The chances are you have never seen his boy before but you have seen many like him. His name is harris. Johnny harris. He is in the seventh grade. The disease that made him a cripple is no stranger. Polio, a Communicable Disease. It was poliomyelitis, a Communicable Disease. Encephalitis. Rocky mountain spotted fever. Ringworm. Infectious diarrhea. Typhus. Malaria. Influenza. Communicable diseases. Where do they come from and how do they spread. Many diseases like tuberculosis, poliomyelitis and influenza spread from persontoperson to person. Some diseases spread by other means. Rats may carry typhus. Mice may cause dysentery. Mosquitoes bring malaria, encephalitis. Rocky mountain fever, relaxing fever. Flies carry typhoid. Fleas carried you bionic plague. Some diseases spread through contaminated meat or food. Raw milk may cause diphtheria. Polluted water. Every year hundreds of thousands of people contract diseases and suffer from Communicable Diseases and many die of preventable infections. Communicable diseases recognize no boundaries. They have taken their toll of human life the world over. Their control may be a National Problem or it may be regional involving several states. Or it may be local. An epidemic might start anywhere and reach into many states. The classic example is the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was first recognized in boston, and within a month spread throughout the entire country. Today, always watchful for epidemics, practicing physicians constitute the first line of defense, but the responsibility for the prevention of Communicable Diseases is vested primarily in the state and local Health Departments. The Communicable Disease Center Serves the nation in control of Communicable Diseases. In cooperation with local Health Agencies across the country, the Communicable Disease center, best known as cbc, has cdc has established , diagnostic laboratories, applied projects, controlled operations, and Field Training centers. The cdc employs a variety of specialists skilled in every aspect of Communicable Disease. Medical epidemiologists, veterinary epidemiologists. Public health nurses. Laboratory technicians, entomologists, sanitary engineers. Statisticians. Training specialists and many others who Work Together to solve the practical problems and get results in the fight against Communicable Diseases. Problem concerning inception of the country where , it risesd year out to flood out towns and villages. The flood subsides, leaving in its wake, billions of mosquito larvae and the threat of malaria becomes obvious once more. Scientific information on the subject is discussed and analyzed. Decisions are made and one of these is design more effective equipment to combat the mosquito. Ground equipment or air equipment, inexpensive to build, cheap to operate, but effective. And its effectiveness will depend on many factors all very familiar to the engineering mind. The type of larva sign best suited to the problem and how many gallons per minute are they going to deliver . How large the nozzle, how wide the orifice . How much pressure for maximum effect . Field test. How well does it perform under actual conditions . Gallons per acre . Distributions . With of the swab . Size of the droplets . So, it is the job of cdc to develop experimental aid, procedure, materials and equipment and to test them until their effectiveness is established the on question. The proven techniques are then demonstrated to the state Health Authorities whose personnel are trained to carry out the programs. In common with medical organizations all over the world , the cdc is trying to solve the riddle of poliomyelitis. Which kills or paralyzes thousands of people every year. In the research laboratories, it has been found that where flies have access to the feces of infected persons, the presence of the virus of poliomyelitis can be demonstrated in the thighs by injection into some separable animals. Susceptible animals. Would fly control reduce the instance of poliomyelitis . Transmitow that flies another disease which is a very real Public Health problem. Dysentery. Has organized with states and local Health Departments and nationwide, fly control nationwide fly control programs to reduce the instance of dysentery. At one time, flies were already suspected as carriers. Flies carried these terms in or around their bodies. If the fly remains for only a few seconds, and was then placed on a stair median sterile , it was found that the same sort of transfer occurred when flies went from feces to food. These scientific observations strongly indicated a probable relationship between dysentery and flies, the development of an Experimental Program was decided upon. In this case, it was undertaken jointly by the National Institutes of health and the cdc. As the first step in the wentam, epidemiologists into a section that was known to have high instances of denson terry dysentery and known to have many flies. Flies would be controlled in one section but not in the other. But to prove that flies were important carriers, it would have to be shown that the mortality rate had been appreciably reduced. For this experimental control program, special tools and equipment were designed. Fly populations