Transcripts For CSPAN3 C-SPAN Cities Tour Visits Chapel Hill North Carolina 20240713

More head planetarium in the role it played in early nasa missions. Following that, in about ten minutes, a conversation with howard lee chapel hills first African American mayor and the first African American mayor elected in the majority white southern city. Then, in about 30 minutes, the history of uncs Basketball Program as we tore the North Carolina Basketball Museum. Well also speak with author jay smith on the academic scandal that involve the universities athletic department. We will end our special with a local royal rufus edison talking about delivering a subpoena to president nixon in 1973 and his other experience as a deputy chief counsel on the Senate Watergate committee. Howard ali was the first African American elected mayor in the majority white southern city. Coming up we sit down with mr. Lee to talk about serving his chapel hill mayor in the 19 sixties and seventies and the challenges he faced while in office law. Mayor, why did you decide to run for mayor of chapel hill . While it was probably more of an accident than it was on purpose. I went to a friend of mine and asked him if he would consider running for mayor because i frankly didnt think a blank person had any prayer of being a mayor in chapel hill. He did not want to do that and couldnt persuade me to do it and what he did was to go to the local newspaper and tell them he had a scoop, which is that i plan to run for mayor. The newspaper would not even checking, printing that story as a front page headline and that, of course, split the Chapel Hill Community and following that, i had pressure on both sides. Pressure from one group thinking it was the most exciting thing since winning the ncaa championship and another group thinking is the dumbest thing anybody could do. Even in the black community, there was concern that if i were to run for mayor, it would do much difference except exacerbate the rest problem in chapel hill, which is certainly have been ugly through the years. I only ran finally because of one person who said to me, you shouldnt run for mayor because the time is a right. I had been hearing that all my life, that as a black person, winning ive always been told that the time wouldnt be right. I just decided well lets make it right and thats when i declared id run for mayor. Thats how it all started but i chose to run for mayor not necessarily to win because i frankly still didnt think i had a prayer of winning but then i won. From that point on, it was a whole different life for me and i remember turning to my wife at the time, the victory was announced, and i said, okay now that ive got it, what am i going to do with it . But it was the beginning of a new life and certainly did a very good life for me. Wouldnt you, in the beginning of life, where did you grow up . I grew up in a little town in southeastern atlanta called the throne yacht. It was a town that was the site. They produced a lot of grain and rock that was shipped all over the world and that was the main source of jobs but it was actually a kind of country town and my parents lived on a sharecroppers farm when i was born and i lived on that farm with my grandparents until it was eight years old before moving more into the urban area of that section of the state. There have been the segregated south, for their moment where you realized that your life was a from other peoples and you were being separated from other folks . Yes, that had come a time or realized that we just werent being treated fairly. Number one, the georgia clan was organized six miles in stone mountain, georgia from where we lived and every friday afternoon, the klan would hold a rally in the big field across from our house and burn across. That of course implanted in my mind the idea that this was a dangerous group for us, but we were also being intimidated and bullied and i dont like that. Then i became very i had my first very best friend was a white boy and he and i were inseparable until we reach the age of 58. And when we reach the age of 15, his parents told him he could no longer be my friend and that he, as a white boy, was better than me and therefore he and i could no longer hang out together. He came to me and told me that story, which was amazing and he felt horrible about it but he had no basis of not obeying his parents and that split us up. We never had contact again. I became very angry as a result of that and then engaged in my first protest. On a saturday morning, all never forget it, i was in the town of lithonia and wanted to go to the bathroom and went in to what was that time, the colored bathroom. It was a unisex bathroom and it was during, with all kinds of oil and grease and tires, in the bathroom and i just refused to use it. I dont know why but on that particular occasion, i just simply said, im not using it. So i went into the white mens bathroom. Used the white mens bathroom and should have come out and gone on my way but i decided since im here, i might as well check out the white womens bathroom so i went in the white womens bathroom and i was discovered by the owner of the store and when i came out, a group of men were waiting, they push me around and started beating me up but the one thing that my dad told me in the south, as a black boy, you better learn how to run. On that case, it served me well because i was able to get away and i could all around these guys. My whole life was reshaped from that one incident. Up until that point, my goal was to grow up, move to new york or anywhere outside the south, i just knew i didnt want to be in the south but my life changed in such a way that after that experience, i committed to myself that i would never, ever leave the south and i would stay and do whatever i could to make sure that i gained some ownership of my home area. The second promise i made to myself is that i will never try to take the system head on again, i will be smarter to go around and tackle the problems that i feel need to be dealt with without having been confronted in the process of doing it. That was the beginning, i think, of what ultimately transformed me into the person i became for the rest of my High School Years and then on through college until this point. What brought you to chapel hill . Graduate school. When i finished my graduate work with and duke offered me a job as a researcher with a funded program, we had planned to go back to georgia. They offered me more money than i ever dreamed the. We accepted, i accepted the job and came along with that job was a possibility of living in duke