Compiling this topic, lecture topics for this year, she called me into her office and pitched me this idea. She ended up, when i told her and i agreed i probably did know somebody who might be interested in doing this topic, she said, when i think of outlaws, scalawags, and scoundrels, there is only one person who comes immediately to mind. I am so touched. That is exactly the type of characters every girl longs to be associated with. Before you can start looking at the outlaws that the civil war spun off, you have to take a flip back and see and understand the guerrilla warfare that was going on during the civil war to understand how that same mindset continued after the war and manifested itself in the wild west. Irregular warfare in the civil war, you have those who are somewhat associated with the organized military and calvary raiders in the borderland area, kentucky and everything, were probably the most closely associated. Rangers had partisan who acted on their own, but answered to the military. But they had the blessing of the government. John mosley would fall under those. Those are the more civilized versions of regular warfare. Under that you had guerrilla warfare, and that was all across the south. When i say guerrilla warfare, i mean when i say guerrilla warfare, i mean it is more people taking up arms for themselves and fighting. Some of them may have done it because they were in killorbekilled situation. Others used the chaos as an opportunity to do whatever the heck they wanted to. Just kind of like, cool, nobody is here to stop me so i will take this from you. Or maybe i have never liked you, i will shoot you and be done with you. There is a lot of that going on. And then there were some who did fight with a political cause in mind. They did not want to join the organized army because that would mean leaving home. They wanted to stay home and protect their families. In their minds, we were fighting for a political cause. They were just doing it on their own. All of those fell into the category of guerrilla warfare. While you did see across the south, it was mostly concentrated in a couple of areas. You see it in the mountain areas in appalachia in western virginia on down into georgia. And then you saw it in the ozark mountains in this area, missouri to arkansas. It was really prevalent and concentrated here on the frontier. Missouri, kansas, where it existed even before the war. If you research the topic, it is an absolute mess. It really was a freeforall. Some of those ways they fought continued until after the war. When the british army landed in South Carolina and start marching north to virginia, they encountered guerrilla warfare. The most wellknown of those was swamp fox, francis marion. He was not the only one they encountered. They dealt with guerrillas the entire way up into virginia. On the frontier, you had the whole fight over the settlements of making estates between kansas and missouri and a fight whether it was going to be a slave state or not. And people like john brown who killed people who disagreed with him because he can. A lot of this you can see before the war. Appalachia had been settled by those with scotch irish roots and that created a culture that was filled with endemic violence and retribution of justice. Individuals were the guardians of their own interest. Selfsovereignty kept the order. That is the culture they are coming from, and the war presented an opportunity for that concept to multiply unrestrained. Law and order stood breaking down, and suddenly what is already there is bubbling up to the surface. Additionally, you now have a bunch of weapons in circulation that were manufactured for the war, and so its a lot easier to get your hands on a weapon or multiple weapons. All of that went into it as well. An historian wrote, he wrote a book about something a little bit later than what we are discussing tonight, but he noted that shock value always has a longer shelf life than tedious detail. That is true about the guerrilla warfare during the war and the outlaw stories after the war. These stories were so violent and shocking to people that they are passed down from generation to generation, and many of them grew legendary. Eventually, local amateur historians would be the ones to capture these accounts, but they just captured them and they did very little to verify their accuracy or curb the mythology that had been interwoven into them. It is tricky to sort fact from fiction in both the guerrilla warfare during the war and what it morphed into after the war. With the outlaw stories. That is something to keep in mind as you hear information about some of these things. How much of it is actually true . How much of it is speculation . Or grew out of that truth . Many of these outlaw stories have become legends, and these outlaws have taken on a largerthanlife persona, and a lot of the stories have been romanticized. As an example, it is hard to find fact from fiction, in arkansas in stone county, there is a legend about the hess brothers who robbed the u. S. Int and made their way to stone county where a posse caught up with them. A shootout occurred and the brothers were killed. There were no bullets on them. There is a legend that all of this gold is hidden. It can be hard sometimes to know what exactly is true and what isnt. Ferguson was the most wellknown guerrilla during the war. He fought some with the organized troops but he was really cruel and murdered more than simply fighting in war. After the