Economics and engages in dialogue, learning and leadership in the intersection of markets, businesses, governments and society and accountable capitalism and trust. And how do we ensure we have the right laws and policies in place and hold government accountable. We have honored to have senator sherrod brown, somebody who cares passionately about the issues that we focus on and care pabl. And the directors and myself testamented about banking leg lags that senator brown shared from 2011 to 2015. And once again, faces a great many challenges, similar and some different from the financial crisis. I look forward to hearing senators perspective on how we got here and how we can go from here. Senator brown has dedicated his career to the words of dr. Martin luther king major calls it dignity of work. Let me give you a few examples how he puts the mantra in practice. The senator often wears a pin of a canary in a cage as a symbol of the days when miners brought canaries with them in a coal mine before we had rules protecting Workers Health and safety. If the canary died, the miners knew there were Dangerous Levels of toxic gas and it was time to get out. The canary is an important reminder how far america has come. And also how much still needs to be done. Senator brown also notes that his zip code in cleveland 44105, had the most foreclosures of any of the nation leading up to the 2008 financial crisis. This fact symbolizes the dire fate of homeowners who fell for predator lending practicing in the Manufacturing Base in the cities in the midwest. It also encapsulates the economic policy. At committee hearing, you can find brown and the banking regulators, and the color of law. How forgotten history the forgotten history how the government segregated america. And he once organized his fellow organizers to boycott the senator cafeteria until the workers received a raise. A club that only admits 100 american, the senator maintains a level of empathy and a connection to American People that is too rare to the most powerful leaders and institutions. We are honored and grateful to host you, senator brown, today. To discuss the role of the federal government in the pan iming, he will be joined by susanna, mba 21. And we will open it to up to questions to you that you are submit using the q, and a function. With that, i turn it over to susanna. Thank you very much. And thank you so much for being with us here, senator brown. And for giving all of us a chance to put on real clothes for a change. I havent worn a sue jacket in months. I hope your family and dogs are well. I know we dont have a lot of time. If you dont mind, i would love to just dive right in. Sure, thank you. Okay on, perfect. We heard that you have been a long time advocate for workers rights, you have been vocal about the need to raise wages for workers, and in the current pandemic, you have been advocating for stronger protections for essential workers. I was particularly moved by statements you made in a hearing expressing outrage that the senators are still in session, putting workers at risk on capitol hill. I want to hear from are you, what you think the long term impacts of the pandemics will be on labor rights and poll thecies in the United States. Well, thank you, thank you for your work. You mentioned the book i recommend, the color of lie, and the two other books to read to understand better our o society, and the mistreatment of so many, and i mentioned a book with called evicted, and also a book called the bankers new clothes, that happened to be written by a notable stanford professor. The three books together tell you alo lot about 21st century america. And graham steel, one of the best Public Servants i know. Graham was the one the senator always gets the credit, the staff person is the driving force and also does so much else. But graham, after the financial crisis, he been in the office not long then. He and i advanced the idea that members of the senator and house should not the be allowed to own corporate stock. When we consider the things we vote on in the senate. The amendment was defeated, 21. And a former chairman of the intelligence committee, used is believed, alleged to have used information we all got about the coronavirus, early information. He he got it earlier because of the intelligence briefings. He may have bought and sold stock based on the briefings. To me, its just incredulous that people that have the trust that we the responsibility that were entrusted with, that that would be a step you will take. Im not saying he is guilty. But i know the temptation is there for far too many of my colleagues and were not giving up on grahams idea and my idea from almost a decade ago. How things look different for workers . I think some what i do Conference Calls all day. So many of the privileged people, as you will, as you might say, those of us who are lucky enough to stay home, work safely and get paid as opposed to the million workers in ohio and 3 million i suppose or more in california that are unemployed and the millions of workers that go to work every day in generally moderate and lowwage jobs putting themselves at risk from the public, and they are not protected well enough and then go home with the anxiety, am i infecting my family . We call them essential workers. Wumpb groeshly store worker said to me, they call me essential but im