forced, which at that time with very Prestigious Development around Duke University. For some reason, we decided we wanted to stay in chapel hill. How would you describe chapel hill at that time . Chapel hill was a schizophrenia community, it was schizophrenia because it had this liberal image and thats what sucked us in. There were a strong progressive liberal community in chapel hill that really were trying to break down the racial barriers but then, if you look closer, it was also one of the most discriminatory communities in the area because there was no middle class. Although blacks lived in western section of chapel hill we and they would they were the ones who did most of the media working chapel hill because the job inventory was not very, very broad. Most of the towns people who were not University Connected were old lying southerners who really had anywhere from mild prejudicial attitudes to very strong prejudicial attitudes. My wife and i, upon moving to chapel hill, had difficulty buying a house, which we forced a real tear into selling and after we moved in we lived under the threat of death for the better part of a year for both ourselves and our children. Chapel hill was very segregated. When we bought our house in colony woods, which is in the eastern part of chapel hill, that was the first time a black family had brought a house outside of the traditional black community. It was very tedious because black folk thought we thought we were too good to live in the black community and they really didnt see that we could open up our opportunities and show housing that can be available regarding their definition, that it can make a difference in terms of how the community can resolve many of its conflict. Over time, it did come to that. Of course, University People were very proactive because a lot of these folks were coming in there, they simply did not buy into the southern tradition of segregation. The restaurants by the time we got here had started to break down the discriminatory areas and most of the demonstrations, which was some of the most nastiest demonstrations in North Carolina took place in chapel hill including, on one occasion, or a group of kids were sitting at a restaurant and a waitress goes in the bathroom and comes back and starts pouring it on the head of the demonstrators. That was embarrassing to the community, even the most hard and people who oppose demonstrations, didnt think that was the proper thing to do and did indeed criticize that. That got a lot of criticism in chapel hill as well as across the state in North Carolina. Gradually, things started to improve and they improve quickly. 1969, what is the reaction to you a winning the committee becoming the mayor chapel hill . My first reaction was lying to my wife, not thinking i was going to win. I did not write a acceptance speech, i did not plan a celebratory event, i was just sitting around Smoking Cigars and having fun and didnt and getting ready to go home and get to my position. Then i want and i looked at my wife and said, oh, now that i got what am i going to do with it . It was such joy and such elation in chapel hill, not just in chapel hill, once the word got out that i was on the verge of winning, people started to come in from durham even some folks drove from breyer, because several of the cottages in greensboro had sent students down to campaign. I was not here when unc won its first ncaa championship but i was told the crowd in the street were absolutely amazing. That was what happened the night of my election. The reaction is mixed. There were some people who, some newspapers printed stories that chapel hill elects a black power male. Some wrote that radical elected mayor for chapel hill. There were those responses but there are others i recognize that the historical aspects of what just occurred. I did not know until that night that there had never been a black male among a majority of white municipality. We dont think ever but certainly in construction and that started to make headlines. Even more of a pleasant part is that even my hometown paper had a positive story. Atlanta journal had a positive story. I was confident that my election certainly put a small fasttracks on the fact that martin with the king had laid the groundwork and had made the sacrifice and took to the stage for this to happen. I think if it had to happen, chapel hill is the place it should happen and im just obviously very delighted that i was the person who was in the middle of that. Cspan is in chapel hill, North Carolina where we are learning about the citys history. Up next, we take you to the citys north side neighborhood to the Jackson Center to learn more about the Civil Rights Movement of the 19 sixties. We are in chapel hill, North Carolina at the marion cheek Jackson Center. Its a place where we preserve the history of the north side and ten top communities. Behind me are photographs of the Civil Rights Movement that took place here in chapel home the 1960s. In the 1960s, chapel hill was segregated. People could not go into stores, they the schools were segregated, the movie was all segregated and so this was a time when again black people had to create their own community so in this particular community they built their homes, they had stores, they had a Business District was, they had one school, they had their churches that everyone attended and there was a very close knit community. What got the ball rolling here in chapel hill during the Civil Rights Movement was after the greensboro sit in, there was a group of guys that got together and they decided that may needed to do something here in chapel hill to make change happen. Thats where the chapel hill nine started. What made this movement different from those that was going on in other places was this was led by high school students. Students got together, talked about it and then it began to plan for citizens and marches and things of that nature. During the movement, they were subjected to namecalling, they were subjected to rock throwing, they were subjected to chemicals being poured on them, which would require hospitalization. We are going to take a look at the photo collection. These photos were taken by a photographer name jim wallace and he was able to just take photographs during that movement and get into places where other people were not able to and then he gave the photograph to the Jackson Center. This is one of my favorites because it has a wonderful love story behind it. This was taken on franklin street and they were sitting across an intersection and as you can see, but different signs that theyre