Interviewer what were you doing before the war, sir . James it was so long ago, it is hard. Let me see. Working like at a store, as a clerk at a store, like at that time there were a and p and the and mutual stores, and that is what i was doing then. Interviewer i see that you joined the marine corps. What made you decide to join the marine corps . James ok. Me and a buddy were at the ymca, sitting there like we always do, and we saw two marines coming towards us. They were going to go into the ymca. And they were dressed in blues. So i said to this buddy, man, they look sharp. I think im going to join. And that is how i joined. You know, i never thought of war, nothing, just that uniform. That got me. And thats it. Interviewer it made an impression on you . James mary much, so, yes. Interviewer and still does today . James yes, it still does today. Interviewer so you joined up, and where did you go for basic . James for basic i went to paris island for boot camp. Interviewer how rigorous was basic . James very rigorous. Well, it is hard to explain. Every day marching, marching in parades, drilling, everything that you have to do, rifle range, firing your weapons, learn how to clean them, learn what to do in that order. At that time there was no more, so we were thinking about liberty all the time, when we were going to get out for liberty. And that was it for that. Interviewer how long did you stay at Parris Island . James i think that was about three months . The whole, whatever it took, i think it was three months. Would you like to know where i went from there . Interviewer yes, sir. James well, they sent some of us went to quantico, and i was put in the fifth marines, the fifth marines. Thethen in world war i, fifth marines were very popular. And as time went along there, i was in washington dc one weekend and i was with a couple of girls, you know . And all of a sudden we hear this announcement coming from trucks, saying that all marines, report back to your barracks because of the december, when the war, december 9 . Interviewer six. James thats the day they bombed pearl harbor. And we went back to the barracks, and that is when things started hopping. That is when i put my hand up and joined the volunteers for the second red battalion. Originally i was in the first red italian with colonel edson the fertile the first red battalion with colonel edson, and then i joined the second red battalion for the west coast, and i liked the west coast, and that is how that started. I was an east coast marine, but it went to the west coast but i went to the west coast. Interviewer so, what originally made you decide to volunteer for the raiders in the first place . James because when i was at quantico, automatically colonels in the battalion, colonel edson had, they were going to start the first raiders battalion. And i was already in it. It wasnt like i joined it, it was just that way. And then when they asked for volunteers for the second raiders battalion, 200 of us, we went. That is how we got into that. Interviewer so you volunteered for the second raiders battalion. Where were you headquartered . James well, we went to san diego. Cap elliott, as i remember it. Elliott, as i remember it. We were met by, well, we went to be interviewed by colonel carlsen and by jimmy roosevelt. The colonel would ask different questions. Why do you like to kill japs, do you like japs, that kind of stuff. So i said the things they liked to hear. I said yeah, i like to kill them, you know. And that was it. I never meant anything by it, but that is how it worked out. Interviewer so how long did you stay in san diego . James well, we state there i dont know, for five months . A lot of this, i am thinking i have to remember. That is about over 60, 70 years ago. From there we went to hawaii. That is where we went to. Pearl harbor. We saw all the ships. On the belly,ver we went to the camp that i showed you. That is where we were, in honolulu. And then from there after, well that is where two battalions, two Companies Went to make an island. Con island. First it was a company and b company, they went to macon island and a company went to the battle of midway. I was in headquarters company, so i stayed back with a view other men, and because i was a police sergeant, we would take care of the camp. And that is how that all started. Now, when they came back, from there we went to guadalcanal. And that is when i got in, right from the ground up. Lets see. When we got to guadalcanal, we , thats where i got in. When we got to guadalcanal, we got there in two destroyers. The destroyers used to be fullstack destroyers, but they took to stacks out and they made compartments that we could stay in. Let me see, so we landed, there was no action there, and they gave us a couple of krations and a sack of rice to take with us. So off we go with the rice and the krations. And we used to use the rice, cook it out of our helmets, and that was something. And they took us 100 miles were better in 30 days, through that jungle. And that was jungle. And there was a lot of action going on there, too. And each company, there were four companies, they all had their own doctor. Now they have a doctor for a battalion or even a division, i dont know, but it that time each company had a doctor, which was good. And we walked along a river, i remember that, we crossed it about 100 times, it is like a snake river. And it was always wet. Ended night, it rains every night and at night, it rains every night. And me in a couple of other fellows got a native to help carry some of our equipment, and at night he would stop and he would build us, from banana leaves, tents. Just the top so that we wouldnt get wet. Really unbelievable, they do just what to do. You understand what im saying . Interviewer yes. James all right. Host when you got to guadalcanal, you said there was action. Was it snipers or mortar rounds fired at you . James snipers. We went down there to try to cool down some cannon shots that were coming into a field, so we took care of that, and we hit a couple of places where the japs had a field hospital, and half of them were just about dead anyway. And that is all i can say about that. And then we cap going kept going. There was one place where we caught japs swimming, like in a swimming hole, and we fired on them. And we kept going too. Ok . Interviewer yes, sir. James well, this one time this native that we had, we