Thank you for that too kind introduction. Im delighted to be back here at mary washington. I was threatening when i was here last that i might not go home. If i had known 14 months ago, i would not have told you all my funny stories. Its probably best that we just move forward with our talk about liliuokalani. I am anglo. Im a mainland writer. And so my the times i will have to speak in hawaiian, its thick. We will talk a bit about the hawaiian language, the first thing i need to do is make some disclaimer of humility. Captive paradise is intended to explain the essentials of how we got our hands on the place. The reviews i got from the wall street journal all the way to honolulu magazine were extraordinary. Really wonderful reviews, which did not prepare me for the anger that i saw in the native independence blogs. They hated it. And hated me just another halle trying to make a bunch of money off our history. Apparently they think people write history for money. Which tells you something about their understanding of the publishing business. There was on one of these culture blogs, a native scholar who said, yeah, hes white, he shouldnt have written it, i was curious, so i bought a copy and i read it, and its really not bad. Dont you think it would help us . I mean, heres a mainstream american publisher who agrees with us dont you think we should be able to use this. People like me arent supposes to poke their nose into their business. The first thing i need to say in their defense, is this is not anything like Political Correctness run amok. Its not. Actually, this combat over who gets to talk about the narrative is not new at all. In fact the very first native language history of hawaii which was written by samuel akamakow. I practiced. When i made this Research Trip to hawaii ill tell you a little bit about that, a lot of their Research Facilities are privately owned, and if they dont like you, they dont have to help you. I memorizes the name of that famous fish, its like the longest fish name in the world. It impressed nobody. But when they published his history of hawaii, the reaction was furious. Our story is sacred, this can only come from the kahunas, from the priests. Youre just telling it out there to everybody. The country people and the Common People, they dont have a right to know our story. I come from doing Texas History for about 40 years. Of the degree to which Political Correctness has seized Texas History. In hawaii its eight times worse, because we took their country. I understand that, before i went over there, i was having lunch with a history professor friend of mine. On whether i wanted to come back to his university and finish my ph. D. In history. He asked me how are you doing with the hawaii book. He said, well, im not finding nick to change my opinion, that the overthrow in 1893 was a nasty piece of work. It was just awful. I am also becoming really troubled by the amount of oppression and violence against the common canukus by the kings before we even showed up. He said, yes, thats true, if you write your book that way. And you dont position the nature everyones as victims of american racism, he said that wont help you get back into grad school. Well, i marinaded in this for a few seconds. I said, yes, this must be what they mean by academic freedom. So i had the opportunity to go do research, and i discovered very quickly, the local phenomenon known as stink eye. This is the look you get from natives who find you researching their history or nosing into their culture. There was one lady, she was a dosent, my Research Assistant let it drop that i was writing a book. She gave me that look. Youre not the person who should write it. But if you insist on it, the first thing you should do is submit yourself to the elders, and if they approve of you, go to the Bishop Museum and ask their help. Theyre the ones who know the story the best. And i thought, well, lady, i won the spur award twice. And i didnt really submit myself to anybody. But thank you. Well, the next day we had lunch with an Earth Sciences professor who said, in hawaii today, to be an anthropologist and be fired from the Bishop Museum is a badge of honor. Active war zone. Now, having i also thought if there is a native researched and there are increasingly more and more native Language Research languages that need to be explored. When somebody produces that book, i will be first in line to buy it. If theyve had 120 years. So i my whole take was to explain to a mainland audience how it is we got our hands on the place. And so tonight were going to look at the light of i cant call her liliuokalani. Were going to talk about how her culture shaped her and how that should affect our understanding of her and the country. Now, i know we have no hope of understanding without going a bit into the culture. I have prepared a power point. This was longer than the power point i did last year. Electrical cawley, where are you sitting. When i started to getting to ten minutes you need to give me a sign. Its entirely