war, he became only one of two former confederates executed for war crimes. He was not the only person fighting guerrilla warfare in the area. I wrote a 150page masters thesis on the guerrilla warfare in western virginia during the civil war. If you need some reading material, feel free to google my name and guerrilla warfare. If you need to fall asleep at night, start reading it. Guaranteed to put you right to sleep or your money back. What is interesting to me is that if you start reading about appalachia in the early 20th century, especially the moonshining that went on. It is interesting that some of those stories you read about, moonshiners fighting Law Enforcement officers, sound eerily like the stories of guerrillas fighting the soldiers during the war. It seems to me that this mindset that took place in the guerrilla warfare that took place during the war manifesting itself or showed again once the moonshiners got going. Another thing that happened in appalachia after the war were many family feuds got started. So many bushwhackers had operated around the town where they were from and they were known. Everyone knew who they were. Their descendants were feared and hated in the family lore of their opponents because they never left the area. Richard curry and gerald hamm were two historians who studied appalachia and the guerrilla warfare there, and they concluded there is no doubt guerrilla warfare intensified the spirit of lawlessness and tolerance and partisan vindictiveness that characterized the reconstruction era in that region. Across the south, you also have vigilante groups springing up after the war. The same mindset that had given rise to do what you need to do and the war that manifested itself into guerrilla warfare suddenly became manifested in the vigilante groups. Like the red shirts or the clan. They became the paramilitary wing of the democratic party, who would use them for systematic violence. Once they regained power and the republicans lost political power in the south. In arkansas especially, the guerrilla warfare was brutal and it spilled over into postwar politics and very clearly into Race Relations and it culminated in 1888 elections, one of the most corrupt in arkansas history. John clayton was a republican candidate for the second Congressional District and he ended up losing the election by 846 votes out of over 34,000 cast. You can say thats terrible luck, but it was more than luck. In conway county, as the votes were being gathered in the ballot box, four masked and armed white men broke into the voting precinct and stole the ballot box at gunpoint. That area of town was a predominately africanamerican area. Therefore most of those votes would have been for clayton. It probably would have been enough to win the general election. Clayton hired a Pinkerton Detective agency to investigate this. In that town, there was a Deputy Sheriff named Oliver Bentley and he had a brother who threatened to talk to the pinkertons. This would have been awkward for Deputy Bentley considering it was probably him who stole the ballot box, and his brother would have known that. Bentley kills his brother and invented a story saying there was an accidental discharge of the gun. It is a pretty bad accident when someone is shot five times. The death, however, was officially ruled an accident. Clayton decided to go himself to though he wasven warned it is probably dangerous. He went anyway. On january 29 of 1889, he was seated at a table in a boardinghouse getting ready to write a letter to his children when somebody shot him through a window with a shotgun. It was described as, it hit him so squarely that his brains were dispersed about the room. It blew his head off. It was more than likely either Deputy Bentley or a local saloon owner who did the killing. Fortunately enough for them bentley was the one who headed , the investigation of the murder. Bob pate was on the corners jury. Unsurprisingly, they concluded clayton had been murdered at the unknown persons. They claimed, there was a man who lived in california who had been bitter enemies with clayton for the last 20 years. We think he might have traveled and killed him. That sounds good, right . Unfortunately he was so old, he was crippled and confined to his bed. He couldnt make the trip. They also stated they received a letter from somebody in london who had hinted toward the fact that jack the ripper was the one who traveled from london and made this murder. To add insult to injury, the lady who ran the boardinghouse presented claytons family with a bill for the damages her boardinghouse sustained because she said his blood stained her carpet and she took a loss on that. Republicans were not given any sympathy whatsoever in arkansas. Interestingly enough, clayton was later declared the winner of the election. They had to do another election because the seat was vacant. His assassin was never found. Deputy bentley became the justice of the peace and he presided over a trial in which they put a man on trial for the murder from minnesota. By that the man had been dead point for two years and bentley found him guilty and said case closed. They didnt look into it any further. That is one story of how this idea of we can take matters into our own hands manifested itself in arkansas. In arkansas, where it was tied to organized politics, out west, it was more of the men who made their own law or disregarded the laws in place. A historian who wrote inside war, the definitive work on guerrilla warfare