holding up. The gentleman on your far left is bruce and the lady on the far right is rudy, of course at the time we are talking about segregation were blacks and whites did not interact but bruce was, he was very much attracted to rudy. He told rudy that he wanted to date her and of course rudy thought he was out of his mind but he pursued her and they began dating and of course the parents were not in favor of this interracial couple. It was just, you know, they thought trouble was going to follow it but they continue to date one another. The parents realize that there was nothing they could do about it and so bruce and ruby wound up getting married. It was just a wonderful love story was that survived in came out of a movement where and sustained past the movement. In this photograph here is another special photograph where. This just shows you how young some of the people were who were actually marching and part of the movement. These two young were girls and boys standing right here on the front, they are actually the younger sister and brother of ruby who was in the first photograph sitting across the intersection on franklin street. When ruby would go out to be in the marches and things, their mother would always tell them to not go out. Their mothers name is mama. Kathmandu count was amazing. She would always tell them not to go out and she said as soon as she would love to go to work, ruby would go and not only would ruby go but she would take her younger brother and sister and so this is another story of how the youth were very much a part of the Civil Rights Movement. This photo that we are looking at right now happens to take place on franklin street at colonial drugs. It was a group of students doing a sit in and i remember when i was doing a workshop and this particular photograph was on a power point presentation and we were talking to a group of fourth graders and of course they didnt know what a sudden was, or what was happening. As we were showing this, one of the students, he gets up and says, thats my grandmother so we are all like, where, where so he points to the young lady sitting and shes like right next to the police officer. We were all like amazed and he was so proud that day. The teacher was proud, we were all proud and i always thought about his grandmother and what she was doing there at that moment and i always say, i bet she was never thinking about her grand son would be able to benefit from what she was doing then and that her grandson will actually see a photograph of his grandmother making change happening here in chapel hill. For me, i think just to continue to remember, continue to tell the stories and not just push history under a rug or avoid talking about it. I believe we have to continue to talk about our past. Without the past, we have no future so we have to remember our past and if we dont want to repeat it. We have to think about the things that happened and if we dont want pulsing to happen to gang, we have to continue to talk about it. What can we do differently, how can we be better . Next, the cspan citys tour visits the Carolina Basketball Museum to learn about the history of tar hill basketball, which dates back to 1910. Go tar heels so carolina basketball started in 1910. They wanted supports National Championship in 1957 with an undefeated 30 to zero season. North carolina did it North Carolina won the championship we have one seven National Championships, six ncaa tournaments, 18 acc championships, coaches of the leader, olympian is in a lot of great nba players came out of the university of North Carolina. 52 former tar heels have been drafted in the first run of the nba so theres great history both in the college, olympic and professional level. We are standing in the Carolina Basketball Museum which is in the building immediately adjacent to the smith center where the carolina Mens Basketball Team plays its home games. The purpose to tell the story of carolina basketball, dean smith legendary hall of fame basketball coach for 36 years, he had donated his entire collection of basketball memorabilia, which was quite extensive to the university. This Basketball Museum is sort of a one place that houses all of that history. You know, we decided we want to start off with kind of how the uniforms have all through the years and one of the things that people get a kick out of when they see the museum is the number ten jersey, thats leni rosenblum whos a National Player of the year 1957 when we won the National Championship. People are starting to see that there is red in the carolina basketball jersey. Frank maguire was the coach at the time. Frank maguire was a real fashion played out of new york city and he wanted to judge at the uniforms a little bit so put a little bit of red trim in there and people were really surprised because obviously through the years, there isnt much read in the carolina basketball uniforms. Thats the color of one of our big rivals and see state so now our uniforms are blue and white and thats it. The blue and white came out of way back when and there are a couple of literary societies at you and see in the 1800s and once colors were white, one colors were blue and thats how the university of North Carolinas colors came to be light blue and white. North carolina basketball really took off in the forties and fifties and has become one of the sort of top programs in all of college sports, not just basketball but carolina basketball is one of those marquee programs both in the atlantic post conference and across the country. College basketball has really changed over the years. Probably the biggest change certainly is with integration. Back in 1910, it was all white team. The first black basketball player here in North Carolina was Charlie Scott in 1966. He became an nba great player in the nba. Hes also a halloffamer. Weve had tremendous former black players, Michael Jordan a lot of the Great Success of carolina that school has come from black players. Certainly there was an all white team in 1910. When the acc team was formed in 1983, its that emotion what is not known as acc basketball. About four years into the acc, North Carolina won 32 zero undefeated National Championships. Beat will chamberlain in kansas and triple overtime in the National Championship game and that game changed college sports, it chain sports here in the university of North Carolina and has certainly changed basketball in the ac. Were not carolina won that National Championship game, they were 10,000 people at the when the teen came back. It was one of the first televised games in the state of North