Founded businesses on the east side of town. The 1800s before the emancipation proclamation, it was against the law for africanamericans to be educated. After the emancipation proclamation, schools started opening everywhere. She opened one to educate young africanamericans. This family came to mobile from virginia so they were never slaves. They were somewhat elite because they had a big home in the city. And 1890, most africanamericans had shotgun homes unfortunately. That was just the way it was. They had a lot of friends, people like booker t. Washington, George Washington f. Owens and a a. N. Johnson, who was an entrepreneur. Those guys would go fishing. Because of that relationship, a lot of her students got to go to Tuskegee University in the 1900s and on, which meant that when they graduated they became entrepreneurs, teachers, business people, and very successful throughout the country. That relationship was a great bond that they had during that time. The funeral home closed two years ago when the last sibling of the allen family past, misses gray. Just recently it has been announced that it will reopen under the owenford family mortuary. That is to take place in the near future. From here we will visit some other entrepreneurs and we will eventually end the tour with a gentleman by the name of wallace turnage. He was a slave that ran away and times and got caught ultimately he got to mobile. We will talk about how he eventually got his freedom. This is stone street baptist church. Churchhe oldest baptist in the state of alabama, established in 1806, which was 13 years before alabama was even a state. I did not say oldest africanamerican church it is the Oldest Baptist Church in the state of alabama. The individuals that were shipped here would be singing worshiped here would sing with such passion their owners started having nightmares and ultimately he emancipated them. They were worshiping not too far from here and they moved to this location. Not only was it against the law for americans africanamericans to be educated in alabama, it was against the law for them to have property deeded in their name. The property was deeded in white parishioners names. They continued to worship together here until 1860. They moved the deed to the African American parishioners. In 1930, they decided they would build a new church. We all know what was going on in 1930 the great depression. They started the project and completed it and it has been a Thriving Church in the community ever since. The church was one of the few places that during this. African americans could truly be themselves. They worked hard all week, a lot of times they wore uniforms. On sunday, they could dress up in their best and be themselves in the africanamerican church that is the experience we read about with stone street that was established in 1806 and is the Oldest Baptist Church in the state of alabama. Eric we are now in the heart of the Africanamerican Community. During the civil rights days, dr. Martin luther king came to mobile in 1959. This was the International Longshoreman building. This is where the longshoreman came to find out what jobs they had. There would be a big chart with a list of what ships were in and which ones they were assigned to. There is an auditorium through these red doors. King59, dr. Martin luther came to mobile. This was the only time he spoke in mobile was in this building in 1959. 1410. Docs, wef the state had a lot of longshoreman prior to all of the equipment nowadays that does that work. There is still a significant number of longshoreman, but nowhere near what it used to be before you had the equipment that we have today to do a lot of that work. It was all manual labor. Now we are approaching the africanamerican archives and museum. It closed two years ago because of a mold problem. Mold. System,ed in the hvac moved into the walls and ceilings. They moved to the artifacts down to the History Museum of mobile so they are under lock and key there. Committed they are making it ada compliant right now and they have restored the inside and then they are going to come to the community to see if we want to continue with the africanamerican her itage museum arm aba cultural cultural or maybe a museum. When i was growing up this was the davis avenue Public Library. This was the only library africanamericans could go in even though we have always been the population in mobile and there were four or five other libraries, this was the only one regardless of where you lived, if you are black, that you could go in. What we did not know is that when we got new books, they were the old books from the Main Public Library so we made lemonade out of the lemons we had. The only thing i will around was nobodyembered told me i had to be quiet. When i opened the doors, the two little ladies behind the decks would stare at you with laser eyes. It was a strict no tolerance policy. 