expendable. They dont pay me much. They dont protect me at work. They are 12, 14, 15 an hour workers that drive buss and clean hospital rooms and do security and stock shelves in grocery stores. And they call them essential. The other storily mention and i will try to get to a broader view of where we are, when you look at this pandemic, you see the great revealer that has shown our faults. It showed racial disparity. You know who is dying from this. You know who is going to work. The people who are working in the 12 on, 14 an hour jobs. More women than men, and people p of color. They are the ones most disadvantaged by the economy. We know that. Look at the president s actions. Hundreds of workers. Many of them people of color, not entirely, but when slaughterhouses, there was a big outbreak in sioux falls, south dakota. Hundreds of people were diagnosed with coronavirus, and after a couple weeks, the president , using the defense production act, something we had tried to get him to use to scale up testing and Contract Tracing enter to scale up production of protective equipment. He e used it to reopen the plant. He said youre going back to work. He said nothing about protecting the workers, nothing about food safety. Nothing about slowing down the line f you know anything about manufacturing, you know that a Faster Assembly line means more workplace illness and injury and death. Understand that is where we are as a nation. What happens in the future, we can go back to now that the country recognizes the Racial Disparities. Stanford students probably recognize them. Those who dont go to graduate school just to make money. Those like you who want to make social change recognize this. And the disparities are income, health. We know the mortality rates, the number of people dying from this virus. Housing from slavery to jim crow to red lining to the Trump Administration trying to lock had in by regulation many of the discriminatory practices that occur in housing, all of those things. Its really what we make of it. Are we going to use the newfound information or are we going to do what we did ten years ago and just no banker went to prison, no bankers bankers dont pay much of a prize, and homeowners homeowners in my zip code so many for fowere for closed on paid the prize. Just speaking ten years ago, what do you think we failed to learn from the crisis in 2008 that you hope that we can learn and particularly act on today . Well, i dont know that we fail to learn. Lets put it this way. The fif first big recovery act, the first big stimulus package, sbre deuc introduced in the senate, the same kind of corporate bail out. Good for the airlines, good for wall street. It was good for bankers generally, particularly large banks, the community banks, the credit unions. It did pennies on the dollar for us. It did nothing for state and local government. It did a little fwoit keep people from being evicted. It did nothing for local government. It didnt do anything for homeowners about to be evicted. 25 of renters in the country pay more than half their rent and i dont know that we dont know that ten years ago, we have a few bhot is under the gun. One of the things when obama took office, we were losing 700,000 jobs a month and as we began to do what we should have done, not in the quantity we have should have done it, the tea party formed, a Grassroots Group that wasnt really grassroots, it was founded by wealthy people, to push back. When we spend money on people, budget deficits are a terrible thing. That is sort of the wall street journal way. But what we learned, we cant do it the same way. Nobody went to prison. The bankers it wasnt written yet. It was soon to come. That helps as people start if im chairman of the senate, i will be chairman of the banking and housing committee. Shut be required reading, as should the color of law, and required reading for senate members. I will say it a different way. The committee, not referred to me as the Ranking Member of the Senate Banking committee, the name of the committee is the banking committee. The committee does very little on housing. If not, just the housing committee. The banks take care of themselves and the banks have a financialized economy. E we should learn from what happened ten years ago, if thats the case. What were doing differently, this time from ten years ago, we are putting real dollars in peoples pockets, the 1200 check. The 600 a week unemployment benefits. The largest congress has ever done. Putting money in local statement governments. We didnt it do that in 2009. We had, it might have had a different political outcome. We might have launched the economy. Not just ten years of growth but ten years of wage growth. We had growth for ten years. The economy that donald trump said is the best economy in the history of the world, since it wasnt a good economy for so many people. The focus has to be on wagers, it has to be on workers and you go from there. Lets talk about the cares act in the context of that statement. You recently shared a plan for addressing the concern getting relief directly to consumers and workers. You can talk about the provisions and bro texts are important for ensuring the stimulus funding gets to main street and not just wall street . We know that companies try to garnish wages. We know when will is a transfer of money, as there has been, 1200 a