true. Modern hawaii began with kamaha the first. They were one in 1,000. Call it 400,000. There were about 400 chiefs. When captain cook stopped on the west coast of the big island. Young kamaiha was request him. He was checking out the cannons. There was no iron in hawaii. If i had these weapons, i could concur the whole place. He was over there by himself thinking how he might do this. He asked the kahunas how can i concur the place. You need to build a great temple to the war god and he built which is 100 feet wide up to 20 feet high. The lava blocks were passed by ham. It was a luakini, which means that was a place where the human sacrifices were performed. A lot of us didnt realize when captain cook got there in 1779 it was the end of the makahiki season. They fight, they wore for 8 months he got there at the end of that, and a lot of the polynesians thought he was the storm god they had a big ceremony. The end of it was when the priest ate the eyeball of a tuna. When that was done, he ate a human eyeball from a fresh sacrifice. Thats just what life was back in those days. He built this huge hayat to the god. What is t in tahiti is k in hawaii. These are kigi. Thats what they were worshipping until the missionaries came along. He was a successful warrior. Lots of may hem, lots of butchery. Some escaped. Including this fellow. He settled in connecticut went to yale. He was imbued with the spirit of mission. We did not send missionaries to hawaii because were americans and thats what they do. It took them years of yelling at them. If you believed all this jesus stuff you would send missionaries to my country and end this horror. It took seven years, and it said okay, all right. He started translating the bike el. And they said, well, do you really know english that well. He who knows english . He went from hebrew to hawaiian. There are grammatical and structural similarities that made hebrew easy for him. These are smart people he got tif us and died. He never got to go back, so everybodys sorry. We put together a mission left in 1819 got there in 18920. While he was over here studying and translating the bible. By the time he started creating a hawaiian english diction airy. The favorite of his 19 wives, she was not the great royal wife. She was the favorite recreational wife. She got tired of this whole religion for two reasons she could see it didnt work. All the prohibitions werent working. Women would be thrown off a cliff for eating a banana. Theres one punishment, thats death. She can see all these western sailors, they would break left, right and center. Theres no typhoons. This isnt working. My people had started dying of western diseases. If its not working, why are we keeping this religion . Also, after he died, she would have gone to the back of the room. She had no intention of going to the back of the room. So she ended kapu. She had the temples burnt, the idols pulled down, there was a spiritual vacuum in hawaii that by the time we sent missionaries and this is higher than they were the first contingent. Everybody in america thinks that we sent missionaries they destroyed the local religion, no. They sailed into the vacuum. Hawaiians are a spiritual people and they took readily to christianity. In fact there are there are stories i can tell you, theres no time and its too polite an audience. When they discovered what a wide open place the South Pacific was, they were agast. But the hawaiians took to it, in fact, this church that they built it was built on a spring that belonged to a high chiefist its the waters of composes of lets see, 14,000 half ton blocks of coral. They were cut by hand from the bottom of Honolulu Harbor by the natives. Lifted up by hand. Kind of like the mid evil peasants in europe. Remember we showed you they also built by hand. They were used to this. Anyway, there was this period of transition between kapu, human sacrifice, women getting thrown over the cliff for eating a banana. Two american congregationalists ver boston ways of doing things, that is what lydia was born into. These are her birth parents. They actually had a bunch of children. Americans got there, they gave western diseases to these people and they lost their fertility. The best thing you could do is marry your sister and they had been doing this for centuries. That is her birth parents. She was not raised by them, because among the hawaiian, you had a baby, you gave it to a relative and they raised the kid. Its called hanai adoption. This is where she grew up. They were very high up. She loved this house, she always wrote very fondly of this house. She became the the sister of bernice paoawahi. She and bernice were very close. Well talk later about how they married at about the same time, different people. Bernice is the founder of the bishop foundation. Bishop museum. The crowd lands that wind up funding the schools and museum. And all this. Now, one of lydias i guess i should explain her name. She was born and i know i wrote this down. This is what you get for giving me wine at your dinner. In