Charlottesville, virginia. Thomas jefferson good afternoon, my friends, my fellow citizens. What a pleasure to greet you once more here on our mountain at monticello. What a pleasure to be out of doors here amongst the wonders of nature, particularly that we can stand together underneath this in one of my favorite places. Iris, the beautiful purple and the pansies and the digitalis, the foxglove about to bloom. What a pleasant occasion, and particularly to welcome our friend, mr. Steve light, to be with us again to welcome your questions forward. Without any further comment, as i have a few moments before i continue my walk through the garden, and i think gardens is the most pleasant subject to attend to today, i ask for the first question, if you will. Thank you, president jefferson. We have a number of questions for you today related to gardening. The first question is, have you always loved gardening . Thomas jefferson you asked me if i have always loved gardening . I assure you that you cannot be born in the wilderness and the forest primeval without an early love of all of natures wonders, the great abundance our creator has provided us, and to realize we merely have to cut out what pleases us and plant accordingly. I served 40 years in public service, and yet i have often thought, if heaven had given me to my great delight, it would have been on a small spot of ground well watered and near a good market for the produce. Gardening is one of my greatest delights. In the cultivation of the soil, i think the most noble vocation of man. Your next question. We have been told you keep some detailed records about your gardening adventures. Thomas jefferson so, you know about some of my jottings. Yes, i do have a number of journals and diaries and a book,n book, a farm and an account of rainfall. I realized i commenced these jottings when i was only 23 years of age. I was not yet here living on our little mountain. I was living about 2. 5 miles to the northeast. In 1776, i first recorded at the of themarch the bloom purple hyacinth. And a short time later, the first few weeks of april, near to my birthday, the bloom of the narcissus. That is what we used to call the blood root. Thentinued to take observations of the weather to provide for the temperature at least three times a day. I take the temperature first at the coolest time of day, that is just before sunrise. Then i take the temperature at the meridian, at the suns height during the day. And usually at the warmest time of the day. Of late, that has become arguable. Some consider it 3 00, others consider it 4 00. I asked them why and they tell me it is because of daylight savings. I have no idea what they are referring to. Either 3 00 or 4 00 is the warmest time of the day. A few moments ago, i recorded the temperature at 54 degrees on the fahrenheit scale. Early this morning before sunrise, it was 41. So, i shall wait until later in the afternoon to see where the day will lead us. Your next question. We had a question from benjamin asking what your favorite plant was. Thomas jefferson my favorite plant. Oh, you asked me, benjamin, something i do not think i can give an immediate or ready answer. Wonders areatures my favorite plants and flowers. I continue to enjoy the hollyhock. I enjoyed the snowball bush behind me. The digitalis i think is properly named one of my favorite flowers. The foxglove, properly named as it may be used medicinally to slow down rapid heartbeats. You know, benjamin, i wish i had known that during my younger years when i was first courting. [chuckles] your next question. We have a question from lynn asking if theres anything you tried to grow at monticello book could not because of the environment. Thomas jefferson you are asking me of my many failures in the garden. I say, yes, many. But know this. Anlways try to plant overabundance, a great variety, a flowers and plants. The reason is because i know there will be a failure. But rest assured, we will always have successes. I am afraid i have failed, if you will, with the pear. , have failed with the plum almonds, apricots, i have never been successful with olive tr ees. I speak of the foreign vines. That has remained a great failure. We need not pursue that any further. Stephen well, actually, mr. President , we have people wondering. Need not pursue my attempts of cultivating wine. Me, mr. Light, if you ask about my efforts, i can assure you this. I continued to cultivate wine. It has been the foreign wines that have been the failure. Our native vines, they continue to flourish as they have from and i were for, tothem as and i referred them as grapes. One of our former governors in williamsburg i spent five france, whenars in , and in italian nobleman medical frenetic phonetical. There was an introduction from dr. Benjamin franklin. He was accompanied by tenant. They referred to themselves as the one company to sell shares for the cultivation of cabernet and pinot noir. I went further. I invited a man to come and visit in the realms of albemarle, and as my daughter says, we started out before sunrise, but i might introduce him to the terrain, and by the time we returned near sunset, she said that the two of us had great smiles upon our face and a great sense of jocularity. She was certain that a deal had been made, and it was. About 100 50 acres nearby, which 150 acresed about nearby which in italian means small hill, rather quaint, monticello, small mountain, and that is where he began to winds,te the foreign but, unfortunately, my fellow citizens, they never rooted properly. Something in to be the soil