The United States army presents the big picture. An official report of the American People and to show you part of the big picture, here is george queen. In recent years on the big picture television series, we have been privileged to report on the progress of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, nato. Today we turn to the same subject. It is nair ratrrated by edward murrow. It is hist i had in the making. It is a story of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the accomplishments more than ten years ago. And we have developed a deterrent and retaliatory capability of gredestructive po for the prejengs vengs of general war. We have an important part to play in International Security today, tomorrow, and for the future. December 16th, 1957, a date to remember. For the first time, 15 chiefs of government gather around one table, eisenhower, besh, mcmillan, menderes, dr. Conrad adnar. These men and their countries have sometimes been at war with each other. Often they have been united against a common enemy. But here in nato for the first time in history, theyre united in peace and for peace. Which men and women can freely exercise their right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Peace is built of hope and faith. Dreams and hard work. Of paper as well as of steel and of an infinite capacity for details and organization. And that is the job of the permanent secretariat of nato. High ranking ministers meet only rarely. But natos work for peace goes on daily in the permanent council. The leaders of nato are chosen for their own ability and not for the size and power of their countries. Belgium, one of the smallest nato nations has provided the secretarygeneral paul spock. These men represent more than 400 million people. Peoples diverse background and in their way of life. Capital of belgium has become the provisional capital of economic europe. An Alliance Within the alliance. Gradually, a series of interlocking communities has developed giving new vigor to old economies. Town hall of amsterdam. The dutch are a hardy bem a sense of history. From the treaty to the north atlantic treaty, they have fought against threats. Both man made and natural. Old luxembourg, smallest nato partner with castles out of a fairytale. But there is nothing imaginary about its fabulous steel industry. Steel production per capita is the highest in the world. The peoples these three small countries, belgium, netherlands and luxembourg formed a union. The wheat fields, a cathedral, old france. There is a new france alive with energy. With the biggest hydroelectric stations in europe. And the Fastest Trains in the world. Mass production in the land of the artisan. Power and beauty in modern france. From the joy of life to the preservation of life, plants, the country of pasteur. Paris, open to students of all colors and all nations. The oldest democracy in the world, the British Commonwealth handles nearly half of the free worlds trade. Britain is one of the worlds leading atomic powers. They like Nothing Better than a hard fought game. A symbol of the unity of britain is the trinity of church, parliament and the crown. The queen opens the session of parliament in canada with the same authority as at home. The British Commonwealth is the oldest, largest voluntary association of free men in world history. Britain and germany have fought two terrible wars. But today their peoples are united for peace. And the small town of bonn is the in you german capital. Berlin, the traditional capital, is now a valiant outpost. A beacon to those who live in the gray silence of the eastern plain. 14 years after the war, there are still tens of thousands of homeless refugees in europe, victims of old and new repression. The entire world has been astonished by the resurgence of germany. By the urge to live and build that has made germany one of the most prosperous and stable countries in europe in the atlantic decade. Nowhere is the contrast between the old and the new so striking as in ancient rome. [ speaking Foreign Language ] faith in italys future burns bright in the atlantic decade. Italy has been building a strorng new industry. Italian cars from the most luxurious to the least expensive are in demand throughout the world. Everyone is riding scooters. Italy lan vehicles of all types speed down the highways of the world. From south to north, from cars to bicycles, from italy to denmark. With copenhagen, venice of the north, one of the most beautiful of the nato capitals. Cleanliness is not only a virtue, it is a way of life for the danes. And no citizen need fear old age in denmark. Or in norway. High timber and the midnight sun. Northernmost of the nato allies, norway is a rugged country and its people are rugged, strong. Norwegians are rugged but peaceful, tranquil and unhurried. Yet, just beyond their homes, the soviet border and the barb wires of the very different world. Iceland does not have an army. But it is ann invaluable base i the north atlantic between the european and American Partners in nato. Icelanders feel strong by about their position and ready to defend it against foe or friend. Freedom to disagree is one of the basic human freedoms. One of the basic freedoms of a free alliance. Slave nations do not quarrel. They do as they are told. Nato nations fly free. Nowhere in the world does freedom fly higher or wider than in canada. One of the youngest nato nations. A land with vast regions of thick forest and millennial wealth. Account is fertile and rich and generous. Canadians have sent the fruit of their labor and of their fields to europe. Canadian defense provides a vital link in the defense. The largest land mass in nato, canada is varied terrain and varied tradition. British and french influencers are roots of modern canada. And across their open frontier, the United States. In america, i sought more than america. An early commentator. I sought the image of democracy itself. With the inclination and character and prejudices and its passions. The image of democracy is often distorted. The world is fascinated by american power. And rarely looks upon the other faces of america. The libraries of its great university, its art, its rich and diverse culture and the Free Expression of its citizens. Their informality. A religious heritage. And a tradition of sport. A hard pick. And hard work. Americas giant cooperations are owned by millions of stockholders, not by a few individuals nor by the state. The tremendous output of these factories are a vital part of National Life and of americas contribution to nato. Their products, factory, field, river and rain, mean variety and easier life. Friends and freedom. Energy, movement, these are important