Carolina, the National Championship game so for a lot of reasons, it really took off in the fifties with that National Championship team, Lenny Rosen Bluetooth and tommy currents in some of the great tar hills from that team. From that, coach smith, dee smith, he began his program five years after that. Coach smith became the winningest coach in College Basketball history and is a legend here in chapel hill. Dean smith was our head basketball coach from 1961 to 1997. When he retired, he was the winningest coach in College Basketball history. He helped the United States win back the gold medal at the olympics in 1976. He want National Championships and more of that, he built a great program. The carolina way of play hard, play smart, play together and those are themes that all the coaches that have come after coach smith, coach got three, the and williams they all lived by the idea, play hard, play smart, play together. Thats what coach smith lived by. This sort of a green style earn, that Sports Illustrateds sportsman of the year. Its one of the top awards in all of sports each year. The Sports Illustrated sports coach of the year, coach mitt won that in 1987. Its a way he had listed on the inventory of items that he was donating to the university but we couldnt find it so we were looking everywhere, we look at every closet in the summer center, Basketball Office and even at his house and nobody could find it. Somebody who had visited his house, five years earlier, had said i think i know where that is and so they went to the house, they looked on top in the dining room of a cabinet and they are tucked in between two plants at the top of the cabinet in his house was one of the most prestigious awards that is given in sports each year. The other one that very prominent is the president ial medal of freedom that president obama bestowed upon coach smith several years ago and thats a photo of his family, members as well as coach got three on the left and Coach Williams on the right with the president , michelle obama. People at the university of North Carolina took tremendous pride and coached mitt receiving that award. Its certainly of all basketball awards are great but the president ial medal of freedom is probably the top thing. Its probably, to me, the most prestigious artifact here we. There are three players who have their own cases here at the Carolina Basketball Museum. Phil forward, who is a great point guard here in the seventies. Tyler hands burrow who is in the National Player of the year, and led us to a National Championship in 2009 and of course Michael Jordan who many people believe and we think here at the university of North Carolina is the greatest basketball player of alltime. Michael was good enough to lend several items from his collection. We also found some great artifacts here in our own collection, our own files of letters that coach smith sent to michael, things that he wanted him to work on one, a recruiting card that coach smith kept on every player that he ever recruited. One of the great things about that card is, first of all, on the card its mike not michael and then the second is magic jordan, his nickname magic like magic johnson. Until he saw that card, a lot of people did know that in High School Michael nickname was magic jordan. On the other side of the case, we were very fortunate that michael lead us go to his home in chicago and pick out several items to put here in the museum weather. It was nba allstar games, trophy, mvp at the allstar game, National Player award that he won here in North Carolina. One of the items that gets a lot of dimension is the recruitment letter that coach of duke send michael. Its probably one of the most talked about items just because its obviously the Great Respect that michael has for the coach and the duke program has gone on to great heights as well but its certainly one of those pieces that people come in and they look, well why is your letter of Duke University in North Carolina basket museum . Then they see its a letter from coach k to michael about his improvement. We are very fortunate, obviously michael is a great ambassador to the university of North Carolina and certainly one of the great players of alltime not just as a tar heel but in all of College Basketball and nba basketball history. Thats well is not important that you wont see but in the state, in this region, certainly in our community and definitely here on campus at unc. The acc has a grown. It is called tobacco road because so many of the programs were based here in North Carolina. Basketball is very important, its part of the culture, its part of when you come to the school in North Carolina. A lot of the people that come here come because they want to be part of carolina basketball, mens basketball, womens basketball, caroline athletics in general but athletics is important, its not the primary reason people come to the school. Getting a great education is always going to be the primary mission at unc but basketball is part of that. Its part of the fabric of this community, its part of the fabric of life in the acc and people do take it seriously here in North Carolina. And 2012, the university of North Carolina found itself embroiled in a cheating scandal that rocked its athletic department. Up next, we speak with author jay smith about his book was cheated. Four seconds to play, carolina is going to win its eight in the row in this is even sweeter, baby because its over duke. I would say sports are very important at unc in that respect where probably any big time College Sporting a university but maybe a little bit more so because weve had such Great Success with our athletics teams over the years and theres an ingrained tradition of winning and competing for championships and lots of different sports. Its an important part of the culture. For many years, we had all on this campus, i think, the the myth of dean smith as the paragons of virtue and as the master of doing athletics right and i think we all convinced ourselves that a scandal of this kind could not happen at unc. The scandal here started in the summer of 2010, or maybe may of 2010, and it seemed, at first, that it was largely going to be confined to socalled impermissible benefits because some of our star Football Players were kind of overheard talking about, overheard on twitter that is, talking about some benefits they have been given. The impermissible benefit clause, i suppose, and the ncaa rulebook, it specifies that athletes are not permitted, hence the impermissible, they are not able to accept anything of value related to their status as an