1860s, we had the 13th through 15th amendments passed. One abolished slavery, one give us the right to vote, and one said we were equal. He had mobile representatives in montgomery, we had mobile representatives in montgomery and everything was working like it was used to as far as a democracy. Then the most profound thing onpened when the guys sat the train car in the new orleans and said im going to covington and they said you cannot sit here. That case goes all the way to the supreme court. Ferguson. Lexi versus the decision was separate but equal. At the time blocks were considered blacks were considered colored. This first car will be for whites, this last car will be for coloreds. Separate but equal. Right after that we had jim crow laws. Entrancentrance, white , colored restaurant, white restaurant. Then we had the ku klux klan that intimidated africanamericans from voting. The men whomost of had weapons were the confederate soldiers so they became the policeman. Then they created all of these laws like watering. Like loitering. If you are standing on the Street Corner you could be arrested. Stateended the constitution to say if you were incarcerated you could be subcontract to doubt for labor, which means they would labor,racted out for which means they would go right back onto the plantations. Lynchings took place during that time. We had all of these things happening during that period until 19 54 with brown versus the board of education. There was another 10 years until the civil rights law was passed. Jim crow laws finally were taken down. Integration took place, but even the schools were not really desegregated until 1970 in this area. Facility kind of paints that story for us, of the things that took place during that time. When you see our brochure, you will see what dora did. Frontt us on the doorsteps of the Public Library to show the difference in the size even though africanamericans were 50 of the population. It was designed by george rogers, the premier architect in alabama at the time. He designed the main library as well. That is the national africanamerican archives museum. Lets walk down and i am going the 1980s,t during we had something come through mobile called urban renewal. Urban renewal removed a lot of buildings but did not renew nothing. Street, this this was the africanamerican Shopping Center of mobile. There was nothing but black businesses on this street. Anything and everything you needed, you could purchase on the street. It was kind of during the jim crow days, either you are not accepted in the White Community or you were scared to go so businesses opened up and africanamerican part of the community where you could shop, buy clothes, food, go to the movies, see your physician, your dentist, get your prescription filled, anything you needed, you could purchase on this street. Restaurants, hats, shoes, five and dime stores, it was all on this particular street. Urban renewal came through here. There used to be a twostory building right here. It was the franklin building. On the bottom floor was the drugstore. It was doras fathers drugstore. It was called finleys drugstore number three. Doras father started the first drugstoresackowned in the state. Uncle startedas the first door. James, was a member of a group of neighbors that started a Civil Rights Organization called neighborhood organized workers. Their philosophy was they wanted to increase the Living Standards of africanamericans in the community and provide racial reconciliation. In the 50s there was a gentleman from mobile by the name of john leflore. He was the premier civil rights leader. Hishome mission was to whole mission was to register people to vote. Allowing 100th year of ladies to vote. Was in this building on the second floor. Been working with the city, trying to get improvements in the neighborhood, trying to improve racial relations in the city. He was president of the naacp. They outlawed the naacp in alabama in the 1950s. Mr. Leflore, being the astute person he was started another organization that did the same thing but without the national backing. Neighborhood organized workers, now. Ronym was in the 60s, things started to move a little faster and they were wanting results faster. They wanted things to happen now. One of the most profound illegal things that happened was mobile was set up with three districts, none of which had a majority of africanamericans. There was never an africanamerican city commissioner. Because africanamericans were of the population, the Community Never felt they were getting their fair return as far as sidewalks being paved, streetlights, community centers, but they were never at the table when the money was being allocated. Ultimately, the city was sued and the city was called boulder versus the city of mobile. It went all the way to the supreme court. They sent it to the lower court, lower court sent it back to mobile and it went to the the marietta act. Ultimately i came back to the citizens to vote on it. The citizens voted and it was approved. Its but the city up into seven district it split the city up into seven districts, three of which were dominantly black. We have had an africanamerican mayor. Now those individuals represent that district and each district currently is getting 3 million per district. If they do not spend that money like their constituents want, they vote somebody else in. At least we are sitting at the table now when the decisions are made and the money is allocated, which means it can be spent in their communities as opposed to other areas of the city. Most probably one of the profound decisions made in the city. It took that case 10 years to make it through the system. Judge pittman, who