Test. Test test. We talked a lot about that, right . All of the efforts that advertisers went to add some kind of value to their product. At a certain point there is no new markets to be found. There is no new demand to be generated. Now when we talk about prices were talking about cost of living. When we talk about expectations, when we talk about expectations what were talking about is the standard of living. Right . So prices, cost of living, expectations, standard of living. And the standard of living in the 1920s was on the rise. This new standard of living was beckenni beckoning americans to buy more and to want more. The threathold of dire was rising. Now let me be really clear with you. All of the things that we looked at and thought about. But they were considered decencies. So the shift from luxury to decencies, and they were coming to become the birthright of all american citizens. Something that all americans had a right to claim, wish for, and to want. So despite the historic levels of economic productivity, we have a decrease in prices and a standard of living. Many americans were forced to live on the edge. They were like george wims. No scholar figured out how Many Americans were living in poverty in the 1920s. There was no official agreement today what constituted living in poverty. That would be seven out of ten americans. Others say it was only 20 . I think both of those estimates are extremely high. Extremely high and extremely low. I think the best guess is about a third. About 30 . 3 33 . Living lives of real privation. Another 20 or so were probably near the line. Maybe they were above poverty, but it was pretty rough. Life was a struggle for them. So what are you noticing from this wage chart . What do you notice about the season workers. Yeah, the significant total is more than the unskilled workers. You see their yearly total is 357 down to 294. Those are poverty wages. It is estimated in the 1920s, im not sure if i agree with this, but it is estimated it took about 2500 a year for a household to have a decent standard of living. So we see this is an easy time for them. Anything else from these wages. Productivity doubts productivity doubles in the space of ten years. Do the wages double . No, not even close. So wages are not keeping up with productivity at all, right . And what this suggests is that working americans were not receiving a significant or a fair share of the worth. They are perhaps unevenly spread out. Lets think for a minute about the distribution of the wealth. It is probably something you heard about. The distribution of wealth. So in the 1920s, the top 1 and we all heard the term the 1 , it is becoming a very popular term in our day, the top 1 held about 24 of the nations wealth. Top 1 holds 24 of the nations wealth. Lets take the next 9 . The next 9 can hold 6 of the nations wealth. The top 9 or the next 9 have a quarter of the nations wealth. As a whole the top 10 , 51 of the nations wealth. And then lets look at the bottom 60 . So the bottom 60 of americans held 5 of the nations wealth. 5 . And then that other 30 in between that bottom 60 , they held the rest. They were doing pretty well. They held about 45 or 44 of the nations wealth. So this is an incredibly unequal distribution of wealth. At no other time in our nations history except for right now, has there been as much inequality. As a welt been distributed so unequally. An activist, im sure you have heard of him, he is looking at the situation. He was looking at it as very wrong. This is a kwoequote, he said wee prosperity and depression. Cheek by jowl. Like this africanamerican news boy he is selling a penny newspaper, and it is proclaiming taxes on billionaires. This is from 1921. So cheek by jowl africanamericans. So too were farmers as you could tell, right, from the wages we just looked at . And they made up 30 of the population, so, too, were coal minors. We have a vast proportion of american thats are essentially impoverished. So despite the slow rate of inflation, prices are not changing, most americans did not earn enough to buy the necessities. And they didnt earn enough at all. You have wages that dont match the pace at all. Wages are here, theyre flat, and in some cases theyre just down. What did americans do about this. Let me make generalizations for you first about how individuals and communities handle it. When they cant pay for their what do you do when you cant pay for what you need or for what you want, what are some of the strategies or college students. Maybe you need some things you might need for, too. What do you need, too. So you might steal, you might substitute, right, okay, i like these ideas. You could take out a loan, right. What else might you do. Move in with friends. Share a textbook, move in with friends, share a car, take the bus, economize in all sorts of way. Taking out loans, steeling, we have economizing. What else . You guys can smart, you can tutor. You can tutor, and you could take a min money wage job. There is all sorts of things you could do to add to your economic. They try to stooifl their demands, you could eat less, right . When i was in my first year i didnt have much money so i ate a lot of ramen noodles. What you