athlete. That means that a fan, a booster, a wouldbe agent, a coach, its not permitted to give you anything of value beyond what is specified in the ncaa constitution. X number of dollars to a four months, x number of dollars for books, etc, etc. Any thing like that will get you in trouble with the ncaa policeman. So the ncaa open investigation for that and asked unc to cooperate in the investigation. By the end of the summer of 2010, it was clear that there were also academic violations that were included in this initial investigation. I would say though the really wasnt until the summer of 2011 that the scope of the ugliness really came to light. It came to its reared its head, we began to see just how bad things evidently were. This was in large part because there was one player, one football player, who had been suspended from the team in the fall of 2010 who was trying to get his eligibility back and he was suing the ncaa and unc to get his eligibility back. On the grounds that the honor court, to which some of his work has been referred, have found that he committed only minor violations in a paper he had written. Unfortunately for him, however, in the course of filing this lawsuit he, submitted lots of paperwork to the Durham County superior court including the paper itself. Nc state found the drone investigation unfounded that it had been heavily plagiarized. No one had noticed this before, no one had caught this including the honor court, including the athletic director, including our chancellor. What eventually came out in part because of that lawsuit and in part because of investigative reporting from raleigh was that a system had been contrived and the African Studies department, by two people, didnt involve everybody in the department. A system had been contrived over the years beginning around 1990 or so that allowed the Administrative Assistant, in the department, to schedule courses that werent really courses. They were registering for the course, wouldnt attend any clearances, would have no contact with an instructor but would turn in a paper of some specified length, ten, 15, 20 pages at the end of the semester. There was often plagiarized. We later learned. It was often very shoddy work but the Administrative Assistant gave a good grade for the paper and for the class and these were in effect gpa boosting classes. It took a long time to get to the bottom of that but by late 2014, thanks to the winston report that was released in october that year, we realized that thousands of students were involved in this scam. Hundreds of classes had been created and hundreds more independent studies that were basically fraudulent had also been scheduled in the 1990s, 2000s up to that 2009. The initial courses were almost exclusively for mens basketball, which was of course another more embarrassing aspects of the scandal because mens basketball is the crown jewel of the unc athletics. Hardly Anyone Around here wanted much attention focused on that, as you can imagine. By the end of the 1990s, all sports were involved. The revenue sports, socalled, mens basketball, womens basketball, football, were overrepresented among the students who were registering but there were also students from across and swimming in all the rest, so everybody was getting in on the scheme. The university was willing to concede that this fraud had occurred but for the longest time they wanted to deny that athletics world anyway a driver of the scandal. The revenue sports bringing in roughly 90 million a year at unc, thats a lot of money and it pays for all the other sports, all the other sports are able to operate and operate at a high level thanks to all that revenue that football and mens basketball, in particular bring in. So yes, its this is one reason why unc another big time institutions are always reluctant to look too closely at whats going on over at athletics because you dont want to imperil that revenue street. The only people, for example, whove lost jobs as a result of the scandal in 2015 were a handful of academic advisers and athletics. One on tenured professor at the Fm Department and the person who succeeded the initial Administrative Assistant and that person had very minimal involvement in the scandal but he was let go to so they made a show of letting some people go, ushering them out the door but no one at a high level position, no coach, no administrator, no one was called to account. To this day, we dont really have the full picture of who knew what and when. Who acted for what reasons and whether weve truly corrected the culture here. Its not entirely clear. They are not any more transparent today than anywhere in 2012 i would say. My coauthor and i happen to think athletes are mistreated, they are cheated, hence the name of the book. This book, which we initially started out thinking that it would be mainly about exposing corruption at the University Administration eventually turned into an advocacy process that project because we wanted to point out thats athletes getting a raw deal in the system. They were in fact the victims of what happened here at unc, they werent the perpetrators of fraud, they were the victim of it. The group back is that we are exploiting them and their labor and their bodies while they are on our campus for 40 years and if they are not being paid while they are here, and they are not going to get handsome paydays later and we are not educating them properly, i would say thats not a victimless crime, that is an exploited system that universities should not engage in, at least not with a clean cautious, they shouldnt be. They should be working continually to make a fair, better, more rewarding system for the athletes who are in the pipeline. The universitys reaction was largely negative. The reaction to the book, to my working on the book, to making lots of Public Comments about the scandal and so on. When the book was published for the first time in march of 2015, it got absolutely no coverage here on campus. It was never mentioned in any official university publication, the University Gazette for example just paid no attention to it. It wasnt all that surprising, honestly giving the battles i fought with the administrators through the years. I would say what most surprised me about how the university chose to respond to or react to the book was what happened when i created a course, a new course and the history of big Time College Athletics and the rights of athletes, which ive now taught i think about four times. After the first two times i taught it, to make a long story short, administrators who hadnt been paying attention