finally made the decision, there were articles in the paper, people wanted him to leave the country. He was not well received after that. Things were moving forward in the city. There was still a lot of work to be done but that was probably one of the greatest milestones for the Africanamerican Community to benefit from during that time as a result of neighborhood organized workers. Eric in most cases, when urban renewal comes into a community, not only do they buy the business, they have a design for the renewal with financial plans businesses. Se new honestly, if i am living in a 200,000 home that i built years ago and i want to replace wouldthe equivalent, it cost me 500,000 today. These people purchase them but had no plans to restore them so as a result this community has been in this state ever since then. At a church that was established in 1899 as st. Anthony is. St. Anthony is the saint of hope, which was relevant at that point in time. Africanamericans needed help. Someone made an anonymous donation for someone to change the name so that was done. It was initially established for the africanamericans and creoles of the mobile community. It has been a 38 Thriving Church in the community ever since. As a parochial school, it has first through the eighth grade. 1968. Gh School Closed in we had a national figure, hermann, she became secretary of weber who attended school here. This is where she read waited from. Some reasons it is on the trail ,s during the civil rights days now needed a place to meet. The schools cafeteria was the only place in the city that would allow them to meet and strategize on how they were problemsapproach the that existed in the Africanamerican Community and trying to resolve them with the city. ,he nuns and the priest here because this street was the main thoroughfare through the Africanamerican Community, during the civil rights days, all the marchers would come down this street. When those marches took place, the nuns and the priest would be on the front line. Dora shared a story with me, she was only 15 at the time, the junior miss pageant was here. 50 young ladies from all over the country. They said this would be a good time to march because we could get word out to the rest of the country on the problems we are having in mobile, because there will be reporters from all over the country. ,hey marched to the auditorium a place that was frequently visited and supported by the Africanamerican Community, but there were no africanamericans who work to their or who were on the board it make those decisions. As soon as they got there, they were arrested and taken to jail in the paddy wagon. On that particular occasion, mr. Leflore was on the sidewalk. He was not a part of the march or the demonstration. He was just observing what was going on. They arrested him. There is a famous picture of him around town with handcuffs on. They took him to jail. The nuns were just standing on the sidewalk. They got put in the paddy wagon and taken to jail as well. Somebody said those are nuns from the most pure heart of mary. He said, we cant have any nuns here. We arent going until everybody else goes. That is how committed they were to the community. As a result of that, they have always the school has always been involved with the disparities that took place in the community during that time. Most pure heart of mary church. We had three movie theaters on this street. There were three africanamerican grocery stores. Buildingse of the few that was preserved. Yorks barbershop. I am not for sure why they did not destroy this building, but it is an original. Next to it was a grocery store. It was a nightclub. Was a nightclub. , anyad businesses, clubs and everything you needed to buy. Of course there were service stations for gas and repair, mechanic shops. 10 housesonly about on this whole street. Those are new. All of these vacant lots had businesses on them. We are now at the home of dave. Addon dave patton dave patton had a wagon hauling dirt around mobile. He became a one of the richest realtors in the city. This was in the 1880s. Dirt he pulled all of the out of the bankhead tunnel. That is the tunnel that takes us to the eastern shore. He laid the foundation for most of the streets in mobile, the Alabama State docs, and one of the largest high schools we have here. He initially wanted to build this his house on government street. Government street is our main street. There are a lot of antebellum homes of this size, we are talking probably 5500 square feet. Because he was black they would not allow him to build his house on government street. This is in the early 1900s. To be honest with you, most black folk were living in shotguns during this time. This is a huge house when you look at it and it was built by the premier architect in the city and the time. I know he had to have cash because my dad told me when he built his store in 1950, the banks would not loan him a money, not because he did had bad credit, but because they would not loan blacks money. To build this house, he had to thisplenty of cash during time. Unfortunately he died at a young age from pneumonia. He never got a chance to enjoy the fruits of his labor. This church was on that street mind us. Us. Tually behind eventually they bought this vacant lot and constructed the church. They