those days the kohina nuwi was the half sister of the king. And she named this child liliuohalani. She named the baby painful tearful sore eyes. If i want to suffer by god, everybodys going to suffer. Burning pain, kamakahaya sore eyes. Baptized as lydia. This guy is one of my heroes. Her half brother was the last surviving sun of the concurer. He was born under immense privilege. He had life and death power over everybody. But he was torn between two worlds. He tried to commit suicides when the missionaries prevented him from marrying his sister. It would have been a match. If he had had if he had had a child it would have been next to the gods. Because kayapualani was so holy. The missionary was concerned about this, he tried to kill himself. The missionaries, by the time became a dedicated christian. His mother became an even more dedicated christian. By the time he was broken he gave his people a declaration of human rights, a constitution, a legislature and he surrendered half of his own lands so the Common People could own land. I mean, he was a great great king very close to he was aware of the lack of heirs. They had two baby boys but they died in infancy. He executed her grandfather for murder which is unthinkable for a high chief. Her father wanted to get a divorce, and the missionaries wouldnt let him get a divorce until he was single again. So he said fine, so he killed her. He found out he signed the death warrant and there was a very stark lesson. He also realized were not having kids, the throne has to go somewhere, he enlarged the circle of success, lilihu and her family were not born into the royalty. They were descended from kamayamayas first cousin. It began as a chiefs childrens school. This is a later picture, you see that crowd up there in the balcony. What was up there was the bochten parlor. The missionaries contributed their best stuff furniture silver so they could learn polite society. Well discover later in what good stead that put them. Among their lessons, i looked through some of the work books of the students at the royal school. And one of the things they did to learn english. Theres an exercise on english words ending in tion. This is all written out. Merry moderations answer to timothy observation. With no little con sister nation at your weak imagination to show on slight foundation. After examination and serious con tem place, i suppose your admiration was the fruit of recreation. It went on and on. It was just hysterical. Another exercise that just floored me was that the students also learned and copied out the louisiana bell. In louisiana, he had a lovely colored gal called delusiana bell. What on earth they thought the hawaiian children would ever have to do with the louisiana bell or they learned black jupiter, it must have come from the common assumption that the polynesians were african. They discovered to their cost it has a lot to do with how they came to regard the United States. Thats the only explanation i can come up with. Here we have lydia at a very young age. He she was immensely bright. She had three brothers, her two older brothers were there. One died and then calacca became king. She was especially gifted in poetry. You have to understand hawaiian poetry. The Hawaiian Culture produced an extraordinarily High Standard of chant. That preserved their whole culture and story. She mastered this. One thing about the hawaiian language is, that makes it so difficult. Theres the exact meaning of what youre talking about and then theres the hidden meaning. In public speaking, i would be saying what im saying, it floats somewhere way above that only hawaiians would get. Theres some thoroughly irrelevant sexual raspberry, because theyre polynesians and they make sex jokes out of everything. Lydia the hawaiian language by the way, it was the missionaries who gave them the written language, they went from virtually a stone aged society the missionary standardized language. Within 10 years, they had a Literacy Rate that was the highest in the world. These people were very bright, ready for learning, lydia mastered this. She also had an extraordinary musical talent. She became a concert quality pianist, she proposed in her lifetime between 150 and 160 songs. One of which you heard during the intro. I have heard for many years, in fact in preparing this lecture, i discovered a new a modern website saying, oh, poor liliuakalani. Shes toppled from the throne, and imprisoned in her bedroom. She writes this song farewell to thee. Farewell my country it was wonderful. No, she wrote this song in 1878 on a horseback riding expedition down to the winward side of oahu. If you havent been to hawaii, theres trade winds that blow. The northeast side of all the islands is jungle. And the mountains squeeze out all the rain and the western slope is mediterranean, it looks kind of like arizona on a good day. Well, she was on this trip and she saw one of their companions gave a very afiction at farewell, probably to her younger sister. And she began humming this kind of