person, and per adult a great majority of the public, as it should be. 1200 plus 500 for child. Some families will get a check for 3400, two parents, two kids. That calls out the vultures. It gets the payday lenders excited. It gets the Check Cashing people excited. Those are just the legal ones. It gets people who are going to prey on if you go to a military base, it can be in california, ohio, any where. You will see all these financial v vultures, all the economies outside the base, ready to bounce on vulnerable military people. The wife goes overseas, and the husband stays at the base with two kids, and struggling, they dont have a lot of money. They are lonely, they are all that, and the financial predators ha that is why the Consumer Protection bureau is so important. And they are ready to swoop down. We e you know, senator warren and i are working on legislation to protect the workers, protect the people there, and we also have to do many other things, as the cares act started to do, not enough. We can talk about it later if we want to, put dollars in peoples pockets so they wont be fore closed on, so they can take care osm their kids. Hunger is a significant problem in the country now, so many people dont have the where withall to be able to feed themselves because of the pandemic and there is so much wee we need toe do. Yeah, there is certainly so much that we need to do. Im curious, you know what are your biggest priorities for securitying securing some of the protection before we look at the next similar bill is going to look like . What do you think are the biggest students f biggest opportunities for the government to act within the next few months to solve the problems . One is nobodys Credit Rating should be dinged in this period. You lose your job and you miss a rent payment. We come up on the first of the month, april, people couldnt pay their rent. You miss a rent payment, you miss a mortgage payment. You shouldnt get your credit dinged. We thought we had it in the last st stimulus and one republican, mcconnell signed off on it, stopped it. So we want to bring in Consumer Protections like that. We also you know, were a rich country still. We will be a very rich country in the future. We dont we need a tax system that works for working families better, and one of the things that we hope that we can do in this legislation is to expand the income tax credit again. Something that Speaker Pelosi and i spoke on. We were going to expand it five years ago and we need to do refundable tax credits. For right now, if youre making 80,000, you get a bigger tax credit for your children if you make 20,000. We want it to be fully refundable. So the poorest families in the country have money in their pockets. And i notice this over the years, while republicans, conservatives representing the Interest Groups love to talk about local control, they fundamentally dont really trust people and local governments to do the right thing. That is why senator mcconnell doesnt want to send money to local governments whose budgets have just cratered because of lost tax revenue. But in if he is forced to it go, he wants to attach strings to how to spend it. He doesnt want to go with low income people. But if he does, he wants work requirements. He wants to do it on this or that. And you cant do this or that. I trust local governments and individuals, if you really believe in the human spirit and believe in freedom, you help them financially and you allow them to make the best decision. What is best for the family, and the community. That is why the Child Tax Credit is so important. Youre a low income person. If you get an extra 3,000, we trust you to spend it youre going to spend it right. To do the best thing to give your children a better future. Whether its clothes, food, and maybe its a its a better used car so your car doesnt break down when you miss work too many days. But those choices, i know that Mitch Mcconnell and donald trump dont trust people. They might surprise mcconnell and trump by doing the right thing. There is sort of a related question e that came in from the audience, and a subject i would like to talk with you. Can we expand benefits like Better Health care . And what are your thoughts on the way that health care is structured in the United States and the opportunity we might have now with the pandemic to change that . Yeah, look, ask the first part of the question again the first part of the question was, can we expand benefits like Better Health care to essential workers or another thing, separating health care from employment altogether. Yeah, i mean, one of the things that i advocated i was on a stage with senator kennedy in the late 90s. We announced d i was a member of the house then. And i think Vice President gore was there, and a congressman from northern california, pete stark who has since passed away was there, and we unveiled the first medicare 55 bill, that people have the option to buy into. I met a woman once who told me that she she stood up in a town hall in youngstown, ohio, and she said, im 63 years old. My goal in life this is my goal in life, is to live two more years to get on medicare. Not my goal in life is to get to go to london or my goal in life is to help raise my grandchildren. My goal is to live another year and a half to finally get insurance. She had been working two jobs at low wages. So