purchased the home and it is now the parsonage for their pastor. This entire area, they call it the campground. The reason it is called the campground is during the confederate war there were over 10,000 confederate soldiers who lived in this area. When the confederates lost the civil war, the Union Soldiers moved in to restore stability. Totook them five years restore stability. Growing up, we just called it the avenue but the name was davis avenue. Today it is dr. Martin luther king. We didnt know until they changed the name that it was named for the president of the confederacy right through the middle of the Africanamerican Community. I guess it made sense because africanamericans did not come into this community until after the war because it was closed to the other parts of town where they were working. It was close to the other parts of town where they were working and they could walk to work. Franklin primary health care center. Dr. Jameske for franklin. Dr. Franklin grew up in tennessee, went to school at lincoln university, then attended the university of michigan in 1909. Upon arrival, he had to sleep in the boiler room, which is where the air conditioning and heating equipment was. He took his trunk, and that was his desk with a night lamp. He slept on a cot for five years. He was second in his medical class. Franklin was my maternal grandfather. He comes back to alabama and starts practicing medicine. I had no idea we would be doing this trail today. I want to know why evergreen . Or mobile, oree birmingham . Evergreen is a small community. That is where he started dissing medicine. Practicing medicine. There was an outbreak of flu and this gentleman came to his home and said, my wife is dying, come help me. He did and what he found out is they would keep the house all closed up, which meant it kept all the germs inside. He had them open the windows and continued it to work with the patient and ultimately she was well. A lot of people had been dying in the community. When people started seeing her again, they were asking the husband how did she survive the illness . He said dr. Franklin came out to see her. Theid dr. Franklin black doctor . A black man it cant touch a white woman. Try wanted to lynch him. Franklintely got dr. On the train. At the time he had two children. They came south and got off in africatown. That is how he got to mobile. There is a story in the mobile press register on the encounter, but once he got here he started practicing. Tildeof people from quote otildais patients cl where his patients. He moved his practice to the other end of dr. Martin luther king boulevard and had an in normas practice. Had aned in 1972 he practice. He passed in 1972. He continued to practice , he was and at 84 still making house calls. He just enjoyed practicing medicine. He had a heart attack and when they closed the school, most pure heart of mary, there is a none thereby the name of sister by the a nun there name of sister marilyn. Sister marilyn said, im going to med school. She went off to the university of South Alabama and the students were like, what in the world are you going to do . She opened up a clinic on the north side of town because the one hospital we had here was moving west. She grew up in this community, she had been here since she was 21, she loves the people and they loved her and that is what she wanted to do. She finished med school, came over and started practicing in his office, seeing his patients because he had such a Large Patient base. Ultimately she convinced the senior class and do they came over with some other local doctors and started rotating through the office to see his patients. The family eventually, i guess you could say donated the facility to the clinic for a dollar. Ultimately sister marilyn writes a proposal, a grant and she started Franklin Primary Health care center in his name. You can go in here and to a medical doctor, and ob gyn, you can see a dentist, an optometrist, an audiologist, you can get a prescription field filled, you can have no money, insurance, no insurance, and now there are 23 of these clinics in the area all things to sister marilyn and the philosophy of dr. James franklin thanks to sister marilyn into the philosophy of dr. James franklin. Did you know Lehman Brothers started in mobile . The reason being caught in was the cash crop cotton was the cash crop. It was the moneymaker in the u. S. This guy used to operate the elevator and he would hear the brokers talking in between floors. He said, i want to do something more with my life. He started an Insurance Company. He would sell policies for people to provide a respectable burial for their relatives. He started the Insurance Company right around the time johnson and allen opened. It was very timely. He hired six other guys and they sold over 10 million worth of insurance in the early 1900s. You run that in the calculator today and that would be close to 100 million. He was very wealthy in the 1900s. He paid out over 3 million worth of insurance. We do not live in the past on this trail, we tell the past to help us try to reconcile where we are today, ok . Story of mr. The johnson, here is someone who had no one encouraging him to do anything. He was an elevator operator. You have to find your passion and this is where you will