started paying attention and they made efforts to force my Department Share to pull the course from our class roster. I indeed had to delay teaching the course for one semester and i only won my right to teach it in the semester i taught it by filing a faculty grievance against the university which i want and which got a lot of attention in the press and which put more pressure, i think, on our administrators. They eventually relented and i havent been bothered in the past year or so and i hope now that the courses inoculated and i wont face any more harassment over it. Many individuals are named in the book and, you know, individual instances of wrongdoing are enumerated but that is not what we want you to take away from this book. Its not about what individuals did in how corrupt they may or may not have been. We want you focused on the system. How this system operates, how it forces good people to do bad things or at least to consider doing bad things. The pressures are just so enormous in the Athletic Program that those who have a sympathy for athletes, who are just sports fans or who like to be helpful are going to be enticed to do shady things from time to time. Sometimes it can morph into full scale fraud, so it is a system that requires repair and that probably the dominant message wed like to take from this book. That district is in the triangle area of North Carolina. I am and three counties. The county where i live is orange county, which has chapel hills and greensboro, there is an airstrip of Durham County connected to 80 of the people in the district in wake county. My district is best stone as a diverse and growing. Economically, wed like to say the new south and by that we not only referred shedding some of the negative aspects of our history but really charting a new course. The Research Triangle story is pretty familiar and pretty well internalized around here, around 60 years ago a group of leaders and business and education in government had this vision that these worn out fields out in the area between durham and raleigh might be a new source for industry and especially for high tech enterprise, for Research Related enterprise. So the Research Triangle was born and it wasnt an immediate success. Ibm though became the anchor tenant and pretty soon it blossomed and now its a thriving region and id say thats what we are best known for. I think the biggest challenge that we face here in this district is the challenge of managing growth and achieving fairness, equity, justice in our community. That sounds pretty lofty but it takes very specific forms especially in the housings areas. Thats one of the reasons im glad and always pursue the transformation of housing as my main legislative interest and i happen to be chairman of the Appropriations Committee and those are Important National issues but they are both extremely important in this district. In transportation, we have the challenge of having diverse transportation, accessible, affordable transportation alternative for people and we are our region is strangely configured. Its a triangle region, its not just a central city with hubs and spokes. Its difficult to configure a Transit System and we are working on regional rail. We have a wonderful airport, we have to keep that moving. We have some needs there. Transportation but housing really is the hard of those values of equity and a sense of inclusion in the community as you grow. Its wonderful to be in a place where people want to live and weather is growth an Economic Opportunity but you cant just leave your housing scene to the marketplace. If you do, you will surely gentrifying in the central cities in raleigh and durham. You will move people farther and farther out and people who served the committee will no longer to be able to afford living in that community. There has to be a concerted effort with all levels of government with a healthy nonprofit. People who want to do something about making sure the communities inclusive. I do think that starts with housing. My job in washington is not just to make sure there is federal support for housing and various levels, but also to work locally to make sure we are pursuing those opportunities. Cspan is on the campus of unc chapel hill North Carolina where are learning about the areas history. Uncs chapel hill is the oldest public university. Up next, we learn about its founding. Today, we are on the campus of the university of North Carolina chapel hill. Chapel hill is the First Date University in the country. This is a contested claim that we argue with the university of georgia about. Both schools have a good claim to make. University of china georgia with charted first, the unc charter came a few later but unc was first to open and had already graduated a couple of classes before university of georgia. The university and the city were found at the same time. When this area was selected as the university, there was no town or village here. There are few neighboring farms, there was an angle can chapel located on whats now the side of the caroline in but there is no town to speak of. On the day that they lay the cornerstone for First University buildings and also had an option of town halls. They understood that the university was going to succeed, there needed to be a town rounded to supported to provide businesses, people for places to live in so really the town of chapel hill university, in essence born on the same day. The university was charted in 1781. The ground broke for the first building in 1793 and about a year and a half later, in 1795, when the University Open. They held an Opening Ceremony in january, 1795. They had events on campus here. No soon show up. It took another few weeks before the for student arrived. His name was hunting james and kate for 100 miles on the coast of North Carolina and was the entire student body for about two weeks before more students drifted onto campus. For its first century, it was the school for white men only. It was only until 1890s that women were admitted to university and that University Integrated with African American, other students of color until the 19 fifties. Its really impossible to talk about the history of University Without talking about slavery. A slight people were involved in the construction the earliest building the one behind me now in construction and subsequent renovation. We also know that slavery played a role in the financing of the university and this was due to the fact that the slate state legislator did not originally fund the university instead they provided funds to what they call and this meant that any