the medicare at 55 says she could have been helped by the Affordable Care act for sure. She was the perfect person we were thinking about. But people who are 58 years old, 60 years old. Often when they lose their jobs, they have so few options. They have few options going back in the workplace and few options on health care. Thats the group of people we most want to focus on. So allowing medicare to buy in at a reasonable price, we actually had that in the Affordable Care act. And one senator, joe lieberman, said were not voting for it. We needed 60 votes and we lost it. It could have changed everything. And a lot of people could have gotten insurance. It would have gotten the political the push back from the Affordable Care act would have been cut off at the knees. And the heck for the essential workers, i think one of the most essential things we do, the pandemic pay proposals. The person who changes linen in a hotel may make 12 to 15 an hour. And at minimum, we should pay them more. We have the house passed and we hope the senate can the it has something called pandemic pay, the hero oes doe news. They will get 13 an hour additional pay up to 10,000 for the year, and its something that if were going to call them essential, then we ought to treat them as if they are essential. And i think it will embarrass some corporations to actually pay them more. If we are going to say that essential workers are only worth 12 to 15 an hour, i know that is less where you live, but its not to live on in cleveland either. Let alone rural ohio, then we have to skkt like we mean it. And a few companies are giving pandemic pay eboh newses, hazard pay. But they short lived and too minimal. On that subject of doing better a topic that coming up all the time here at the stanfo Stanford Graduate School of business is the business round tables stated commitment to stake holder capitalism. And we have seen, in response to covid19, e e it appears we might did in a moment to galvanize busy leaders. Im trying to be an unbiassed interviewer here. And the statements have revealed hollow by all of the actions you just described. Im cure whious what can and sh businesses do to put their money where are their mouth is and how can we turn it in a moment of change in the Corporate Community . The fact that youre talking act stake holder capitalism is a good sign. When i was growing up in mansfield, ohio, a town of 50,000 people, the local plant manager, there at the gm plant, there were storied iconic american corporate names had plans there, the plant manager maybe made 20 times what the average worker made. And the ceo of the company, either in cleveland or somewhere else, maybe made 40 times. And now the number, how you talk to them, is a ratio of ten times, 200, 300 times what the avenue ran average worker makes. The idea that the plant manager and the executives owed something to the community besides the stockholders and really the way we did capitalism. You owed something. Your employees were important. The community was important. And the customers were important. And maybe not the environment. They thought some executives did. And today, blame it on milton friedman, but more, blame it on just the greed of unrestricted capitalism, unleashed capital im, where, why should you think about anybody else when you dont have to . And that is the mantra of corporate america. And i am encouraged when i have seen jamie diamond, one of the first big operations that did raised their pay, including the food service, and custodial staff to 15. Keep in mind, lots of Companies Contract out we say, here is the average pay and they contract out food service to other companies and you ask, how much are they paid . I dont know. I contract with them. If you sign the contract with them, you can figure that out easily. It is really holding them im glad they are saying that, stake holder capitalism. It would change the country if they were responsible to the workers and the communities. It doesnt slow down the comments dont slow down the lobbying efforts to get more. So we will see. But i dont count on them to i think you make them do it. Yeah, your point about contract workers makes me think about the gig economy and the myriad of companies that have come from here in the backyard to sort of promote this new mode of working as a contract workers, a gate worker. What are some of your biggest concerns or ideas around how we can better protect the workers who are part of a less formal parts of the economy with some of the less formal protections you have been advocating throughout your career. To its been a battle forever. All kinds of economies in construction and companies, they want businesses to work off the clock. They pay them in cash to the 22yearold worker. It sown like an okay thing. Im getting money. Im not paying in unemployment, im not paying in im not getting retirement. Im not getting health care. Im 22, i will live forever. I dont need it. That is part of the way they have gotten away with it. One of the ways we fixed that, its a temporary fix but its important. It can be a temp pllate for the future. And i think we will have a new president and a new senate. And climate in Racial Disparities, race, class disparities. One of the ways we address that, two months ago, the Unemployment Compensation bill. Workers now who are laid off get 600 a week. That is in