get up and running in the morning. This is how you become successful. That is what this guy did back in 1890. He started his own company, made a lot of money during his life. This is where he eventually lived, in this home. A part of town that is somewhat blighted. There are some programs that approved forently individuals to bring their houses up to code. There are several grants that are available and there is a big byn the community to local government to make that happen. Again, this area is the area that the confederate soldiers were in back in the 1800s. In fact, there are a lot of shotgun houses in this area. A shotgun house is just a colloquial term. If you open the front door, and the back door is open you can shoot straight through ended goes through the back. That is a shotgun house. Over here to the right are some original confederate barracks. You see those blue and green back there . They have been back there since the 1850s. Somewhat renovated, but those are original barracks from that time. This is a shotgun house right here. Usuallyf those they are straight and narrow and go straight back. This is the Vivian Malone jones marker. Her sisters came to our board and said our sister accomplished a lot, but there is nothing in mobile to recognize what she did. We would like to put a Historical Marker. Idea,d, thats a great where would you like to put it . They wanted to put it in front of where their homestead was. From their block to the next block, there was nothing but homes behind it. To the left is the Mobile County Health Department so ultimately they bought this property and made it a parking lot and they moved these homes to other areas in the city. They said this is where we grew up and this is where we would like to have it. Miss malone attended the university of alabama. Robert kennedy was attorney general and he stepped out of the way. She entered the school and graduated. Difficultt have any times while she was there. She was not the first africanamerican to attend school there but vivienne was the first africanamerican to was the firstvian africanamerican to graduate. When she graduated, no one would offer her a job. Ultimately she got a job with the department in washington dc. The school did ask her to come back to do the commencement address and she did. To make a long story short, the theme of her commencement address was you must always be prepared to because you never know what door you may have to walk through. The story of miss Vivian Malone jones, who opened a lot of doors. The city made this honorary Vivian Malone will vivian in honor of the Historical Marker in placed in front of where their home used to be. Eric mr. Williams grew up in louisiana on a sugar plantation. He wanted to be a pharmacist, so he came to mobile and opened a drugstore right here on dawson street. He wants to be a physician. Ingoes to medical school tennessee, becomes a doctor, and opens a Doctors Office upstairs. Doctors office upstairs, drugstore downstairs called live and let live. White citizen counsel comes to well, i say, doubt they said dr. Williams. They told him he had to put a sign up that said colored. Him being the smart person he was, he found a picture of himself, blew it up half size of that poster and put it in the window. He said do you think they will know im colored . He was very involved in the community, part of the pharmaceutical association. This is right up in the heart of the community. City,idening was the which is about two miles from here. We are on the outskirts were on the outskirts at that time. This area was heavily populated. Y creoles this is the volunteer creole fire station, which was. Stablished in 1918 this building was constructed in 1869. It to work here you had to be a creole and you had to be authenticated by one of the original creole families. A lot of them still live in the community today. Those families volunteered at this fire department. You can see that is where the buckets would come out with the water on it. They put out fires for everybody. You didnt have to be a creole if there was a fire. Great room. Like a there was a poll that would that you down pole would bring you down to the first floor. This is now the home of a private individual. He left the facade the way it was to preserve the story of the real fire station. Fire station. They used to have community parties that top floor is like a great room there was a guy having a party in 1882 and he broke out a harness. Someone goes home gets a saxophone, drums, cymbals, and jam session. Bandwas the beginning of a we have here. They have been playing in parades here since 1882. This is where they started. Creole, you are considered free. You could be educated, you could own your own property, business, you had all the rights and freedoms of a white person except you could not vote. That was the only thing. It created a disparity for many years between africanamericans and creoles. You had a decision to make. If you are a creole, you had all those freedoms. If not, you were going to be working in someones kitchen or plantation. 