unclean property, so somebody died, that property would revert to become the ownership of the university. The university would sell it and take. Huge its form of line but there are a number of cases where the university clearly inherited, enslaved people and immediately ordered them to be sold to finance the university. Leading up to the civil war slavery, was an integral part of life in the town of chapel hill and the university of North Carolina and students and faculty were overwhelmingly was on the side of the confederacy. The countess live kind of dwindled years up to the civil war. A lot of students left. The University Open but barely. Only at the end of the war did they make it into the chapel hill. The University Administrators and state leaders needed to negotiate to prevent the university from being destroyed. There were soldiers for many un states regiments, house on campus and nearby towns. So things really began to change for the university and town in the 18 eighties and 18 nineties. In the 18 eighties, a branch of the railroad finally came to town. It was actually west of chapel hill. A couple of textile mills develop there and so finally industry for the town in nearby communities began to delve develop outside the university. In 1890s, the university really began a drive towards a modern university. Him and expanding the graduate school and really a conservative effort to be involved in the positive way for the life of North Carolina. The university began to grow in prestige and national reputation, i would say in the 19 twenties and thirties. This was when it was embarking on an ambitious building and growth campaign. And some extent, it inspired by state universities in the midwest and other parts of the country but the university really began to engage with not just a state of North Carolina but also the region. Those kind of academic programs attractive students from all over the country and they also brought a lot of attention to the University Faculty and began to develop this reputation as a regional leader certainly but also a National Leader in public education. The university today is dramatically different from how it was when it was founded. Some of the buildings are still here but its hard to imagine this kind of rustic, isolated place from 200 years ago in to the bustling university it is. Now you number city is now is a modern Global Public university. It has a state of North Carolina but also has ties to programs and Research Facilities all over the world. Its still located in the heart of the state and still at the center of public life in North Carolina and i think thats something thats really important. What is a target . Thats a great question. It depends on one historically you are asking. I think the meaning of the term has changed over time. Tar heel was used because North Carolina was a tire producing region so in the eastern part of the state, especially during the era known as a significant naval industry, all the pine trees were used to produce tar and so inevitably people would end up with chart on their souls of their feet as part of the process. I think it was a derogatory term at one point. Used to make fun of poor, barefoot north carolinians but it was really embraced in the mid to late 19 century. Today, attire heel is a couple of things. Its still the state nickname of North Carolina the target state but more more often than not its used to refer to People Associated with the unc chapel, especially the athletics teams. For my most people think of attire hell, they think of the university. Attorney rufus was the deputy chief counsel on the Senate Watergate committee. Up next, he recalls the day he served president Richard Nixon with a subpoena. When i subpoenaed the president , 46 years ago in july the 23rd, it was the first time in history that the country of a committee of congress had ever issued a subpoena to the president. It was electrifying because washington was just filled with anticipation and did not know whether or not the president was going to be totally indicted with what was going to happen to him. When those tapes were finally revealed that was the way that they remove mr. Nixon from office, voluntarily. He saw that his own words convicted him. What was your role during the watergate investigation . The deputy chief counsel, my job was to sort of what i described as the chief operating officer. I was there to sort of what you might call it to see that things worked very well. The train kept running for. I would coordinate the hearings, who the witnesses would be, how they would be handled. It was a big job to run a committee with competing personalities. A lot of competing staff and it was my job to see that things worked well and i wasnt that old. I was 31 years old, which nobody should have a job at 31 years old. I saw when i was elected at attorney general at 32, i said nobody should have a job like that at 32 years old but it sort of worked out. From i was an experienced person at chapel hill, ive been there almost ten years. I began with ervin in 1964 so on the committee was set up, i knew the ropes on chapel hill, i knew the procedures, i knew what you needed to do. Its a simple thing like Getting Office space when you have a committee thats got over 100 Staff Members that we put together in almost a month. You imagine putting a staff of 100 people together, with a short at the time of a month . The way the Watergate Committee was said up, it was on the committee in the senate that was looking into watergate and senator mike mann field montana knew that you couldnt have fragments here, fragments there, so he put all the authority in the Senate Watergate committee. He made ervin the chairs and the culture. That is one of the marvelous things about watergate. The two of them worked together. In the beginning, they said they were going to make this thing work. We will not disagree about things in public and they didnt. No hearing since watergate has ever succeeded because you didnt have to compatible people that reached across and try to make one another work. Thats a primary difference today and when it was in the years of watergate, they work together. And you dont find that, i can hardly knew anything of major importance where the parties work together. Can we talk about how you subpoena the president when did you when was it first decided that ok, we are going to send soup enough to the president and how have you chosen to deliver to him . Well, the the senator met in his office in private with the Committee Members and said, we are going to ask the president if he will voluntarily