during the civil war. He concluded that most rural White Missourians lost a great deal during the war. Property,le kin , security, decent communal relations, all Building Blocks of a normal life. They had to lie and cheat and bear false witness to survive. How do you pack up from that and move on once the war is over . Its not easy. There are some people who tried and others who lost everything and ended up moving away. A great many missourians moved down to texas. Immediately after the civil war ended. And then there were those who did not even try. They decided to take the law into their own hands. Keep doing what they had been doing. Many of those who went that route had fought under one of two men during the war. William cottrell was one of the most notorious guerrillas of the civil war. He was known for the massacre at lawrence, kansas where he and his men slaughtered innocent civilians because it was a union backed town and the Union Senators liked to go there a lot. He and his men killed Union Soldiers and unionists without distinction. They did not distinguish between civilian and combat. They killed anyone they wanted to. He was killed before the war ended but his band did not disband. The other one was bloody bill anderson. He was one of the most brutal guerrillas of the war. He started as a lieutenant, but concluded that William Cottrell andnot vicious enough formed his own group. Following the war, many of andersons men banded together and kept their own groups. One of those men was archie clement, who was known as andersons head demon. He was only five feet tall, he weighed hundred and 30 pounds. He weighed 130 pounds. He was known as little archie. He was a consummate killer, ferocious, and he liked to scalp his victims. He was only 17 years old when he became a lieutenant in andersons company. After andersons death, he took command. He didnt even try to surrender at the end of the war. He had no interest in doing so. He began robbing banks and he joined the james gang and helped them on their first robbery. As well as frank and jesse james are still known, authorities just suspected clement and didnt turn their attention to the James Brothers until later. At the election of 1866, clement 100 members of the former gang and attacked the town of lexington, missouri, on election day. They intimidated the town enough that the Republican Party was defeated in the general election. When Missouri State militia came to counter them, clement faded into the hills. Which is exactly the same type of strategy that was used warfare during the war. He goes back into lexington and the head of the militia allowed him to come in. They didnt want to start this fight in city streets. Men andd up his peacefully left. He circled back and went to the city hotel where he is having a drink. The militia sent men there to arrest him for bank robbery. He starts a gunfight. He gets on his horse and tries to make it out of town. He was shot off his horse and mortally wounded. When the soldiers approached him he was still trying to cock his revolver with his mouth so he could get off one last shot. A soldier said, you are dying. What do you want me to do with you . He responded i have done what i , said i was going to do, die before surrender. That he did. Notiam culturals group did disband. They were denied the general amnesty given to the Confederate Army after the war ended. Many of the gang stayed together for means of force and protection. Some, like frank and jesse james, took this as an excuse to become criminals and bank robbers. You have the James Brothers on the left. Frank is on the left and jesse is on the right. The jamesyounger gang became probably the most notorious in American History and members of that gang came and went but the james and younger brothers remained a Central Power structure. Frank and jesse had a very normal childhood. Their parents met at a revival in kentucky. Their father became a baptist minister in missouri. Frank was the oldest child. Their next child died as an infant. Then jesse was born, and then they had a younger sister. When she was an infant and jesse was their father was invited to three go to california with a wagon train that was leaving from the area with men who wanted to go to california to look for gold and invited their father to go as a chaplain. He accepted but he never made it home. He contracted a fever in california and died of cholera. Their mother remarried to a wealthy doctor and dr. Samuel was the one who taught both boys how to ride and shoot horses. Frank was said to be withdrawn as a child and a bible reading boy who had a great interest in his late fathers sizable library. Particularly shakespeare. Jesse was noted to be generous, noble hearted, and assertive. They had a normal family life. There was nothing that would have made you guess what they would have later become. Frank desired higher education. He was looking forward to going to college, but when he turned 18, the civil war broke out. He enlisted in the Missouri State guard, a confederate unit because he supported the confederacy. He fought with that guard in a couple of battles and then he returned home either due to injury or illness. While he was home, he was arrested by the local militia who were Union Sympathizers and they refused to let him go until he signed an oath of allegiance. That meant he could no longer fight in the organized forces of the confederacy. He didnt want the war to passing by without him doing his part. Three months after the