have what we have just laid out here is common sense stratt gis. There is nothing new about what you might come up with about how to make your ends meet. This is what americans have been doing for a long time. There is one thing you didnt mention. That americans started to do in a is trying to control prices that is one of the first things you might do if your needs and wants, if your income doesnt meet what you need or want, you could protest prices. You could engage in collective action. The sect thing you could do is stifle command, right . You could try to make do, try to spend less. Try to expose yourself less to the time lants that make you want things that could stop internet shopping, for instance. You could try to add to your income. So what do americans do the prices are going down and theyre not trying to go up. They not trying to control prices in the 1920s. They were relieved that prices returned to prewar levels. But 1900 to 1915 or so americans protested price hikes and all sorts of interesting collective actions. When they riot about the police. Housewives boycotted butchers, so the meat price rose so high they said they would not buy it at all. It was not just a individual boycott, but if all of us in dallas said were not buying meat until you decrease the price by 25 , we might get through to them, right . This is what housewives did. They boycotted butchers. And they refutured to pay their rent. It only works if everyone in the building refuses to pay the rent, right . But if all of us didnt pay our rent the landlord would have trouble filling all of the apartments. They are rising out of control, but at the same time the government during world war one, during the war. The government recognizing that inflation was out of control and that there was going to be rioting and worse if they didnt bring it under control. They put price controls on food and fuel. There was some regulation of prices. They talk about how to blast income with needs. What about controlling demand. Stifling expectations, spending less, hardly requires collective action, right . This is more of a individual response to the problem. Most argues would argue that they stifled their cone assumer expectations. They stifle their desires to one degree or another. They didnt just buy everything they wanted. They did not buy a new refrigerator every year or a new automobile every year. Let alone all of those other baubles and gadgets, but they did not engage completely in selfdenial either. They stretched their dollars, they were creative and ingenious. They made their own food. They made their own clothes, pattern from the 1920s. Many women made their own dresses, they sewed their own clothes trying to be ala mode in the fashion of the day. Never the less making the clothes. They made their own food, they canned their own tomatoes and vegetables. They made apple sauce, they put them away for the winter and they engaged and there by didnt have to they didnt have toma tomatoes or all of the other canned goods. Americans saved and budgeted. They traded and bartered. They traded eggs for a homemade dress. They bartered and traded services with each other. Sometimes they resorted to stealing. They went to secondhand store and they bought things on the black market. This is the way that americans tried to stretch their collars, but it didnt work. It didnt work entirely. There is only so far you can stretch something. So americans they moved away from trying to control price, and trying to control demand, and they tried to take control of the other side of the equation which is purchasing power. They try to get paid more. They change jobs, they between the a gm and a ford factory. Why ford . They paid 5 a day. It was twice the wages of all of the other automobile vak tifact. And ford increased his daily wage to 6 a day. After the stock market crashed and the economy went into decline, ford raises wages again to 7 a day. Those lucky enough to keep their jobs were getting 7 a day. This is baud ford understood that without purchasing power there would be no market for all of those automobiles and all of that stuff. They are working for a higher paying job. They can raise their wages by unionizing, right . Another way of engaging in collective action. I go to president turner and i complain about my salary. Its not making any effect. Im not going to do any of that. We likely see a increase in our s ri just as if if all of you engaged in collective action you would probably see a decrease in tuition. This is airing on national television, i have now called for collective action. The point is that unions. So americans formed unions they went on strike after world war one. Prices were so high and the wages did not match. They went on strike. For the rest of the 1920s, very little in terms of collective action. You can another thing you could do, you try to get a higher paying job, you could send more members of your house old out towork. You can send your children and your wife to work instead of working one job, two jobs, three jobs. You can engage in criminaltivity. You could smuggle. You could they are household income. So trying to increase your individual income. There is a third thing you can do