popular tune called the lone rock by the sea. People say, oh, that sounds just like the lone rock by the she t this parting between two lovers. She was an amazing student. She was, unlike her brothers, sincere in her profession of christian faith. She was a persuaded churchgoer. When she got bigger, she played the organ. She led the choir. Even at school she was constantly exposed to these reminders of the old days. The headmaster was constantly in a dither in what to do with the 16 royal progeny. He was a chief from birth. They were powerful even as toddlers. When alexander showed up, he was three years old. He shows up at school with 30 servants. One guy to to carry his umbrella, another to carry his spit box. If you are higher up, you had somebody to carry spit in. Cook said, this cannot do. I cannot educate these students with 30 servants each. The king granted him absolute control over their kids. Meanwhile, his wife julia cook was drying their tears. The young ones were weeping and screaming from homesickness. The polynesian culture in these kids she was kept busy trying to keep them apart. Princess abigail became pregnant at 14 by who became prince kamehameha who became the fifth, who was 12. He was given a beating. She was forced to marry her mothers gardener and exiled and told to behave herself. There were no more kamehameha descendents. That is not true. Abigails child had progeny. There are direct descendents of kamehameha on kouachi today. They were never considered royal. Remember the queen of maui she made things even worse because shed showed up one day for a party in a musical concert and saw prince moses and thought, wow, he is kind of cute. laughs the queen initiated an affair with her husbands nephew, which caused all kinds of ruckus. It is common in contemporary scholarship to really disparage the royal school. These american missionaries get there, and they break up the traditional culture, they ruined this paradoxical life of theirs. He had been raised as a babysitter to kamehameha the second. He was so persuaded of the values of western life and education that at one point, i guess it was lydias oldest brother her grandmother held the kid back from school. She said, i am told you have the kids watering plants and calling an exercise. That is beneath our dignity. They had a big fight. Papa pulled his kid away from her. She would have been killed on the spot. He asked the prime minister, who has power from the king. The times are changing, and that is just the way it is. After a couple of aborted conquesto of hawaii by the british and french, kamehameha the third decided to send a delegation around the world to win some recognition for hawaiian independence. Here is his foreign minister. Here is jarett rudd, he had several different posts. The foreigners that had emissions in honolulu began calling him the minister of everything. His other nephew, the guy that got with princess abigail, became kamehameha the fifth. They were welcomed into the Imperial Court of france. They were vetted by Queen Victoria and prince albert. They came to america and were thrown off the train for being black. Do we wonder why, in their nine years of peace as king, their foreignpolicy took a decidedly anglo centric turn . They saw through our sham of equality and all this. I look at alexanders diary. I found the page after this conductor tried to throw them off the train. His handwriting changed it became slashes. He was so mad at this fool these americans need to question themselves about freedom talk when they treat people like dogs. There is an interesting memoir, a very keen social observer. Alexander grew up. He became kamehameha the fourth. Lydia had been mentioned as his possible wife. She was the highest born unmarried woman in the kingdom. She would have been queen consort at the time. He wasnt that keen on her. He fell deeply in love with a high chief of the big island. High chieftess of the big island. There is a bit of racism involved because she was one quarter english. She was the granddaughter of one of kamehamehas captive english i should explain. No, that would be taken entirely wrong. I wont explain. laughs lydia got over it. Political correctness and thing something about a Famous Museum i dont want to deal with that. Lydia became queen emmas lady in waiting. She performed a function sort of like the minor royal in a court today. She was like Princess Alexandra or duchess of kent. She had lots to do, but not really a lot of the spotlight. Her sister bernise married an american banker. That was one of the good marriages. There is a chapter in my book called useful marriages at the time the sugar industry is beginning there were all kinds of American Businessman coming to hawaii and finding available chieftesses that had available land. They were willing to marry them because they had buckets of money. Bernise married bishop and they were very happy. Lydia married a man of schenectady, new york. Lydia wrote a famous memoir called hawaiis story by hawaiis queen. You have to read