riots. I think the few examples of people who may have kind of gotten caught up in the events of the day, i remember reading about a doctor, or a surgeon, who ended up being arrested and accused of participating in the riots. Of course, he denied being involved. So, i think there were things that happened along those lines, but its pretty much the people who are suffering the most who are rioting. And is there a list of those charged, whether or not convicted, available . Many public records were destroyed in the fire when richmond fell. Lets see, im trying to see the rest of that question. The note, the information that i been thed have richmond newspapers. There are accounts of the trials of the rioters. You get a lot of names and descriptions of what happened from those. But as far as theyre being n organized list of rioters and convictions, there is nothing like that that i know of. There is also a request to make my notes available. And i will say that one of my main sources ill put out a plug here for mike gormans website, civil war richmond, he has excellent accounts about the richmond bread riots. s ao used Michael Chesson new look at the richmond bread riots, that was published in 1 984. Who wroterine titus, an article, the richmond bread riot of 1863 class, race, and gender in the urban confederacy. This is further Gettysburg College of the civil war era from 2011. You can is online, so actually pull up her article. And then, as i mentioned, mike gormans civil war richmond has excellent newspaper accounts of the bread riots. Arylso drew from jb jones di of a confederate war clerk, and robert garlic keen, is published memoir, or diary. Wow, ok, were still getting a few messages. Curious is why these riots lets see. Im having trouble scrolling, so lets see here. Alright. Sorry about the pause. Curious to know why the riots occurred across the confederacy in 1863, but didnt reappear after that when things got materially worse. Whats up with the timing . Felts something i havent like i fully understand because the response to the need was minimal. It was not enough to alleviate the problem. They only got worse. Although could have done something to stymie them, that too doesnt seem like its as much as you might need. So, i dont really have a great answer for that because you would think there would have been continued riots. I dont know if it was just the people gave up, realized it wasnt an effective way, or they felt like they got enough from the government, or as much as they were going to get. And then i have a question about after the current pandemic is continue tohe acwm host these virtual happy hour meetings . And this is from someone in maryland. So, yeah, thats a good question. I will say that as i was thinking about tonight, and as we were planning and kind of spreading out richmond, it did of how much we can do if we do things virtually. Welllly wel f find a way to do more virtual programs. Were certainly being forced into the new virtual realm and learning it and trying to get the hang of it. But i think its an excellent idea and i think well definitely be able to figure out how to do more virtual programming, or at least make our programs available. Here. T, lets see i think, lets see. Was all for the questions, so thank you also much for joining me tonight. I hope everyone had a great evening and continue to stay safe. And social distance, wash your hands, do all that good stuff. And also, continue to go to our cwnorg to check out hcwn. Org to check out the great resources we have, parents at home trying to teach their children. So, thank you all. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] learn more about the people that shape events of the civil war every saturday at 6 00 p. M. Eastern only on American History tv here on cspan3. 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