raid on kansas i mentioned earlier, Union Soldiers invaded the samuel family farm. Wanting to know information cottrellsam location. They questioned jesse, who was 15 at the time. He refused to tell them anything so they horsewhipped him. They took dr. Samuel, and they strung him up and hung him in the backyard. The doctor survived the ordeal, but the experience left jesse embittered and very angry so he joined andersons Guerrilla Forces the next year when he was 16 years old. Jesse tried to ride into lexington, kansas, but the Union Soldiers shot at him. They wounded him so he went to nebraska for a little while he recovered before he was able to come back. Those who knew him at that time described him as a very reliable young man who was always dressing well and reading his bible and regularly attending church. They said he never swore or took the lords name in vain. But he preferred when he was angry to make his own swearwords up. His favorite was being t ingus, which his brother nicknamed him because he thought it was so funny. Jesse claimed he had been forced into a life of crime because of what his family had suffered during the war. After the war, he turned to outlawing. And then you have the younger brothers. Four of the 14 siblings are pictured on the right. The seventh of the children supported the confederacy even though their father supported the union. sle became one of quantrill men and was made a captain. When he returned from the war, he found the family home in ruins and he was very embittered over that. He continued to associate with some of his old comrades from the war and he joined with the James Brothers and began what he claimed was taking revenge against yankee capitalist banks and railroads. His brother jim was a bushwhacker the entire war under quantrill. After the war, he had a number of jobs, including the Deputy Sheriff in dallas county, texas. By 1873, he had joined his brother as part of the james gang. Bob younger was the youngest brother, child 13 out of 14. He was too young to fight which meant he was at home and witnessed firsthand his father killed by Union Soldiers and his home burned to the ground. As soon as his brother cole joined with the James Brothers, he joined the gang as well. The First Bank Robbery occurred in 1866. They robbed the Clay County Savings Association and they made off with 60,000 in cash and bonds. It was by far their most lucrative thank robbery of their career. This robbery was the first daylight peacetime Armed Bank Robbery in u. S. History. During their escape, gunfire erupted and an innocent 17yearold bystander was killed. It actually set a precedent for the jamesyounger gang because innocent bystanders were often killed during their bank robberies. Soon, they tired of robbing only banks. Part of that was that banks had started to install time lockboxes and it was harder to rob them. They turned their focus to railroads and stagecoaches as well because those carried large shipments of money. Their first train heist was july 21, 1873, when they robbed the chicago rock island and pacific railroad. Five members of the gang pulled some track up, and when the train hit that, it derailed and overturned, and the locomotive engineered was killed. Locomotive engineer was killed. It was said the james younger gang lived by the horse and died by the horse. Those who had fought with quantrill in the war learned the importance of having a good horse. Jesse james had developed into an expert horseman. He believed the best mounted man often won, because it allowed them to easily outmaneuver and outrun anybody pursuing them. William cody, or buffalo bill, allegedly told authorities, that is why the James Brothers are making fools of you. They ride superior horses. Jesse imported many of his from kentucky because he wanted thoroughbred horses. They had great stamina and they were well schooled. They remained calm even if gunfire broke out. One of his favorite horses, his favorite horse, was stonewall, named for stonewall jackson, and he took a picture in 1875. It is the only picture of jesse james with a horse that exists. In 1874, both jesse and frank got married. They retired from there out long life for a while and lived near nashville, tennessee. Jesse became a respected citizen of the area and got involved in horseracing. Rode in many of the races. However, there is no National Network at the time, so catching the outlaws proved to be a very hard task because they were hard to track. The missouri governor had hired an attentive agency to look for them. The pinkertons are upset they have not been able to arrest a Single Member of the gang and even though the gang had stopped, they continued hunting for them. They thought they had tracked jesse and frank to the home of their mother and stepfather. The James Brothers were not there. The pinkertons did not know that. They surrounded the cabin and they tossed in an explosive device. They claimed it was only a smoke bomb. Those inside the cabin saw something smoking and tossed it into the fire. Those inside the cabin were frank and jesses mother, stepfather, and their nineyearold halfbrother. It exploded and killed their halfbrother and their mother had to have her arm amputated. This made the James Brothers livid. The James Brothers took revenge on the neighbor who had allowed the pinkertons to stay on their farm and spy out the james farm. This made them returned to outlawing fulltime. They continue to rob all sorts of things. The demise of the gang occurred