this with caution because she soft peddled a bunch of stuff. In Hawaiian Culture it is extremely rude to dispute with somebody. You just praise something else. When she married dominus, she wrote, i had hopes, but he wanted to socialize elsewhere. It was actually the marriage from hell. He was the son of a widow of a ship owner who built a mansion called Washington Place. It was famous for many years it was hawaiis governors mansion. He married lydia, dumped her on his motherinlaw, who was one of the most errant racists of the century. They lived together to scratch each others eyeballs out while he went out dating other women. By the way, in the spirit of aloha you can turn that back like a mirror on somebody, she adopted his. I hope that was not a 10 minute thing. Speed it along . Okay. laughs well, she raised funds for the queens hospital. She helped bernise established a society for the benefit of the sick and elderly. She composed a new National Anthem for kamehameha the fifth after he became king. He was called the last of the great chiefs. He used his power responsibly. By the way, the next king is very interesting. He was brilliant. He had excellent liberal sensibilities. He had been betrothed by birth. He was as highborn as they were. When he was born, he knew how he was high, higher, disappears. The brothers knew that if he and victoria had children, they prevented her from marrying them. He began courting lydia, and the brothers broke that up to make sure that he ended up as a lonely alcoholic bachelor. And he did. Having died without heirs, there is an election for a monarch. The legitimate claimant was queen, the wife of kamehameha the fourth. She was immensely popular. People adored her. She had the bloodline. She was the greatgranddaughter of the conquerors brother, the good chief. He had been in the legislature and knew about american politics. Making promises to people that he could not keep. He won the election and became king. His family nickname was taffy for his love of sweets. His brother became the crown prince. April 18 summary seven, 1877. She was finally given her established name. Among her duties as Crown Princess of hawaii, she visited the leopard colony and convinced a landlord to give them land for branch hospitals. He traveled entirely around the world. Welcomed into the Imperial Courts of china and japan, austria, germany, france, england. He was the guest of the first state dinner at the white house. While he was gone, lydia becomes the regent. There is an outbreak of smallpox and she closes the port honolulu to break the spread of pox. Got outraged the American Business community, because they are importing. They marked her from that moment. Here we have a luau. In the back row is Robert Louis Stevenson the novelist. You can see what kind of a spread they have. This was not in the palace. This was the boathouse. As Crown Princess, she earned a hard name with the American Business community. In 1887 by the way that diamond butterfly is on display in the palace today. The british had long been friends of the hawaiian monarchy. This is where the value of the boston parlor that is so criticisized came in. She did not realize that she was the highest lady in the room and no one could sit down. A german grand duchess asked, why does her majesty not sit so we can sit down . Liliuokalani would have known in an instant. She did not know that. That dress she is wearing every crown had in europe is at victorias jubilee. The lifeguards escorted two carriages. One was victorias, and one was theirs. They thanked her profusely. Victoria said, it is the least i can do when you have come so far. You have to read lilius memoirs with caution. The imperial crown prince of prussia and the king of saxony refused to be seated with them because they were black. Queen victoria was not amused. She was not amused. She found the prince of wales, pull him out of what he was doing, and found the duke of edinburgh and had them attend the hawaiian ladies in their stead. Queen victoria does not get enough credit. You can imagine every queen in europe is there with these events emeralds and sapphires. Immense emeralds and sapphires. That diamond butterfly is the best that they did. Her dress is draped in peacock feathers, which is just as pretty. When i was visiting the palace, the docent showed us a display case of the Jackson Kennedy pillbox hat. More like the fashion you would be seen worn in russia. It was all peacock feathers. She said, this is the hat that she wore to victorias jubilee would you like to see the dress . I said, i have a picture of it right here in my computer. We parted friends, i think. laughs while they are gone, disaster strikes. The American Community is getting angrier at her. They waited until she was out of the country. He also built what is great a tourist attraction in honolulu. It cost the entire annual budget of the kingdom. In european standards, it is a music box. But he was enamored with technology. He had a telephone, had electricity and Running Water before the white house did. It cost about 300, 000, and really irritated the American Businessman. Here is a hula performance. Liliu was interested in preserving Hawaiian Culture. Originally, hula was something different. They had the hula in praise of genitals, which was pretty explicit. The missionaries were not entirely out of line in thinking that they had to reform this. Hula is the preservation of the Hawaiian Culture. It is performed in song and dance. Their whole story was oral. They did not have handwriting before the missionaries. One day, they outlawed hula. It struck at the heart of their culture. Which is one reason why there are hula schools now. All of this westernization was not by common consent. 