and this is a amelia suggested, and that is that you can take a loan. Lets look backward for just a minute. Lets introduce you to an important concept. It is an id term. Okay. If we look backwards at various moments, americans during the 1800s, americans protested high wages but they protested high wages, so bred riots, many strik strikes. They were directed at usually the activist in the 19th century. Usually it was directed at employers or merchants. So it was very directly at whoever is paying the prices. It was not directed at the government. The activity did not march in washington dc. They did not wage raises or lower prices. It did not occur to them that there was Political Solutions to these economic problems. They saw Marketplace Solutions for their economickqh problems. It is Political Solutions to economic problems. They started to demand Political Solutions to economic programs. Political solutions. Limitations on purchasing power is what pushed americans to demand Political Solutions. They started to ask the government to control inflation. To regulate pages, to ensure access to basic living stand rs. And to regulate wages. And in 1900 these were unheard of actions for the government to engage in. But americans started to ask for that kind of government involvement. So as a historian has shown, the United States these kind of politics entered into the political arena in the early decades of the 20th century. In the 1920s they went dormant. They were not to be seen. Calvin coolige said it is the business of americas business. It didnt mean taking care of consumers. The business of america is making sure people have adequate income and wages. The 1920s, the department of commerce flourishes. Finding markets at home and abroad. Helping them become more efficient and helping them adapt scientific management. The business of america is business. Americans, as i said, didnt engage in collective action. There was hardly any strikes, there werent any protests, and there werent any communal efforts to make up for the difference between the wants. So we just muddled along in the 20s. You have a slow rate of inflation. People complain about rising prices. They are it was also due in part because Consumer Debt became more widely available. Consumer loans became more widely available and as you can see here, Consumer Debt nearly tripled. You 3. 3 billion in debt in 1920, and this Consumer Debt includes homelo loans and mortgages. So where do americans get their loans in the 1920s. On your hand out who laebt them money. So credit like always, credit is always available from family and friends. Until you have tapped those markets out. So family and friends. Secondly pawnbrokers. They frequented pawnbrokers and received small amounts of credit. There was also small loan leaders, a small loan lender is like the payday lenders that are so prevalent today. Manufacturers also offer Consumer Credit and they did so with installment plans. If you wanted to buy an automobile or a piano, a durable good, an electric appliance, sewing machine, bicycle, you could buy it with credit. Fifthly retailers offer credit. They offer charge accounts for the welty and you see here on the side a subject account from wanamaker. They were the leading Department Store in philadelphia. It is like a budget account. A thrifty, worthwhile, and a budget is good, right . So they call it a budget account. They started to offer little tiny charge plates to welalthy customers. So theyre offering retail accounts. And theyre offering installment plans for everything else. They sort of took the shape of l layaway. Do you know what layaway is. You identify a pair of hiking boots that you really wants. Youre worried their going to sell out. You put 10 todown and they hol the bikes in the store until you pay them off and you come in the store and you may a little more each week and once you pay it off you get to take them home. What do i do when i find those boots that i want. Put it on your credit card. So it is a really different type of conversation. Lay away, do people still do it tod today. Yeah, it will offer it. Will they hold on to the goods. Yeah, i dont think so, i think they give it to you maybe with the assumption that you will pay it back. A different kind of relationship with the retailer and the shopper. Okay, so we have the last source of Consumer Credit would have been banks. Banks offer consumer loans for the wealthy. Consumer credit was not available to most americans. The pawnbrokers, and the small loan lenders, and it is credit to help people get by issuing it for the next week. It becomes available to the top quarter of the american population. So an economy as productive could not go on this way, right . With 60 of americans getting 5 of the wealth with wages flat. With credit available but not widely availability. Not available to everybody. The economy needed to find a way for more americans to become full fledged consumers. So now were back and i brought you back to the point where we can think about the Great Depression and we can think about what happened. Im fairly certain you can figure out the answer at this point. The answer that makes sense for our class on the history of consumer