turned over the tapes, and then we discovered that there was a taping system because of the revelation of butterfield, and heres a little sad story that we were in that central servicing ruthless saying, go get the president on the phone. Go pick up that loaf of bread. Go get the president on the phone. And so i went into the little anti room got Rosemary Wood on the phone and i said, senator ervin and senator baker would like to speak to the president. And she said well hold on. And i will be back with you. Well, youve got to remember that all during that time president nixon had been saying the committee is out to get me, its up to get me. Well unknown to me, the president gets on the line and says, senator irving this is Richard Nixon, what he was talking to me and i blurted out this unconsciously i said, mister president senator irving wants to get you. On the phone. Im sorry mister president , on the phone. But laughs so we put the president on with a senator irving, senator baker, and they asked him they thought under the separation of powers, that he should honor the subpoena and turnover, they havent even talked about subpoenaed thats, on that he should turn over the tapes voluntarily. And of course he said no, and that is when the committee voted that they would have to subpoena the president , and then since there were no procedures for delivering the subpoena, because it had never been done before. As the chief operating officer of the Senate Watergate committee i chose myself, if you want to know the exact truth, i chose myself, to deliver the subpoena, and i thought well, the youve got to have a couple, a couple of exciting things to do. So i got in the back of the police car, went down to pennsylvania avenue and about 200 new people following, and we got to the executive office building, and there was another crowd of reporters there, and we had already called to make arrangements for leonard garber, mr. Nixons current counsel, because he had a habit of having Different Councils when they wouldnt obey what he said to do. He would fire them and get another one, various times, and so mr. Garments delivered it in i did a little sneaky thing, i had one of those little baby constitutions about that size in the back of my pocket, and i whip that buyout and i said, ive heard you all need one of these down there to. So not only did we deliver a subpoena for the tapes, i also delivered the constitution. Just a little impish thing for a barefoot boy to do it was fun. Did you actually explain what exactly is the impeachment process . Many americans do understand the system works. When you say impeachment, most people think that includes removing the president , impeachment process is sort of like a grand jury. The grand jury, when you are arrested for a crime, you go before a grand jury, a probable cause to arrest you or not, and charged with a crime. That is not the same but its almost same thing. The impeachment prefers charges against the person who is being impeached, in this case, it was president nixon, president clinton, and now will be president trump, if they follow through on it. But its up to the senate entirely, to take the charges, sitting like a jury, a regular jury of your peers, they are not peers, they are presided over by the chief justice of the supreme court, to decide whether the charges and they take those charges home, not of the charges, they dont make them up themselves, they take the charges over from the house of representatives and they decide unlike a jury, whether or not theyre valid enough to remove the president. And the impeachment process is not the entire impeachment and removal but that is what most people think when you say impeachment, that thats part of the removing the president s effusion is one step, step one of making the charges and the both very important. And both very unique to the forms a government theres hardly anything like it anywhere else in the world and the system did work and it worked for one basic reason, senator irving a senator baker said it worked im not sure we are there yet, but in todays proceedings, the procedure is not there to do that because you saw the storming of the secret room the other day by members of the republican party, its hearty hardly working together, and thats working together it is not set up institutionally you needed to have one now senator bernie North Carolina is doing the hearing the right way senators doing the committees, he is conducting the hearings in a very non partisan way that everybody should be proud of both he and senator from virginia, have decided that they were going to have non partisan hearings and it can be done if you have people at the top agreeing to do it, and sticking with, it but on the house side, has seen nothing but acrimony. Sure, in watergate you have turmoil, you have people who didnt like what we were doing, we were receiving by the way, over 40,000 pieces of mail week. That is astounding. And i said male, not email, not text, but you know, horse and buggy male. And it was very controversial. But at the same time, it did not have on capitol hill the hatred that we have today, that is another difference between now and the watergate era. In the nixon, in the clinton impeachment, there was a lot of acrimony there, but still, you had a system that was not all trafficking needed, if theres another word quadruple kate it, i dont know whether thats a word or not, you didnt have all these coalitions you had a judiciary, and if i were selling thing up, i would have one committee in the senate, i wouldve had one committee in the house, with input from the others, that now you seem to have a system that is going to funnel everything in in the end, to Senate Judiciary committee, which i find it hard to believe that it can work that way, because you have people that are turfing, turfing is always a tremendously volatile thing on capitol hill. Dont mess with my hearings, they are my hearings. Its my show and you are getting a lot of shows on capitol hill today. The system is working with ragged edges, even oldtime, be patient. And try yourself to be partisan, show a little empathy for the other side. Try to put yourself in their shoes. Which is a pretty good guide for life, totally if you can put yourself in somebody elses shoes, its hard to do in this political haymaker, i call this a haymaker. Everybody is so mad at one another. But be patient, and try to let the system work. In the end, it will work. Our focus today than is going to be the montgomery bus boycott like i said and thats where you read all of your sources they gave you a larger la