were measured, identified and selected for Laboratory Studies throughout the controlled and uncontrolled areas. Schoolchildren were brought to the clinic. Rectal swabs were made so that could determine the prevalence epidemiologists determined the amounts of diarrheal morbidity by going house to house, asking if housewives had experienced diarrhea in the past few days. Controlled,to be inspections were made to find the reading areas. Fly breathing areas were brought under control by basic sanitation. This Experimental Program proves reducedentery could be from one third to one half by fly control. When we view that dysentery could be reduced by fly control and the expenditure of public funds was justified, the next step was to demonstrate to the states the proven operational procedures and claim their personnel in the application of these processes. Such arrangements are usually made through cdc regional representatives. The request for assistance comes from state health officers. I wonder if you could help us. We have 10 counties in that state where the death and sickness from dysentery, especially babies, have always been higher than the rest of the states. I know. Most of those counties are in the low income areas. Bad sanitation. Everything is bad. We have always wanted to get some fly control going down there. We just havent had anybody that knows how to organize the program and see that it is carried out. We dont have any equipment. Trucks, bulldozers, drag lines, sprayers. Sprayers send you some but we havent the money for trucks and things like that right now. We may be able to give you a little more help later on. You work out a deal with your Highway Department to use some of their equipment . I think we ought to be able to work something out there. Now, about that Training Course and fly control in atlanta next week. I cant spare any of my people right now and it would be a couple of months. We want to get this thing going. Since you are trying to have a big program, it might be more economical to have the same program in your state. That is fine, sam. Now we have some more problems. What are we going to do about all of those technicians that require all of those special courses . Youve just got to help me, thats all. Personnel onined the methods of fly control and enabled them to set up their own program. Training is an important part of coverc organization and such things such as water supply. Sewage. Housing. Laboratory procedures. Sanitary engineering. Diseases and many others. They are strategically located throughout the United States and attended by students from many foreign countries. For trainingids are planned and produced by cdc. All types of material are also available. Training at all levels is carried on in the diagnosis, prevention and control of Communicable Diseases. A reservoir of engineering, scientific and medical knowledge, ready to help each state in its fight against Communicable Diseases. Today, as yesterday, the challenge continues. Opportunity is great for doctors, nurses, scientists and many others with the ambition and with the training to accept that challenge. This is American History tv on cspan3, where each weekend, we feature 48 hours of programs exploring our nations past. Tonight on real america, as travel for most americans is severely limited, we invite you to take a virtual journey with the 1967 United Airlines film discover america, which highlights natural and manmade attractions from coasttocoast. Her torch has been assembled through the years for those who seek discovery in this great land. Of york city, for many here, United Nations meets the talk of problems of the world. While others come visitors like e of skys are tall buildings. Beyond the towers, bring central park. And emerald in an aisle of rocks. Whitmanw york, walt said these words. An island 60 miles long,ehicles, broadway, the women the city of masses my city. The curious Cliff Dwellings tucked behind the edges. Behindient indians left nothing more than empty shelves. Navajo may discover a village today placed in secret in the land of prehistoric gods near lonely beauty. Monument valley. In this jet age, a few short hours could take down those Indian Trails that lead to mighty texas. Behind the Glen Canyon Dam lies more than 100 miles of lake. Travel across the u. S. Tonight at 10 00 p. M. Eastern, 7 00 p. M. Specific pacific on American History tv. University of kansas professor beth bailey discusses how issues of race affected the u. S. Military and its selfperception of being colorblind during the vietnam war. She focuses on how africanamericans were viewed by white soldiers, and how white africanamerican soldiers soldiers protested mistreatment. This is courtesy of the National World war i museum and memorial in kansas city. Prof. Bailey thank you all for being here tonight. Its a real pleasure to be able to speak to you at the world war i museum. I also was one of the consultants on the vietnam exhibit that began at the New York Historical society and has traveled here. It was a real pleasure to work on that, and i hope that you will get a chance to see it. Its an interesting exhibit. Today im going to talk about my
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