62, 140 pounds. Never became a christian. Preserved the old way. She was the governor of the big island for 20 years. He was so jealous of her heritage that he stripped away her governorship, which was extremely stupid because she wound up inheriting all of his land, 10 of income. She was also the mother of the crown prince. If he had just treated her with respect, he would have inherited a vast fortune. He could have told the American Businessman to put a sock in it and rule by decree. He just insulted her and slighted her. She called someone and said, i will build a nicer place than that. Which she paid for in cash, because it was a minor expense to her, just to show him that he was no big deal. She remained quite close to bernise as well. There is a great story in hawaii. Mauna loa corrupted and there was a lava flow coming down. Liliu was hiring engineers, maybe we can take a ditch. Nothing worked. People said governor, please save us. You never bought into this new religion. She sacrificed a pig and threw some berries into the lava, and it stopped. laughs some faces stop 1000 ships, some stop a volcano. laughs if i was a volcano, i would not cross her. laughs in 1891, after the bayonet constitution, when they were in london, the businessman struck what they called the bayonet constitution stripping them of royal powers. Another four years later, he was ruined, depressed. He went to see a doctor in california and died. She became queen. The fix was in for her. One of the things she did was preside over the opening of the Bishop Museum. She was a christian, but like her brother she had the native superstitions. She was under the influence of a friend of hers, who became a fortuneteller. Different lobbies would use her fortuneteller to get to her. One night she told her, wait, i see a vision, a man will come tomorrow with 100, 000, you must take it. It was someone from the lottery lobby, which did her no political help. There is an american journalist that said she had struck a striking presence he would not she had such a striking presence you would not recognize her from a photo, she looked different from every angle. Enter Lauren Andrew thurston, a really nasty piece of work, a grandson of two missionary families. All of this stuff that we hear today about american missionaries going to hawaii, destroying the culture, and take over the country no. Those missionaries taught and doctored and worked themselves to the bone. The home church in new england disciplined them and eventually kept them off for staying involved in helping the hawaiian people. You should preach and move on you should just preach, and if they dont believe it, forget them. If they hadnt done it, christianity would never have taken root the way that it did in hawaii. Like all these other missionary grandsons, came back to hawaii imbued with 19th century american racism. They formed this hawaiian league, which became the committee of safety. There was the time warships in Honolulu Harbor. The japanese had a big presence in hawaii. In his waning years he realized that hawaii was too small and too weak as an independent country. It must one day belong to the United States or japan. We have the japanese cruiser naw niwa, and the uss boston next to it. You can see the u. S. Cruiser has sailing masts. Naniwa had 10 inch guns. If they had gotten into a fight, i dont think there is any question who would have won. The committee of safety is dealing with the Benjamin Harrison administration in washington. If we have a revolution, can you take us in . Basically yes. This is january of 1893. Liliu has finally prolonged the legislature. They met for 173 days. The mckinley tariff was ruining the economy. She wanted to keep things paid for. She was supporting an opium tax so that these chinese laborers could smoke opium, then the american lottery. They met for 173 days. Under the bayonet constitution, the only way she could control politics was by governments rising and falling. As long as she could pick her ministers and have legislators vote noconfidence, it is a hell of a way to run a government. She finally dismissed the legislature. She had secretly been working on a new constitution that would restore her royal powers. In fact from this position she went back to the palace and announced her new constitution. That was the beginning