addition to the state. The problem is in the states, very few workers are eligible for unemployment. This is a bit too much of an economics history lesson. But congress over the last 100 years have pass the Social Security in the 30s, medicare in the 60s and medicare and Social Security are run out of washington. Its a bit one side size fits all. You are eligible, you get this much out. Its call the social insurance. Unemployment was done new jersey is three times that, ohio is in the middle. Not just what the payment has been. Its been ratcheted down over a number of years. The number of weeks you can get on unemployment. And workers dont get unemployment, in most states. Part time workers, selfemployed workers dont get it. When we did 600 a week, we included all of them. If you are in the state of ohio, you will get that plus 600. You will get that and 600 is it comes to out to its 15 hour, essentially. Its not nothing. So we need to start thinking that way. What do we do, up end the evolution of the benefits and were doing with it unemployment. I dont know that we will ever get 600 permanent but i think we might get the broadening of eligibility, and in ohio right now, prior to the pandemic, only 25 of people who are unemployed were getting unemployment insurance. That is how narrow they have been. And were not an outliar. Th that is about what the average is. That is what fdr and people were thinking of. It makes sense. Im going to switch to questions from the audience in just a little bit. But there is one more topic i want to cover with you before we go there, you already brought up the 2020 president ial election. Im curious how you think covid19 and the ripple effects stands to change the dynamics in november, and we are going to get how we can bolster Democratic Institutions in this time when they are constantly challenged and under mined and we have lots of external challenges to democracy . I think it changes things in unpredictable ways. Im always a little annoyed at pundits on television or speaking to stanford classes that speak with serenity about predicting the future. Its not redown tant. I dont know. I think its increasingly likely that the president ial outcome is a referendum on the president. The president on the virus. Let me give two quick examples. We are 5 of the worlds population. Something you probably know. We account now for 31 of the coronavirus deaths in the world. That doesnt tell you a lot. But more illuminating example is that the last time i got on an airplane was mid march. I flew out of Dulles Airport to home. Almost nobody had a mask on. Within daps, the governor of ohio shut down zoors. The republican governor handled it pretty well. He saved lives. I would say that the republican president has clearly killed people because of his action and inaction. I picked that date in mid march. The republic of the south kor korea had about 90 diagnosed cases. And the United States had about 90 cases. And they had experience with sars. A good publ health system. They dont have better sign t s scientists and doctors. They have better leaders than we do. They want to work with extensive tats t contact tracing. And 250 people people have died. The unemployment in the country is 15 and up. It tells you a lot about trumps lack of leadership. You cant really look any where else. One of the things i loved about it, and i think we should my introductions. You talk about the canary pin. Most of my colleagues wear a senate pin, jewel, whatever its made off. Whatever it is. And i wear the canary pin because it means so much to me. And it systmbolizes pib lick he. One of the best things about this country, we led the charge, to eradicate smallpox in the first half of the 20th century. We led the effort to e rradicat not quite, but almost eradicate polio. Im old enough to know that kids that were partial crippled by polio. Some died. And we eliminated diphtheria. We ekept ebol out oa out of the country. Able to keep it in check. We are have the best Public Health systems in the country. Its one of the best things, and applying your mba to Public Health. Getting your i think about d we created a office. President obama hired an admiral, and his job was to help eradicate malaria around the world. About 2 Million People died around the world of malaria. And the trump took the same admiral, and installed him as running an office of 40 people who Public Health experts, the office of Global Health security and his job was to surveil the whole world and look for illness outbreaks, france, nigeria, new zealand, cambodia, and look for Health Outbreaks and marshall the forces of the world health organizations, the cdc, the Public Health, and france and britain and figure out how to eradicate the disease and how to contain it. His job was to look for epidemics way before they can become pandemics. Epidemic, one country. And he was fired in the spring of 2018. I sent a letter to trump the next week, and asking him why and asking him to reinstate it. No answer. We also saw in the last ten years, expensive not exactly cuts in health but flat line budgets that are a cut in Public Health. We went from the best and mosted a mosted a vired most admired to the back of the bus. What is the cdc doing . Who is head of the cdc . He is be known as he should be better known than bill gates, the head of the cdc because of what bill gates is