here that prohibits their routing, and that is a limit, because i think the composition of our soil, the climate, the altitude, the precipitation is just as good as anything you can find throughout the kingdoms of europe to cultivate this fine wine. But, unfortunately, until one becomes a necessity in our nation, i doubt it will be successful. Here in virginia, the efforts for productivity and cultivation the most cash crops, you know what they are, tobacco, tobacco, tobacco, in that order, so until we relieve ourselves from that, i doubt we will be successful in then a culture in wine culture. Plants did lewis and clark bring back during their great expedition . Oh, my. Erson i gave instructions to them about the waterways into great missouri, not only to be attended with the many natives that we had not known of before, composition the of the soil, the degree of climate, and the flora and fauna that they encountered. 150 encountered over ofieties, over 175 varieties animal life, as well. I delighted in receiving the l cornflower, which i sent to a horticulturalist in germantown, pennsylvania, nearby the city of philadelphia. He put it to sale. I also received wild salsa fee salsify. I enjoy it from out west. I enjoy the sweet and scented cranberries that were sent and a flower that, if you will, i sent out to a man who quickly refer to it as a name on behalf of my good friend and cocommander of that expedition, lieutenant william clark, so these are but a few of the many, many plants. Now, mind you, lewis and clark also sent me many, many dried wn intothat they had se pages of books, and i immediately sent those plants and seeds to a professor of horticulture and botany at the university of pennsylvania. Captain lewis had studied with him before he embarked on that expedition, and so it was that those plants became most useful for further study. I have always believed that botany is foremost among the sciences. Your next question, mr. Light . Itphen well, mr. Jefferson, is quite clear you have extensive gardens here, and someone asks how many plants you have in the garden. Mr. Jefferson how many plants do i have in the garden . I would reckon to say if youre speaking of flowers, upwards of 330 varieties. Of vegetables, much near the same. Cultivate 1000 i foot of garden divided into 24 sections in which i cultivate states vegetables, so to them precisely, i daresay we would be here at the same spot through next week. Next question. With such extensive flower and vegetable gardens, who maintains and creates the gardens here . Mr. Jefferson you asked me who maintains all of this beauty that surrounds us. I know distinctly and properly. My people, the enslaved. All of what you see could not have been accomplished without their attentions, without their aid, without their artistry. I may have come up with some ideas, and many of them, of course, came to mind when i was in france and went through england and visited gardens, but no, to be able to plant them and manifest them has been such as gardner as john, veteran aids, such george granger, the elder, and his son, george granger, the younger, and warmly hughes wormley hughes. And then there was part of my wifes property, and so it was the grangers had several who became artisans, and one became a tinsmith here. They were of great help for the longest time, a good 25 years in preparing our gardens at monticello, but lamented lee, george, all three, passed away. The grandson of elizabeth hemmings. Hemlings. Marry ursulaup to granger, a granddaughter of the to, and i just referred it was the grangers and, as well, the hughes that provided not only my gardens here but the vegetable gardens below, and mr. Hughes came up to Washington City along with his wife ursula. She was a cook at the president s house, andesidents it was there that they began their family. Did you know that they had 13 children . And the very first of their children, a young boy, was born in the president s house during my first administration, the first child born in the hughes,ts house was a wormley and his wifes. I do not know what i would do without them. Your next question. Stephen we have a question asking if you brought seeds back. Mr. Jefferson did i bring seeds back from europe . I certainly did. I brought many seeds i thought would be useful here, especially of the seed kale. Familiar with it along the shores of the ocean in great britain. Leaf and most tasty vegetable, likened unto the asparagus. I brought seeds back that i could send to mr. Bernard horticulturalist in new york, and as well to be distributed to the Agricultural Society in South Carolina. Seed,k of one particular and that is the price. Rice i became aware of the Agricultural Society in South Carolina to pursue an upland rice. They had heard about this as being a great product, and so during my five years as minister to france, i found an opportunity to venture into the italys. Into the riviera, south of france. I traveled across and then took three days to travel and came down and traveled up to finally milan, and there i discovered the upland rice that was of interest to South Carolina, the great product of milan. I also understood that contracts for purchase or further negotiations would be necessary before we could ever procure it. Well, i was not the minister to milan. I was ambassador to france. And so i realized a necessity to satisfy South Carolina that i would have to resort to walking into the rice fields and grabbing handfuls of that upland rice and then sewing it up into my coattails, and so i left m milan, went to genoa and self to