culture. The Great Depression was a crisis of abundance. It was a crisis of abundance. We, the United States, figured out how to grow and make a tremendous amount of an array of things, right . We could make so much stuff and so many Different Things and we figured out how to market the goods. We figured out how to get them to market. New forms of retail. New kinds of tiadvertising, howo market the goods. And we had not figured out the third leg in the stool. How to provide americans with the means of which to buy all of this stuff. Figure out how to make it, figure how it is a political question, right . The question that socialist and markists had been asking since the 1870s. They had been asking this question. The mexican revolution, the Russian Revolution in 1917 and this political question was just being asked it is a capital system, we liked it the way it was. American Political Parties had to figure out how to address this question and maintain private enterprise. So lets look again here. Lets look at the glut of commodities and manufactured goods. Lets look first at farming. So farming had been in a dprengs since the end of world war one. They had been in a depression that was just as terrible as what we would see in the 30s since the end of world war i. This is because during the war, during the first world war, they expanded acreage and production for the commodities. There was not a lot of room for them to grow. There was tremendous demand for our commodities, prices went up that 60 increase in prices that was so terrible for the American People was pretty awesome for farmers, right . Theyre selling stuff for tremendously more than they had at the beginning of the war. But what happened was the war is over and the farmers didnt cut back on production. In fact they continued to expand it and put more acres in cultivati cultivation. They continued to mechanize, right . All of these things that will increase productivity. As a consequence there is a flut of Agricultural Products and commodities. Wheat, butter, milk, pork, sold for half as much in 1929. Half as much. As they had in 1914. Not a good situation to be in in youre a farmer. A terrible situation. There was no amount of branding. There is no amount of packaging, no amount of marketing that could have raised the price for Agricultural Products. There was just too many. Okay, now manufacturing was a little better off, there was not a glut of manufactured products unless the second half of the 1990s. And beginning about 1927 or so, inventories of manufactured goods started to accumulate as well. There was signs as we know as early as 1925 of over saturation. So there was signs that inventories were beginning to accumulate. They started to lay workers off, and they didded ignore the signs of a slow down and a disaster was in the making. In early 1929 they were full of abundance. Cotton filled sheds waiting to be made into cloth. Back rooms of stores were stocked to ceilings from unsold inventory. Youre not going to sell, youre not going to take your cattle to the slaughter house. Unless there is a market for it, right . So the pins were crowded with cattle and with livestock and that they needed to eat right. So they had to continue to buy feed for them. Grain silos were at capacity. The same kind of problem of over supply. Americans were all too willing to buy but they didnt have the purchasing power. And in latin america and europe, they had less purchasing power than americans. This is early 29. Some observers saw the signs of these problems before 1929, but in late october it became clear how deep the trouble was. How bad the situation was. So the market begins to slide. It begins to slide in early october. It is a really interesting story. It is not really important for this class, but i will give you just a little snippet of it. It starts to slide in early october. In midoctober the american stock market crashed. There was various actions trying to prop the market up. On monday october 28th the market lost 13 of their value and the next day it took another beating losing another 12 . These are known as black monday and black tuesday. Those days, they talked about storied days in American History. For our purposes today, 30 years ago today, october 19th, 29 1987, the market lost more and the market lost 23 in a single day. You guys were all, you were not even born yet probably when this happened. 23 income a si 23 in a singl day. The market was overvalued. There was a lot of speculation. There was a lot of buying on the margin. That means buying stock putting only 10 down. And they sell at a higher price, they buy it, pay that little loan off and walk away with profit. Here is the thing, markets are over valued. People buying on the margin. It was certainly a terrible thing, but only 10 of americans were in the stock market. They would have had reverbera reverberating effects on them. It crashed more over it was a symptom of economic completeness. The stock market collapse caused the Great Depression, but it didnt. So what are these . Lets see how were doing on time. The Financial Sector is reck lated and because it was unregulated when the market collapsed all of the loans were called in. No one has