1964 with anged in chain passing of the civil rights bill. This is the creole fire station, which just celebrated 200 years this year in the establishment of this fire station. That had ae family Family Member in this fire station since 1969. There are three crane years now. It is an amazing story their greatgrandfather and grandfather and dad and now the children are still firemen in the mobile fire department. Here we are at it takes a village. This marker was done in conjunction with mobile united leadership. We have selected some hidden movies similar to the about the ladies who worked for see and the first person we is a lady by the name of dr. Regina benjamin. Dr. Benjamin grew up over near most pure heart of mary church. She goes to Xavier University and ultimately becomes the Surgeon General of the United States during president Barack Obamas a ministration, right administration, right here from mobile. She now has a clinic in the western side of the city. She is still giving back to the community. The next two gentlemen, the gentleman who went to one of the local high schools here, williamson high school, he used to blow up things in the Chemistry Lab and set his moms kitchen on fire so ultimately he goes to Tuskegee University, becomes a phd engineer, works on a bomber and then invents the super soaker, a water that shoots over buildings and across the street. E sold over 1 billion worth recently he returned to mobile eight months ago, presented a check to the Mobile County Public School system for 7. 5 million to start a robotics school. The same high school he attended , finished third in overall presentation of robotics at the state contest a couple years ago. E has given back all the time his labs are in atlanta, georgia. The third gentleman is Major General Garrett Cooper. Major general Garrett Cooper also attended most pure heart of mary schools. He finished and attended notre dame. When he graduated, he decided he would volunteer and join the marines. Upon entry, they wanted to make him a supply officer and he said, well, i think i will see way intomaybe find my another avenue in the military. Ultimately he becomes an infantry commander, the first africanamerican ever to be an infantry commander, which can be up to managing 10,000 men. He was on the front lines during the vietnam conflict. He returned to mobile. The air force called him back as a deputy administrator. He returned for a couple years, can back to mobile, than they appointed him to jamaica for a couple of years, he returns back home, then he was appointed head of the department of Human Resources in montgomery, alabama , returns back home and becomes a District Representative for the area he lived in here and mobile. Lived in here in mobile. Now he justired, manages his family funeral business, christian benevolence funeral home. Those are just a few. There are many more in the city. It is pretty busy and mobile tonight. Eric this is mardi gras. Let the good times roll. Of know mardi gras is kind synchronized with the liturgical catholic year. We have parades from 12 days after christmas right up to fat tuesday. Of course, mardi gras means fat tuesday in french. Fat tuesday is the culmination of the year. It is always the tuesday before ash wednesday, which is 40 days before easter and then we start the process all over again. That celebration was brought to mobile by the founders of mobile. Pierreptiste and iberville. We like to say mobile was the first place of mardi gras because they founded it in 1892. Orleans 16d new years after. They brought the celebration to the new world and to then took it to new orleans. That is our stake, the birthplace of mardi gras. It is a fun time. Funybody is excited, having. Tonight is the first parade of the year. While it turn ityearold turnage was ace 17yearold slave. Caughtoff and got several times. They brought him back and beat him unmercifully. Beatingd get jobs slaves by the number of lashes or the number of hours. Unbelievably, his owner became sympathetic and brought him to mississippi and had him auctioned off right there at the slave market. The guy that purchased him before this building was here, there was an antebellum home. Merchant marine. He purchased wallace and all he wanted wallace to do was to walk and talk with him walk and talk with his horses. Something spooked the horse one day and he took off. He had to come home and tell his master the horse took off and he couldnt catch him. Wallace, go downstairs. He was not going to take another beating. He ran south. In mobile, when you run south, you will run into water. He ran all the way to the end of the county. He could see the Union Soldiers over at the fort. He could not figure out how to get there because the water was 40 or 50 feet deep. Confederate soldiers were going to a lookout booth every day to see what the Union Soldiers were doing. At night, they would leave. He is through water moccasins, snakes, mosquitoes, bugs, everything. He would go up into the booth to shield himself from the bugs and then leave the next morning before the confederates got back. Ultimately he finds a little rips twops and, branches off a tree and tries to get over there. A union boat comes along and sees him. They think they are hallucinating. They take him on board and take him to the union fort. They say, wallace, we are going to get you free but we need one of two things from you. We need you to tell us what you know or go back and find out more information. He was a smart enough to say, i will tell you what you know i