france and finally sent to france anduth finally sent that rice to South Carolina. Have been caught, the sentence would have been death by hanging. I apologize for sharing that story with you, but i will go to any and. Thew plant, i think it is most important thing that people can do is to introduce a new plant. Your next question, mr. Light. Stephen we had a question about things you like to eat. In fact, we had a question about whether or not it was all vegetables on your plate and other questions asking if you like tomatoes. Would you care to comment . Ask meferson you amongst all things in the gardens, what are my favorite vegetables, whether i am fine fond of tomatoes. I would like to say i am very and in favor of fruits roots and leaves. The fruits, i do consider the tomatoes and the leaves, and yes, i enjoy the tomatoes to be prepared. That is actually a course that i serve at the table at monticello. I understand it is called a salad course. When i grew up, we knew nothing of a salad course. It was in france that i learned of it. I have enjoyed ever since i returned, and yes, tomatoes are used extensively. Of the roots, i enjoy carrots and beets, and of the leaves, i enjoy lettuce and cabbages. Most of mypurchased cabbages from the enslaved on my farms. They enjoy and cultivate it in their own gardens, and i procure it from them for a price. Your next question. Question,ne last president jefferson. Someone asks if you ever had contests about growing vegetables with your neighbors . Mr. Jefferson you ask if i have contests amongst my neighbors as to who might grow vegetable before the other or to introduce , and i can assure you this. It has become wellknown in the vicinity of charlottesville that one nearby and i have contests as to who may cultivate the first batch of peas. Do you knowas to who may cultive first batch of peas. Do you know that by the end of february, let alone during the first weeks of march, and whoever lets it known throughout the community that they have the first batch of p eas at the table, and everyone is welcome to come and enjoy those peas at that particular home, so he and i over several years enjoy a meal. You know, this year, i was happy to see the very first peas rise up at the end of february. This has been the most magnificent spring, and i was about to let it know until my daughter informed me that george said he had just witnessed the to sprout, of peas and i thought for a moment and decided no, i will not make any statements publicly, because we can rest assured that having a very delicious meal at farmington. Well, i thank you, mr. Light, and i think all of you for this opportunity. Couldedly short that we gather on our mountain. I will continue to walk and look forward to when all of you can accompany me and us all be together. I will tell you this, as i wrote to charles in philadelphia. Man,tinue to grow an older but i know i will forever remain a young partner. Gardner. Gardener. Until the next time we meet, perhaps next time at this time, i remain your humble and obedient service, thomas jefferson. Godspeed. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] this is American History tv, with lectures, interviews, and discussions, with authors, historians, and more, all weekend, every weekend, only on the cspan3. Tonight, on q a, a journalist discusses her book the great pretender, about a 1973 experiment led by a stanford psychologist, testing the legitimacy of psychiatric hospitals. Heto determine why influenced so much of the Mental Health crisis that we see today. It was touched in some way by this study, and a lot of Public Opinion about psychiatry were in part shaped by the study. I think that in questioning it, we have to go back and question some of our assumptions, and i hope that this gives us opportunity to go back and reassess in a way to move forward, because we cannot move study was notthis up to snuff, if it was not legitimate, we really have to rethink some of the conclusions. Tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspans q a. Night, American History tv takes you to College Classrooms around the country for lectures on history. Why do you all know who Lizzie Borden is, and raise your hand if you have ever heard of this murder trial before this class . The truewe find meaning of revolution was in this transformation that took place in the minds of the american people. We are going to talk about both of the sides of this story, right . The tools and techniques of slaveowner power. We will also talk about the tools and techniques of power that were practiced by enslaved people. Watch history professors discuss topics ranging from the american to september 11. Cspan3s in history on tv, andns history available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Next, a historian describes historian David Patricia describes the 1919 world series fix by members of the Chicago White sox which became known as the black sox scandal. He talks about how book and film portrayals of the fix shape Public Perception of what happened. He is the author of two books on the subject. Rothstein, the lifetime and murder of the criminal genius who fixed the 1919 world series and judge and jury of baseballs commissioner. I went to welcome you to cooperstown. I want to welcome you. I am the director here, david kent. We are very fortunate tonight to have an esteemed historian and writer who is not only an historian. He is very into baseball. That is a good combination. Right now, it is the 100 anniversary of one of the most infamous scandals in baseball history. The black socks sox