any way to pay their loans off. Their runs on banks and the banks collapsed all together. Banking was not regulated at all. A bank didnt have to secure deposits in any way. 9,000 banks collapsed all together. Showing you here a paper from a mortga mortgage. In addition to the financial panic caused by the crash of the stock market and the tail yur of the banks, there was a tremendous lack of diversity. It was over invested in automobiles. It is over invested in construction. They tremendous, textiles are weak, and and very weak sectors of the economy. They are very weak sectors meaning that the economy was quite vulnerable when the crash came. And now were back to those big inventories. No one was spending. American consumers were saturated or poor. There was no amount of super advertising for competitive copy that could solve the problem this time. Okay, so the Unemployment Rate on the rise after 1929, after the stock market crash, interestingly Consumer Debt did not soar. People started to pay off their loans and what was discovered was that in bad times people borrowed less and not more. And this actually spurred the development of Consumer Credit. It was a legitimateization izat. And the installment loans that americans had that were still open in 1929 and 1930, americans worked very hard to pathos off. This was only one sector of the economy in which there was a lot of defaults in terms of Consumer Credit, which sector. Pardon . All right, farmers did default, what other kinds of loans did they default on . They defaulted on mortgages, right . They defoughted on their mortgages. They could not pay them off. They could not come up with the 25,000 to pay that loan off and unlike our loans today, our mortgages for 15 years or 30 years and at the end you paid your whole house off. These loans for for a much shorter time period and there was a large balance do at the end of the time period but no one could refinance their loans so there are defaults, but in the other sectors people paid their loans off. So the economy grinds down to a halt. You have high rates of unemployment and things went from bad to worse. So the National Product decreased by 30 , unemployment goes up to 30 . If you were lucky enough to keep your job wages fall. Construct starts to drop 78 . Corporate profits from 10 billion to one billion. Interestingly pricing did not drop very fast. They held steady which is very interesting. That is one of the reasons were going to see pocketbook politics come back to life. So the nation limped along. They popped up all over the nation. And americans responded to the depression in all sorts of different ways. They hit the road. They migrated out of the dust bowl and out of the south. They stopped getting married and having children. They stopped going to college. They economized. They bargain hunted. They stopped spending, and they became politicized. They saw solutions to their problems. Pocketbook politics came of age. So i want to take you through what this looked like. What did they look like. What was the shape they took . So i think anyone could have been elected in 1932 over herbert hoover. So this is no surprise that Franklin Delanor roosevelt was elected. The United States government sought to address the crisis of abundance and save capitalism. It is something called the new deal. It is a legislation. It is an alphabet soup of three categories. The three rs. There was relief, the legislation is providing relief to people. There was legislation that was meant to hasten recovery. Recovery of the economy. So relief, recovery, and reform. There is legislation to reform the economy. He is elected, he is not inaugurated until march of 1993. New dealers, that is what new dealers placed limits on production. Think about this, one of the causes of the Great Depression was an incredibly high rate of productivity. Remember how we talking about it in the gilded age. It is a way for them to agree to kind of cap productivity so they can actually make a little bit of money in the marketplace. This is brought back to life again, and in 1933 and 1934. The new dealers begin to encourage voluntary limits on production. And this was meant to address this problem of over supply. As you might imagine, these encountered resistance for all sorts of reasons. There was voluntary limits and encountered resistance, and the production quotas were unconstitutional. They are addressing supply and it will not solve the problem of abundance. The government cannot do that in our country at least. I should say that farm subsidies were paid to farmers in order to encourage them to take longstanding out of productilan of production. They were paid to take their land out of production to limit supply. In some instances they were also allowed to destroy commodities. They were giving subsidies if they destroyed silos of grain to take commodities out of the market. Then the price might rise. These farm subsidies are still. This is how we support agriculture in this country, but these these measures taken to take land out of production received criticism, as you can imagine, because Many Americans were starving, didnt have enough to eat. So it seemed unseemly to destroy crops. The solution to