during a Minnesota Bank robbery. Iny tended to route the bank 1876. Jesse and frank james with bob younger went inside the bank while cole and jim younger stayed outside with three other members of the gang. They stood guard outside. Those inside of the bank demanded the vault be opened so they can take the money. The clerk refused and they shot him and killed the man. However, that turned out to be their demise, because the gunshot alerted the citizens of town there is a bank robbery going on. They all rushed and took out their arms and starting shooting at the outlaws outside the bank. Miller and cadwell were killed and coal younger was injured, shot in the side. The gang took off and they were pursued by a posse and they eventually split up. The younger brothers went one direction and the James Brothers went another direction. The posse ended up catching the younger brothers near minnesota on september 21. That is over 400 miles away from where they robbed the bank. A gunfight erupted and charlie was killed and all three of the younger brothers were wounded even further before they surrendered. The three men who were killed in this robbery miller was only 14 years old when he joined andersons band during the civil war. His only time in combat was the skirmish when anderson was killed. He was captured, but not killed due to his young age. He was sent to prison. His father was able to get him out of prison. He joined the james gang and was involved in 11 robberies. The reason he joined was he was accused of being part of a robbery, which he claims he wasnt. He was acquitted on it, but later said we and then there was bill chadwell from minnesota. He suggested the gang go up to minnesota to rob the banks because he said he could easily get the men in and out of the state. He clearly miscalculated. The final one was charlie pitts. He had been a childhood friend of the James Brothers. He was 28 years old when he was killed. He was married and had two children. Shootout when the posse had cornered them, charlie had replied i can die as well as you can and said as soon as he said that, he was shot through the heart. The younger brothers were tried and found guilty of murder, and sentenced to 25 years in state prison. Bob younger died in prison. Jim was pardoned in 1901 but the next year, he committed suicide and the reason was he had fallen in love with a newspaper writer, but his parole terms have been so strict he was not permitted to marry. In 1901 also pardoned and lived until 1916. He received an official pardon in 1903 at which point he was reunited with frank james and they toured on a wild west show for a while. After that he after that he went on a circuit preaching the evils of crime and published an autobiography where he betrayed himself as a confederate avenger rather than an outlaw. In his last year he was known as an elderly churchgoer where he converted and became a christian, dying quietly in his sleep. They arrested the younger brothers, signaling the end of the james younger gain. During their crime spree the gang committed 16 holdups and made up with more than 2 made off with more than 200,000 and killed at least 17 men. Meanwhile the James Brothers had made their way back to missouri where they lived peacefully. Inse started up a new gang 1879, growing restless and they committed robberies throughout missouri, kentucky, iowa, arkansas, kansas and west virginia. The governor of missouri stepped outside of the law and put together a large reward to try and stop this. He couldnt use state funds, so he actually got the Railroad Company to put up the money since it would benefit them to catch jesse james. The reward was large enough it made one of the gang members turn traitor. When jesse was 34 years old, his wife pleaded with him to live a more normal life. He agreed that sounded good but first he wanted to commit one last robbery because he said that would permit him to retire and live the life of a gentleman farmer. He began planing planning it with bob and charles. On april 3, 1882, they were in noticedcabin when jesse a needlework on the wall was crooked. He pulled the chair over and stood on the chair to straighten it and he heard the caulking of a pistol. Bob had cocked his pistol. Jesse turned to look at him and as he turned, bob shot him. He was killed instantly. His wife and children were in the next room and came rushing in to see what had happened. Bob fled immediately. Charles stuck around for a minute or two trying to convince them that the pistol had gone off accidentally but eventually turned and ran as well. Interestingly, the picture in the middle shows bob and jesse together. Last october a woman came forward and set her grandmother had a Family Picture they were handing down, and she claims that this is the real picture. Somebody from the Houston Police department who does facial recognition analyze a recognition analysis confirm this is a legitimate photo. A couple James Brothers historians do not like the idea of jesse and bob being in a picture together and they are claiming fraud. There has been uproar over whether or not this is a real picture, going on right now. That is kind of interesting. Murdered jesse james, the ford brothers expected to be treated as heroes but instead they got public abuse because it seemed like a cowardly way to kill jesse james. They killed him for two reasons. The first was a 10,000 reward. The second was bob ford had been accused of murder and the governor of missouri had agreed he would pardon