doing, part of his job. And it just breaks my heart. Public health shows so much of of the kunlts, who we were before trump and this pandemic. Gosh, i could just talk to you about that all day. Fascinating topics but i think our audience would be with re s remremi remiss if i didnt ask questions. Can you talk about any companies that are models with how you see the Public Sector with institutions or great examples of Business Leadership that you would like see stanford graduate students emulate . Not sure i will want to call out a lot of companies and names there. With there are all kinds of companies that do the right thing. Going back to stake holder versus shareholder. And realize there are Better Things out there. Ly i will do one name. And he is a good friend of mine, and he is in ohio. His name is joe canfer. He runs a company that makes purell. He has devoted much of his life to public life and he will is a big thinker. His company has gotten very famous because every one knows what purell is. There are plenty of companies. It serves your purpose as stanford students to really study the good cases and see where they take you. And to learn, i guess, how you can do the right thing, you can align with Share Holders, not just stake holders, not just Share Holders and really run a Successful Company and really starting from the stop where you set the stage and set the tone. That is a wimpy answer but that is the best thing i can do. We will take what we can get. We will take all of your knowledge. Here is another question from the audience on trades. A different topic. You have supported tariffs in the past, and have been critical of president trumps imp he w l implementation. And what would your trade look like . I fought with every president since i have been in office. Clinton. I was in office with one week with senior bush. Bush for eight years, obama for eight years. Trump four years. I disagreed with every president on trade. Frankly, none of them put workers first. We were successful. This is i voted against every trade agreement because i saw where with it led us. What the trade policy has done this is especially important for business stanford students. What the trade policies have done. Shut down production. Because of the trade policy, you should adopt this business plan. You should shut down production in cleveland and move overseas, move joe seas, exploit weak environmental laws and sell things in the United States. I blame it on government. I blame it on each of the president , i blame it on my colleagues in congress. And i blame it only the media and schools like the Stanford Business school who says free trade is the greatest thing in the world. Its all about business, never about workers. So when you pass a trade agreement, lobbied by corporations and the result is, well, i have to move overseas, i cant compete unless i sell in the United States, that is one reason we are ill prepared for the pandemic. We didnt have enough companies to make cotton swabs, to make masks to do the things to address the pandemic. We do it for a national defense. We figured out you really dont want the Foreign Companies making your planes and tanks. We dont want foreign countries, you dont really want them making equipment you need to combat a pandemic. So our trade policy is morally bankrupt. Its all about the shareholders. You couldnt pass the trade agreements if its not about stake holders. The last point, the first trade agreement, last year, it was the rene renegotiated nafta, and id sate, the workers that workers come first in the trade agreements. There niece to be a real minimum wage for workers, needs to be protections for workers, not a race to the bottom where workers are exploited and the environment is contaminated. I was doing a reading last for one of misclasses and it talked about how free trade has exported deflation from countries and the buck is going to stop as the Global Economy is coming up and we are running out of places to outsource the l labor. Its well taken in the context of a business school. Here is another question that brings us back to the 2020 election. Can you talk about ohio specifically and the countrys efforts to ensure a safe Fair Election in 2020 . Yeah, i am convinced that a majority of the country will vote against donald trump. I am convinced of that. I am also convinced that this president the will try to cheat. It will be the russians, it will be voter suppression. They do it in redistricting, and most of it a Supreme Court we have ever seen that come down the powerful against workers come down against Voting Rights. Against the opposite side of people of color,s especially in poor people. I think we win any way. I think we win because we outorganize them. There are more of us than there are they. They will they will we we need to shine a light on what theyre doing in voter suppression. We need to make sure that everybody can vote by mail. We need three things in the ohio election system. You need three things. You need voting people can vote by mail. Voting by mail is safe. Trump is just a liar about that. He just makes that up about voting by mail. Voting voting by mail is share. We should have are early voting, at tlooes least three weeks, a month before the election. You go to a local voting center, at least one in every county, in big cities, shut it should be. And the polls