this crisis of abundance was not going to be with limiting production. Thats just not going to work. Lets look at what the new deal did. Part of the relief legislation. These are shortterm measures taken to bolster incomes through work relief programs. So, work relief. Work relief. Thats easy for us. The government says, we need to build some new highways. Were going to hire a lot of people to build them and thats work relief, right . Highway gets built. You get some money. Everybody wins. Government, of course, had to engage in deficit spending in order to do this. And it relied on a theory to justify this expenditure. Civilian conservation corps which sent young men into Americas National parks. It served two purposes. It gave them income but it also got them out of cities where they might organize and radicalize. Young men between the ages of 18 and 25 are the most likely to radicalize, most likely to cause problems. So it was a brilliant move to send them all away, put them to work, hard work, hard, physical labor in the outdoors and provide them with a wage that they sent back home. So you have the civilian conservation corps, the Tennessee Valley authority, which was meant to electrify, build dams and improve the infrastructure of the Tennessee Valley. You have all these public works programs which culminated with the Works Progress administration. And the purpose of these programs were this is quoting one of the new dealers themselves. The purpose was to get the National Income up so that the underprivileged onethird of americans could be consumers. Literally thats the word he used, so they could be consumers. These are work relief programs. They dont last forever. Longerterm measures that were meant to lift incomes, were meant to lift wages and these im going to focus on three for you. The first is what was known as the wagner act. The wagner act, the official name is the National Labor relations act. The National Labor relations act. And it is on your list of i. D. Terms. The National Labor relations act. Its passed in 1935. The turps is sich. It made forming a union legal and engaging in unions legal, a mechanism through which they could seek higher wages. Wagner act makes unionization legal. It was very effective for quite some time. The second measure that was taken was the fair labor standards act passed in 1938. Very simple outcome of that act, it establishes the minimum wage. And it establishes maximum hours a worker could work a week after which they would receive overtime. Fair labor standards act. Finally, i want to draw your attention to the Social Security act passed in 1935, which provided income security for Many Americans. It provided insurance for people who might become prevented from working, either because they become disabled or they get old. It provides insurance for people, income security for people who cannot work, either due to disability or to old age. Now, the new deal also introduced legislation that was meant to expand access to credit. And im only going to focus on this for a moment in the interest of time. As i had mentioned to you, Consumer Credit, with the exception of balloon mortgages, appeared to be a safe business. And americans showed themselves be willing to pay off their debts. There wasnt a debtors crisis and the federal government got in the business of underwriting and offering consumer loans. Most importantly through the federal housing administration, the fha, the fha issued loans for the construction of new houses and for the renovation of old ones. Between 1934 when the fha is established in 1960, it financed more than 10 million homes in america. Its still in operation to this day. The hol Homeowners Loan Corporation provided loans to people who couldnt pay off their existing mortgages. So it provided loans in a time when mortgages were practically unavailable. Now, a few new deal agencies, only a handful, not very many, made direct consumer loans. Mostly to farmers and to People Living in rural areas. These are not very important, but theyre important in our class. So, the Farm Credit Administration made consumer loans to farmers. My favorite one is the electric home and Farming Authority. The electric home and Farming Authority. In 1934. It made loans to people to buy electric appliances. The tva, Tennessee Valley authority electrified this huge, rural area, but all of the farmers living there didnt have the money to buy electric appliances or electric lights for their homes or electric refrigerators and if you dont have appliances or lights that use electricity, what is the good of having electricity and how will the electric Companies Make any money . The electric home and Farming Authority issued loans so people could buy appliances and electrify their houses. The resettlement Organization Also made loans. These pictures are showing people paying off the loans. Okay. The efforts of the new deal, the efforts that the new deal implemented to bolster purchasing power had longterm effects and significance. Pocketbook politics played a very Important Role ever since an american elections end in governance as well. So, i want to end class today by just drawing your attention to some of the efforts made in the 1930s