him from that murder if he killed jesse james. He took him up on that offer. Ford was charged with the murder of jesse but true to his word, the governor pardoned him. The brothers got a fraction of the reward money. Three months later, frank james surrendered to the governor. He wanted to try and settle down and live a normal life. Underwent several long trials, he was acquitted of all crimes. He returned to the james farm and worked as a horse trainer and started a race track and lived to be 72 when he died of natural causes. MostJames Brothers outspoken defender was the one that allowed them to have such a long career and be remembered as they are. This is john newman edwards. He was general shelbys adjunct during the war and after the war he founded the kansas city times and served as its editor. He wrote colorful and fiery editorials to persuade x confederates return to politics confederates return to politics. He used his newspaper to provide alibis and excuses the James Brothers. He made them out to be symbols of exconfederates striking back against criminality of the republican rule in missouri and he created a folk hero status for them. When jesse was killed in 1882, edwards wrote a flattering a bit wary, and he was the one who arranged for frank james to be able to surrender to the governor. He did not know he was going to be fully acquitted but not without too much backlash. His flattering treatment of jesse james formed the basis of the heroic legend still associated with the outlaw. Not of the obituary reads, one among all of the hired cowards hard on the hunt for blood money dared to face this wonderful outlaw, one even against 20 until he disarmed himself and turned his back to his assassin. The first and only time in a career which has passed from the realms of an almost fabulous romance into the halls of history. Warr he continued, when the closed, jesse james had no home. Prescribed, hunted, driven and shot, a price put among his put upon his head, what could a man do . He had to live, it was his country. He refused to be banished from his birthright and when he was hunted, he turns to about and hunted his centered. Were he alive today to make a righteous butchery of a few more of them. This isnt this is an editorial in a newspaper that shows you how times have changed. This claim that the James Brothers were forced to become outlaws to me does not hold water. There are numerous examples of those who fought in the war who chose not to become an outlaw after. One was alan parmer. Wasoined the gang when he 15 and was wounded five times during the war. After the war, he attended bryant he attended bryant and Stratton Business College in saint louis. Sister of the younger frank and james and they had four children. He was a farmer and stock raiser who dabbled in business. He died in 1927 of a heart attack. He certainly lived a life on the right side of the law. There was also captain william greg who also fought. After the war, he became a prominent farmer and Deputy Sheriff of jackson county, missouri. He did write a manuscript on jesse james and served as one of the pallbearers on for john and cole younger. Where they forced to become outlaws . It is tough to call that. Some of the other outlaws who became famous at the time. There was Jim Cummings Clark who has an interesting story. The encyclopedia of western gunfighters lists his occupation andhief, soldier, laborer, law officer because why not . He stole a meal from his stepfather and fled to texas where hes where he from ae mule, still 15 rancher and returned to missouri. He become a trust that she became a trusted lieutenant during the war but his surrender was not honored. Often on he joined the james gang and in 1887, he moved to colorado where he found work digging a pipeline in the town. He secured an appointment as a marshall and he enforced the law by clubbing ruffians with his fist. He was rumored to continue his current activities from time to time. In 1889, Butch Cassidy and his band robbed the bank in that town of 20,000 dollars and rumors spread that clark had agreed for part of the loot to conveniently be out of town when they tried to rob the bank. This was never proven, but he was fired nonetheless and he prompted began uttering threats to kill members of the city council. He offered to kill one for . 15 or two per . 25, whatever you prefer. He remained in town until he was shot to death in august of 1985. He was walking down main street and was shot in the back. No real investigation took place. The killer was never discovered. Rumors said several prominent businessmen wanted him gone and that was that. This was a man who had done rates with frank and jesse james. Said the man killed could not be jim cummings for a number of reasons. He was too smart to become a city marshal and quote, you see, jim was one of those men that wont let nobody shoot him. There you have it. Arthur mccoy was another outlaw. He became known as the wild irishman. He was morning ireland and when he came to america, he went to california. He married the5, youngest daughter of a wealthy family. They had two sons, one of whom died during the war as a very young child. They had a daughter in 1861. After the war, his life and career get a little more hazy. He was a member of the james unger gang but it did not really fit the mantra of some of the other members. He did know john jared who served as a captain under shelby and had a james connection. He was believed to have been one of those involved in the killing agent and took part in numerous robberies in the first half of the 1870s. Farmhe and his wife had a and two sons were born in the beginning of that decade. According to family history, arthur did not like farming so he went to texas about getting into cattle and living there. Legend now takes over where history has ended and legends say he was arrested for stage robbery near austin but by 1874, he effectively vanished. By 1880, his wife had listed herself as a widow and presumably he died by that point. The only reason i bring him up is to point out that not all outlaws had been guerrilla fighters. Mccoy was a city boy, a family man and yet he was a drifter. That kind of personality, what the James Brothers had started appealed to him. Then there was belle starr. She was one ferocious woman. 