open on election day. If we do those things, we win. I think were going to win by a big enough margin and we shine a light on them and we still have a free press that will shine a light of any shenanigans that people dont think that Voting Rights are sacred. Vote by mail just triggered a thought of the u. S. Postal service that has been in the headlines and i understand, from graham, he its a sticky top nick congress. What are your thoughts on bailing out the Postal Service . The continued operation of the post al service . The Postal Service has had problems for years. Congress did something to the Postal Service it didnt do any where else e in the economy. And they have the peges systems, way more generously, and they needed to a kn x number of year. That put them in a financial bind. They also we know the competition, we know they get now from economies from all kind of package deliveries, Postal Service is a public utility. Where they must deliver to the most remote place in north dakota, medicine to the most dangerous neighborhoods, whatever. They do things that private its typical of privatization. Privatization profits from the entities and leaves the government to do the rest. Privatization of prisons, Social Security, medicare, all of these ends up hurting the public and enrimpi enriches the companies that providization with the post off and now with the pandemic the post office is in big, big trouble. There is simply no reason there are two reasons that Mitch Mcconnell doesnt want to put money in the Postal Service. Number one is, he really does think a crippled Postal Service will make vote by mail more treacherous and difficult. There are hundreds of thousands of postal workers, letter carriers, postal workers that work in the mail sorters, several different, but hundreds of thousands of Postal Worker Union employees and Mitch Mcconnell doesnt one of his goals is to attack the Union Movement and weaken the Union Movement because he knows they push back on his Interest Groups, the nra, the drug companies, wall street, to whom mcconnell has sworn obeyence. Makes sense. Were coming up on time. This hour flew by. Senator brown, i wanted to thank you again for taking the time to speak with us this afternoon and give you an opportunity to share any final thoughts for our audience before we leave. Just thank you. I was going to say i wasnt going to say this but i am. I applied to stanford and got wait listed and ended up to the school that suzanne went to. I got over it. I hope so much that you listen to some of the questions that were asked clearly from a viewpoint of pursuing a life and an occupational life if you will of justice and theres so many things that the privilege of going to stanford, Stanford Graduate School, not knowing what your backgrounds were, of course, to be able to get that privilege and earn that privilege for the great majority of you. I hope youll use that for Public Health that suzanne asked about in making this country, a fairer, better place, helping to eliminate Racial Disparities and class disparities and deal with issues of our climate in the moral times and you are some of the best situated young men and women in america to do that. Thanks for having me. Thank you, especially n graham and my friends at stanford. Thank you. Thank you so much. Clearly it was stanfords loss that we didnt get you. Thank you again for joining us today in spite of that, and thank you everyone for joining us. Have a great rest of your wednesday. Thanks, everybody. Live on cspan 3, briefing from Minnesota Governor Tim Walz on the states response to George Floyds death. Governor walz will address protests in the state against police violence. Watch live coverage at 3 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan 3. Tonight on American History tv, a look at herbert hoover, beginning at 8 00 eastern, herbert hoovers biographer george nash recalls his world war i relief work which saved the lives of millions caught up in the war in the aftermath and set the stage for his white house run. This talk kicks off a night of programs from a conference on herbert hoovers humanitarian efforts. Watch American History tv tonight and over the weekend on cspan 3. Every saturday night, American History tv takes you to College Classrooms around the country for lectures in history. Why do you all know who lizzy borden is and raise your hand if you ever heard of the jean harris murder trial before this class. The deepest cause well find the true meaning of the revolution was in this transformation that took place in the minds of the American People. Were going to talk about both of these sides of the story, the tools, the techniques of slave owner power and the tools and techniques of power that were practiced by enslaved people. Watch history professors lead discussions with their students on topics ranging from the American Revolution to september 11th, lectures in history on cspan 3 every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv and lectures in history is available as a pods cast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. It is election day in eight states and the district of columbia primary day across the country. Were joined next by reporter and analyst for inside elections, jacob rubashkin. Jacob rubashkin, several key races going on even though its primaries, lets focus first on the two races in