to protect consumers. So, efforts are now being made to provide them with what we might call a living wage or with add equate income so they could become fullfledged consumers, but the government also under the new deal began to try to acknowledge the necessity of regulation of the consumer market. And so well close with that and well pick up again next week with the rest of the 30s. So in 1934, fdic was established. You guys are all probably familiar with the fdic. It is the federal deposit insurance corporation, and its job is to insure all of our deposits in all of the banks around the country. Deposits are insured up to, what, is it 100,000 . They increased it to more than that . I think 250. You think its 250 now . Okay. You see where it started, right, with 5,000. So the government decided that in order to increase our confidence in banks, which had all failed. And when the bank failed all your money went away with it in 1929. That it would insure our deposits and, therefore, guarantee to us that even if the bank failed, we would still have access to our deposits up to a certain amount. So, the fdic has established in 1934 to protect bank depositors, to protect consumers. The food, drug and cosmetic act is passed in 1938. And its designed to protect consumers as well. It was designed, in particular, to protect consumers against faulty claims against the efficacy of drugs. It was designed to protect consumers from poisonous substances in drugs. Many pharmaceuticals were still laced with arsenic, with all sorts of poisons that could actually kill people. And cosmetics were full of poisons as well. So the food, drug and cosmetic act of 38 was designed directly to protect consumers. There are other efforts in the 1930s made to politicize consumer protection, but most of them failed. So, a number of activists called for the establishment of a consumers bureau. So it had we had the department of commerce. We have the department of labor. Why not have a department of consumers . This is what they argued. But it didnt go anywhere. Those efforts didnt go anywhere. In fact, its not until 2011 that we see the establishment of a Consumer Financial protection bureau, which is quite controversial to this day. It was established in the aftermath of the 07 mortgage crisis. So what ive taken you guys through is how the Great Depression itself was a crisis of abundance, predicated on the fact that the tremendous wealth our country was generating was distributed in such an inequitiable manner that the majority of americans couldnt participate in the marketplace, couldnt become the consumers that advertising was encouraging them to become and that business needed them to be, and it necessitated the politicization of consumption in order to bring incomes up to a point that we could have something that we today call the American Standard of living. That this American Standard of living could exist and could be reasonably aspired to. So, with that, ill close the class and thank you. Hope you guys have a good weekend. Centers for Disease Control and prevention dr. Robert redfield testifies before the house subcommittee about the coronavirus response. Watch live on cspan3, cspan. Org or listen live for free on the cspan radio app. Tonight on American History tv, a look at the american revoluti revolution, beginning at 8 00 p. M. Eastern with historian, park ranger and author Philip Greenwald on bostons role in the origins of the revolutionary war. Followed by revolutionary war clothing and how american tailors impacted the era. Watch American History tv tonight and over the weekend on cspan3. Sunday night on q a, Peggy Wallace kennedy, daughter of former fourterm alabama governor and president ial candidate George Wallace, talks about her fathers controversial career and what inspired her to write her recent book the broken road. In 1996 we took our young son, burns, who was 9 at the time, to the Martin Luther king Museum Historical site in atlanta. And we went to his church and to his grave and then we went over to the museum. And it was being newly constructed at that time. And we were going through the exhibits, and we came to the alabama exhibit, and it showed the bridge, the bombed out 16th street baptist church, fire hoses and dogs in birmingham, and George Wallace standing in the schoolhouse door and burns looked up at me and he said he was so sad. Why did papa do those things to other people . And it broke my heart. And i said, pawpaw never told me why he did those things to other people, but i know he was wrong. So maybe it will just have to be up to you and me to help make things right. Watch on cspans q a. Next, historian Kirstin Downey on her book the woman behind the new deal Frances Perkin perkins fdrs secretary of labor and his moral conscience this was held at the ninth annual National Book invest val on the national mall. My entire book, the woman behind the new deal. It was the life of Frances Perkins. And ill explain to you how that happened. And much of the research was done at library of congress, which is sponsoring todays events. Its a wonderful institution. The beautiful buildings. Im very grateful to the library of congress for being here and for continuing to give