1848 andorn in mira in her nicknames where the outlaw queen or the bandit queen. Her family supported the confederacy. She had been educated at a Girls Academy and trained via pianist and was on her way to a respectful middleclass life. Her older brother, nicknamed bud , had taught her to use guns and ride horses and many believe she unofficially joined him on some of his raids during the war. 1864 and by that businessles fathers as an innkeeper was destroyed. She went from being a respectful middleclass woman to one who associated with outlaws if not an outlaw herself. She married jim reed in 1866 and they had two children. Jim reed had grown up in missouri and had joined the raiders and also fled to texas following the war. Birth, hee of pearls was involved in the tom starr gang. They were cattle rustlers. He fled with his family to california. Shortly after eddies birth in 1871, they returned to missouri and jim reed rode often on with the with both brother gangs. Belle was named as an accessory but there were no there was no evidence against her. Jim was on the run and a Deputy Sheriff cornered and killed him in texas in august of 1874. Belle sent her children to live with their grandparents and legend is taking over where we have no history but we traditionally believe that she herself was on the run and she drifted into oklahoma indian territory where she began to lead her own band of cattle and horse thieves. There week therefore we have the belle starr gang. Who was a cherokee. They married in 1880 all the legends say it might have been a commonlaw marriage. Who knows . They lived on cherokee land and they built a house, where they would harbor outlaws often. In 1883, both of them were convicted of stealing horses and spent nine months in jail in detroit. Belle is known as a felon and dressed the part. She was arrested twice more but never convicted for lack of evidence. Was killed in a gunfight with an old enemy and she married for the third time to another cherokee. Was younger than her and she called him july starr. He was summoned to arkansas because he was accused of stealing a horse. She came with him part of the way and then decided to come back. On february 3, 18 89, she was just shy of her 41st birth day. She was shot in the back by a shotgun. By this time in life, she had many she had many enemies, including her two children. Bill july believes it was a man named edgar watson who was a fugitive wanted for murder or wanted for murder. Watson was arrested on the suspicion that he murdered her but because there were no witnesses to prove anything, he was released. It is still a mystery who killed belle starr. A couple more i wanted to highlight. Hillary and Levi Harrington brothers. Like the james brother stated they decided that robbing banks seem to be a good postwar occupation. They also robbed trains and they robbed the Ohio Railroad in 1870. The pinkerton were hot on their trail and hillary actually shot William Pinkerton in the side when the detective had him cornered. Pinkerton was not killed. He managed to subdue hillary and cuff him. The next day they were in route they were en route the gun discharged and grazed pinkertons skull but did not kill him. Heller e hillary wrestled the gun free and before he could aim the gun, pinkerton delivered an uppercut that sent him flying. He was chopped to pieces. His brother in the meantime had been captured in illinois. He returned to union city for the trial. However, there were many angry people in the town and while he was in prison awaiting trial, a mob formed, broke into the prison and took him out and lynched him. These are some of the most notorious of the out of the wild west gangs. Outlaw gangs existed before the war. For those who like to operate outside the boundaries of the law, they seemed to be attracted to the area. Those who fought in the civil war that we just covered and looked at really set a precedent for those who came later that really created the wild west stories that we hear about. Im going to briefly highlight a couple of them. The dalton gang was in operation for a year. The dalton brothers had actually been u. S. Deputy marshals in fort smith, arkansas. They turned to a life of crime because they discover that robbing trains and banks was an easier way to make a living than living on the right side of the law. The gang attempted a robbery in kansas in october of 1892, and the gang members who were all involved in that robbery were all killed, after which this picture was taken as proof that they were killed. Some members of the gang werent there, including a man named bill doolin. Oklahombres. They robbed banks and trains in oklahoma and kansas. Doolin had a bit of a