of the overthrow. That set the annexation league. They rose up. Not by coincidence, the hawaiian minister to honolulu had worked out with the captain of the uss boston that when this happened, marines would come ashore and end any possibility of. Any active resistance. She was toppled. She would not advocate. She ceded her government not to the coup plotters, but the United States. England and france did this 50 years ago and gave them the country back. Mckinley is replaced by grover cleveland. He met liliu on their way to britain in 1887. He is horrified by the whole business and withdraws the treaty and leaves his bunch in the lurch. He sends a factfinder to honolulu to find what is really going on. A special minister james went with paramount power. People paramount blunt. Thurston and his crowd thought they could rely on him in proving that dark people cannot run their own country, because hes a confederate colonel from georgia he will understand. Everybody tried to buy him off. Annexation league rented him a huge mansion. Liliu sent him a personal carriage. He said, no thank you. He managed to irritate everybody. The navy involved in the coup offered to send his messages home in code. He did not send his messages home through the navy because he expected that those would go back to the rebel government. He said no thank you. His report savaged the whole revolution. Cleveland disapproved of it. He tried to get liliu back on her throne. All of these americans saying no, we will not give her her throne back. They are not into pineapples yet. That is a cousin of his. He had been a justice on the supreme court, charged with coming up with the constitution. If you are doubting all this racism stuff, he decided, how can we put together a constitution that will sound very democratic but will keep power in our hands . Another justice put it more simply when he said that the question is how to draw up a document that will look democratic how to preserve an oligarchy with the reforms of republican democracy. I am not going to editorialize about that. When she prolonged the legislature, there was an american lieutenant that had been sent over to find what was going on. I want to read you what he wrote about her ceremony in dismissing the legislature. First came the chamberlain supporting a large portfolio containing the queens message. Next came four in uniform, stiff and pretentious and exhibiting the air of fully realizing the importance of their exalted decision. After worthy emblems of royal authority, where roman officials had lectures in front of them. Bearers supporting the emblems of savage royalty. This was followed by the queen dressed in a light colored silk, which added to her negrolike features, exhibiting a look of savage termination. Nxet came 4 only ladies dressed in the loud colors admired by all darkcolored races. That was the whole load of american thinking about the hawaiian government. How much time do i have left . None . laughs ending it very quickly, when the United States is going to annex hawaii, there is a treaty. She gets an effort to defeat it with positions. With petitions. These petitions were gotten up in less than three weeks. 21,000 native hawaiians signed it. More than half the population. For the next state it would have been the equivalent of 37. 5 Million People at that time. This is after she serves term in prison in the palace for a counter coup that failed. Not all senators are, but this one is my favorite. laughs he was a republican from massachusetts, antiimperialist. The hawaiians were trying to get support. They needed 60 votes. They have 58, he needs two. They regarded the revolution from the beginning. He started crying. He said, you give me your petitions in the senate tomorrow and watch. By the time that 58 senators had become 46. No annexation treaty, the hawaiians celebrate, and then the maine blows up in the havana harbor. Mckinley is worried about the japanese because they have ships like this that we dont. The fuji was built in britain. 7000 mile cruising range. 1100 tons of coal. They had just kickeds chinas butt in the sinojapanese war. If they had seized hawaii as a coal station, those chips could have gone to california and bombarded 1000 miles and still had enough fuel to get to hawaii. Mckinley said, i cant let those islands go to japan. Since the treaty failed, mckinley was old enough to remember how we got texas. They annexed it by joint resolution. A simple majority would do. They annexed hawaii. There is the flag coming down. There were a couple of native bands. The native musicians could not take it. They dropped their instruments and left. It was only the american bands that played the starspangled banner. Liliu closed herself into Washington Place. They had a mourning during annexation day. Here she is retired at Washington Place. She lived another 20 years. She was kind of a prickly personality. A man in london road, i shook her hand, but i could tell in her eyes that she wanted to kill us. She died of a stroke, there are pictures of