know, because im getting out of here. Mother,ted with his then ended up in new york city. He had a regular life, regular job working in hotels and things of that nature. He passed from a kidney infection. Years later, his niece found a manuscript, people did not know that wallace could read and write. He kept notes on his life in mississippi, in mobile, and provided that to an author by the name of dr. David blight. He wrote the story of slave no more. The National Park service came to mobile couple of years ago. , dr. Finley did research and found the original home that was on this site along. Ith all of the family lineage that information was given to the National Park service and as a result this site is now on the underground railroad. The story of wallace turnage, slave no more. Began,ted where the city we saw where the illegally kidnapped people were sold, would go to africatown where they lived, we see entrepreneurs throughout the city and we end here with wallace turnage, a slave no more. This history is not in the history books. There are multiple purposes. One is as our founder says, you have to know where you have been in order to know where you are going. To helpabout the past us understand why some things are the way they are today and maybe they will help us reconcile with the reasons that will helpgs exist and us with racial reconciliation. By understanding what took place in the past. The other thing is it is a motivation and an inspiration for young adults because when we talk about what these individuals accomplished, 15 and 20 years after the emancipation. Roclamation with no mentors today we have mentors and we have different resources. It is just creating a desire for them to accomplish and to exceed what was done 100, 200 years ago. Go back to 1619. Mission with the trail and with telling the story , to help with racial fornciliation and also inspiration and motivation for young adults. If you like American History tv, keep up with us on facebook, twitter, and youtube. Learn about what happened on this day in history and to see previewed clips on youtube. Follow us at cspan history. Foronight weve feature films that Profile Industries that have been negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic of auto, dairy, restaurant, and airline industries. Here is a preview. Perhaps there are jobs you had never thought about being an important part of the American Economy but every basic task is at essential to the convenience of all in this blessed land of all of us. Wherer south, no matter you go or what you are looking for, you will find somebody part of working is a the vast and intricate and interlocking network of leads from a raw material to finished product. The turpentine barrel in florida an georgia is the first to link in an endless Conveyor Belt that winds its way from south or east maine toortland portland, oregon. Although in the modern dairy plant, butter is turned in large mechanical turns, the maker must know how to turn out a product of good quality. He may acquire this knowledge on the job from an experienced worker, in a regular Dairy College course or in one of the Short Courses in milk plant operation, which are given in a number of agricultural colleges and universities. In the same way, cheesemaking can be learned. Scientific methods have standardized the making of cheese into the knowledge of chemistry and bacteriology is essential in this work. Everybody likes to eat. Course, each may have his own individual preference, but no matter whether it is a hotdog at the county fair or a full course dinner at the ritz, there is no denying people like to eat. Food is the high spot in our daily lives, whether it is aboard a speeding train or in our favorite lunchroom around counter, man must eat and they grows the popularity resides the popularity of one of our biggest industries, the restaurant. They employ over 2 million persons and bring in 2 billion of business annually all because people have to and like to eat into do not like the work of fixing their own food. Air transportation has proved a crucial factor. It is a rapidly expanding industry embracing many trades and professions, and industry employing thousands. Keep each airliner in the air today, over 100 workers are needed on the ground. Many are engaged in office work. Of this number, the Reservations Department comprises a specialized group. And relatedvations, subjects are communicated to the public by telephone. And a pleasant, well modulated voice. Another job is at the ticket counter. Here the duties include the actual issuing of tickets through direct personal contact with the public. As in many departments, the work is handled in shifts. For around watch all four programs tonight at 10 00 p. M. Eastern here on American History tv. Next on the civil war, Oberlin College history professor Tamika Nunley talks about the experiences of newly freed africanamericans, particularly women, in the washington, d. C. Area following the 1862 district of columbia emancipation act. This was part of a symposium held at the library of virginia in richmond. John our next speaker, Tamika Nunley, is assistant professor of history and comparative american studies at Oberlin College and conservatory. But she is no stranger to
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