robert a robin hood image. The gang was dissolved when bill was tracked down and killed in 1896. There is kit curry whose real name was Harvey Alexander logan. He was known as the wildest in Butch Cassidys out long gang known as the wild outlaw gang known as the wild bunch. Them including kit carey post for a photo in 1901, which i put on the screen for you. Funnily enough, the pinkerton learned about the photo, got a copy and put it on one wanted posters across america. Kerry during his lifetime was wanted on warrants for 15 murders what it was believed he had murdered at least twice that number. William pinkerton called him the most vicious outlaw in america and said quote he has not one single redeeming feature. He is the only common in the line know of who does not have one good point. I tried to find the identities but i kept running into lists they gave me different information. I did not spend enough time looking into it. Then there was cherokee bill, whose real name was crawford goolsby. He was responsible for the murders of seven men and he and his gang terrorized the indian territories for two years. He was 18 when he began his life of outlawry. His group called the cooke group robbed stagecoaches and stores and murdered anyone willing to get in the way. He was taken to fort smith, arkansas, put on trial for three days at the trial was predetermined, the results were predetermined. He was sentenced to hang in 1896. He had just turned 20. He was scheduled to be hung at 11 00 but that was delayed because his sister wanted to see him one more time and and her train was not due until 1 00 p. M. Lasts asked if he had any words, to which he said i am here to die, not make a speech and that is exec we what he did. Uncle was the notorious sam starr who was married to belle. Henry was not fond of belle. He said she was his aunt by marriage only. You have to be an interesting woman to be reviled like that by an outlaw. He spent 32 years in crime. Robbed moreo have banks than the james younger gang and the Doolin Dalton gang combined. Banksdly, he robbed 21 and made off with nearly 80,000 on his own. The legend has really romanticized the many outlaws, especially the James Brothers, through originally dime novels and editorials like we heard earlier. And then later, through tv shows and movies is how most people in the public know about these men. A lot of them have become these Robin Hood Type figures versus the evil law men and although we did hear about quite a few pretty evil law men, it is interesting that that is the typical way that wild west outlaws have been characterized. I want to leave you with this thought. The encyclopedia of western gunfighters noticed that the history of these old west gangs is often romanticized, it should not be forgotten that they were in fact nothing more than thugs. Thank you again for coming out this evening. We have a few minutes for some questions and answers if anybody needs to slip out, feel free to do so while we do that. If you have questions i would be happy to answer them. [applause] this is American History tv on cspan3 where each weekend we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nations past. This sunday on the presidency, Ronald Reagan gives his First Press Conference nine days after taking the oath of office on january 20, 1981. Here is a preview. Presidency,n the Ronald Reagan gives his First Press Conference, nine days after taking the oath of office on january 20, 1981. Questions about the recently resolved a rainy and hostage crisis and the aftermath dominate the discussion. With the reagan met press and the old circuit of office, next door to the white house. This video is courtesy of the Ronald Reagan president ial library in california. Pressts the full conference this sunday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, have 00 pacific on American History tv. Pacific on American History tv. Beginning at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, on july 23 19 627, detroit erected in five days of rioting and violence sparked by a police raid on an illegal bar and fueled by long simmering racial tensions. An abc affiliate in the city was there to record the event as they unfold as it unfolded. This documentary is courtesy of the archives of michigan. Watch American History tv, tuesday night and over the weekend on cspan3. Of thealder is coauthor unexpected spine, from the cia to the fbi. My secret life taking down some of the worlds most notorious terrorist most notorious terrorists. As aits down on her time cia special Operations Officer in the aftermath of the nine of the september 11 terrorist attacks. She also discusses her decision to leave the cia to become an fbi special agent, focusing on chinese counterintelligence. The International Spy museum recorded this event in february. Good evening everyone and thank you for coming out on this gloomy washington, d. C. Evening, to the International Spy museum. I am the executive director of the International Spy museum. I am excited to introduce this program with former c. I. A. Officers officer, fbi special agent, now author, tracy walder. Tracy joined the cia straight out of college and served as a staff Operations Officer the counterterrorism center, where she was responsible for tracking down terrorists and weapons of mass destruction. She went on to become an fbi special agent at the l. A. Field office, where she specialized in chinese counterintelligence operations. Tracy lives with her husband and four and a halfyearold