her with different territorial governors. During world war i she raised an American Flag over Washington Place when she learned that 5 hawaiian sailors were killed in a sinking. At least they gave her a state funeral in the state house. Her funeral is pulled by people pulling 200 feet ropes. She was buried with her relatives. There we have it. I hope i did not go too long. applause that is my take on why they feel the way that they do. Liliu is regarded as a symbol of their independence, which many of them would really like to have back. I will remind you to come back and join us on tuesday. We will talk about mark twain. Questions for our speaker . I had a question about clevelands support for the restoration of the queen to the throne. Who was the person that suggested that idea to them . She wrote a letter to him after the revolution asking for his support. I also know that his secretary of state also supported the idea of restoring her to the throne. Where did that idea come from . They were already acquainted. He was thoroughly against the takeover to begin with. There was not a lot of bickering to do for him to do it. One thing she got in trouble with he wanted amnesty for the coup plotters. They were dual citizens. There was a story that she had threatened to behead them. She was not going to give them amnesty. That was not really true. That whole beheading thing was colorful press. Eventually she did relent. She said, i will give them amnesty. She wrote that letter on the very day cleveland gave up on her and sent the whole business to congress. There was very little convincing to do because cleveland thought the whole thing stank. Does the royal family in hawaii still exist . James yes. They are all collateral descendent. Among the independence movements, there are about six claimants. So some things never change. Each one says, obviously i would be the best queen or king. I am not sure how much there are at this moment. There would be plenty that are happy to step in and monarch today. You said an American Businessman came to hawaii and took over the land and brought in chinese to do the work . Why did they not get hawaiians to do the work . They tried that and realize that hawaiians, like most politicians, dont recognized polynesians, dont recognize much need to work. They were terrible laborers. The hawaiian population has been dramatically reduced. What had been 400,000 natives became 40,000. They imported chinese. The imported koreans. The japanese not so much. They werent that crazy about the whole idea. They imported portuguese. When i was at the honolulu labor historical society, i was reading the letters written home to liliu while she was princess regent. I read one of these letters from china, and he was trying to work out a treaty to limit chinese integration. He was working behind the sugar boys backs. I asked the archivist to read it. I said, people dont know this. She said, we know. I was going to put this in my book. I think that we parted friends. This was simply about trying to get more labor. Can you talk more about the cohesiveness of the islands at that time . It seems they may have not been quite so cohesive because of the distances between them and that there were two ships that take people from one weight to another. They were very distinct entities before the conqueror. One of the places i visited on oahu, when kamehameha invaded with his army, the local army opposed him. They kept losing and went further up to the valley until they got to the top. The 400 or so soldiers that survived were pushed over. Their skeletons were still there when mark twain visited several years later. They cut their heads off and put them into sacrifice. He never succeeded with kauai. There were people on kauai that chuckled at his pretensions for some time. It was only after the establishment after a unified kingdom, and it took some years before they did feel like a unified kingdom. That is quite true. Essentially the descendents of those missionaries in possession of this land who have a tremendous response ability toward Environmental Protection and taking care of the people, especially as the sugarcane industry dies out in hawaii, do you have any thoughts on how to proceed . Not really. When i wrote this book, once i realized what i got into, captive paradise needs to be twice is what it is. I said, this is not the story of hawaii as a whole. This is how we got our hands on the place. What the descendents and missionaries feel about it, and how they feel about all the damage they caused to the society, i cant speak to that. I know that several months after finishing the book, i got a pound of state coffee from a couple of missionary descendents who were so shocked to read a history of hawaii and that cocvhank i in the back. nininiconrninithank you. coxdcoco9niw3nicoconinrni t jp plause nifaninrninrconrnzr ninrniir w3i ynininextconr, historian jn talks about the logic behied befo code of honor that led to t yuasrg and okexul 9m theselp confrontations. Shelp is t author of thirni e