to americans. From the new world to the old, a journey through the ages. Portuguese fisherman have been pulling boats down to the sea from centers. From portugal sailed the great explorers of history, opening new routes to the west. Old traditions but modern roles. Modern homes. A modern capitol for ancient portugal. The most ancient capitol of europe, athens. Beloved, beautiful birthplace of the most glorious sculpture the world has ever known. This ancient alliance of greek city states successfully resisted the threat of aggression from the east. But they quarrelled among themselves over trade and fishing rights and islands and the glory that was greece died. Today modern athens is alive with new life and new vigor. And just across the border, turkey, southern and eastern most anchor of nato, facing directly on the soviet union, turkey is men ased by old perils but alive with new vigor. And everywhere one sees people busy learning new ways. Many years ago turkey tore off the veil and liberated its women who now work sidebyside with their men. Building a new nation. Hoping some day to be free of ancient theory. Fear may have been the cement of nato. But hope is its superstructure and freedom its faith. Men may argue and quarrel, and by communist papers which denounced nato. And theyre free to buy it. For in the atlantic decade freedom has prevailed. Since nato was formed, not one foot of free soil has been lost. [ cheering and applause ] the post war world began with a hunger for peace and home. But this illusion began to set in early after the war. For liberation brought slavery to some countries. But there were some brave men left in the east. Beloved clek democrat edward benny. And yawn massic who attempted the impossible. After prague, a new target. Berlin. 1948. A year of fear. The western peoples had not wanted this. But this time the west acted. This time foresighted men decided to join together in a new alliance, an alliance in which all were equal and the state of western civilization. Nato was born. Soldiers in a cold war reluctantly armed to guard a piece which was threatened and which they pledged not to give up. At the head, the president of a Great American university came to establish a top military headquarters outside of paris. Shape military reserves for the new nato alliance. From here began the planning that was to result in a complex of military headquarters to protect the countries of the alliance. In oslo, norway, the northern command. An integrated national staff. Danes and norwegians under a british general for the defense of Northern Europe and the baltic. At france, Central European commander, a commander in chief with his three commanders for land, sea and air. They guard the very heart of europe. Naples, the headquarters of nato land, sea and air forces on the the southern plain and base of the american sixth fleet. Malta, historic british base, today headquarters for the naval forces of five nato countries. And in the United States a sackland, home of the u. S. Navy but also an International Headquarters on american soil. Symbol of the new unity of the western world. And on the unconquerable island of brr britain, the channel command, the navy must keep open the vital supply ports of western europe. And at the nato headquarters at north wood, these naval forces are assisted in their task by the royal air force. Here, too, is plan under sacklands command, the approach to the british isles. In 1952, two new nations joined the alliance. Turkey and greece. Recent Storm Centers of communist threats. And in 1955 the federal republic of germany joined nato. Eisenhower said farewell and ridgway succeeded him. And then grunther and norstad. Each man by his presence and his uniform reasserting the commands defense of europe. To learn to act and plan together, colonels and captains went back to school. And to learn to work together, men and women are of the alliance learned a common language. Now everybody open the throttle slo throttle slowly to approximately 28 inches. It was hard going for nato in the early days of the atlantic decade. Men had to break ground to build airfields. They had to lay pipelines to feed the machinery of the alliance. A unique experiment in neutral defense in time of peace. And the result was powerful. This boy was born the same day as nato. April 4th, 1949. If he is grown to be ten years old, indeed if he and other children are strong, healthy and free, it is at least in part because nato was born with him. The big picture is an official report for the armed forces and the American People, produced by the army pictorial center. Presented by the department of the army in cooperation with this stage. Youre watching a special edition of American History tv airing week days. Tonight beginning at 8 00 programs on dwight d. Eisenhower. This is the 75th anniversary of the end of world war ii and eisenhower is being remembered as supreme alliesed commander. Editor of the papers of Dwight Eisenhower talks about the leadership style from the west point cadet to president of the United States. American history tv, now and over the weekend on cspan 3. Every saturday night American History tv takes you to College Classrooms around the country for lectures in history. Why do you all know who lizzy borden is and raise your hand if you ever heard of this murder, the jean harris murder trial before this class. A deepest cause where we find the tree meaning of the revolution was in the transformation that took place in the minds of the American People. So were going to talk about both of these sides of this story here, right. The tools, the techniques of slave owner power and were also talk about the tools and techniques of power that were practiced by enslaved people. Watch history professors lead discussions with their students on topics ranging from the American Revolution to september 11th. Lectures in history on cspan 3 every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. Up next on American History tv, university of chicago Political Science professor Austin Carson discussing his book secret wars, covert conflict in International Politics and delves in the way state powers intervene in foreign wars offering examples from the korean and vietnam wars and argues that covert participation helps to keep wars contained. The Woodrow WilsonCenter Hosted this onehour event. Well it is a great pleasure today to welcome back Austin Carson. He also has the distinction of being a title eight scholar. And he has just written a new book secret wars, covert conflict in International Politics and it will be available for purchase after todays talk. Dr. Carson is an assistant professor from the university of chicago. He has published