used to call him jack sand. He led me to believe he could pull a bag of gold dust every day, because they had gold mines on guadalcanal, up in the mountains. And it got to the point where we were watching one another because we figured, when the war was over we could go back and see jack sand and get some of that gold. And we were thinking about who was going to be around and do it. [laughter] so we were watching each other you know, and it was crazy. But that is what happens. Lets see now, what else can i say about guadalcanal . Interviewer you told me some marines from the second raiders went to take out gun positions from the japanese because they were trained on a field. Did you find some . James oh yeah. Interviewer did you ambush them . James yes, it was an ambush more or less. See the native i told you about, sergeant [indiscernible] , he knew that place like you would know how to get to your own house. So he was a great help. And so was the australian guide. He was there before the war, and he knew all about it was up in the mountains all the time and he knew all about where they would be at and so on, the japs. James how many people would got went on the missions to take out james well, what will the the and fort what , he give us ae speech. Said, well, ok, lets sing our song. Lets sing the marine hymn. Which we did. Unbelievable, in a jungle where you think you will be caught, we sang. That was something. Then we say about this kernel, before the war he was with the marine corps. At that time president roosevelt said to him and a couple of others, i dont know who, they were sent to china. Japs. Ere fighting the this was maybe and 39 . I dont know when. He was more of an observer and he learned a lot about how they what in the jungles and they did. He had us doing, thats where that comes in. I never ate so much rice. Unbelievable. Interviewer were you sick of rice . James coleman did i get sick from james did i get sick of it . No. Interviewer you eat a lot. James yeah. Interviewer going back to taking out the japanese who were targeting the anderson airfield, how many missions, the remember . Was it several missions that you took . James well, they werent missions. You know, we would find them in different places, and that is how that came about. Interviewer do you recall, how would you operate . Would you split up and try to surround them . James no, we didnt. We didnt do that. Interviewer ok, were good. Ok, i was asking about how you would come if you came across japanese on your patrols, how would you take them out . Can you describe the techniques . James just dropping down to the floor, dirt, and shooting. Interviewer ok, were whatever you saw, you shot. There was no set thing, you know . You say, there goes one, and you shoot at them, stuff like that. Because dont forget, you were behind the enemy lines. And there werent that many japs behind the enemy lines, but the ones that were there were nuisances, firing on innocent people. But we got rid of them. Interviewer were there mortars . James no, they were firing their cannon. And then we kept going through the jungles. And then we got to the other end, and then we came back and around. I dont know how we did that. But that was something because it was really jungle, guys used machetes, clearing that country there, it was really something. I cant think of a lot of the stuff that happened, i dont remember it all, but when we went to [indiscernible] there was a lot of fighting there as well. We were up in sort of a mountain range, and you could see the bay where are our where our ships were. It was christmas time. The navy took a big container full of turkey and brought it up to us, and that was good. So my captain said, how am i going to give this turkey out . The company had one of these big containers full of turkey, and i said, i will do it, and i did. Everybody had turkey. And that is one of those good stories. But that was another jungle place. You had to watch out when you laid down, these centipedes were all over, and of course you have to dodge bullets too. Interviewer can you explain, when he landed, do you remember landing at a cape toroquino . Does that ring a bell . James is that where the raiders landed, yeah. Interviewer what was it like when you landed . James there was no action when we landed. We were james thereafter the marines landed, that is when we got there. We were there after the marines landed, that is when we got there. We were there almost a month. Because it took us a month to go 100 miles across through the jungle. We didnt have no jeeps or nothing, walking. Interviewer once you landed, how long did it take you to meet the japanese . James we more or less ran into them. They werent looking for us behind the enemy lines. But that was about it. Interviewer you would do some scouting as well, right . James oh, yeah, we were back there. Interviewer would you try to, if you saw japanese, like previous operations, would you just shoot them . Does what you would have to , you didnt know if they were going to, you know, if they had their hands up for what. They were there they were very, at that time, the japanese werent very nice, you know . Especially, you see what they did in the philippines, right . And we were told, you know, take no prisoners. Interviewer were you ever outnumbered . Were you commonly outnumbered . James no, i dont, we werent, no. The ones i guess you landed ,here, the marines that landed the first division, the second marines division, we were and that washat our job, to go behind enemy lines. Thats all i can tell you, there. Interviewer how big of a group, how large was the group that you went out with . James like i tell you, there was a whole battalion. Interviewer the whole battalion would go out. You wouldnt break up into smaller groups . James not then, no. Like i said, each company had like a doctor. They were more or less seeing how that would work. Thats all i could tell you about aquatic canal. About i could tell you glottal canal guadalcanal. Interviewer who was your immediate Commanding Officer . James that was colonel carlsen. Interviewer but under him, your Company Commander . James well, there was jimmy roosevelt. And you know, i was in headquarters company. I would be in with the kernel and jimmy roosevelt, you us, he would take up whoever was in the headquarters battalion. We would sit there. Interviewer what about the tenants . James there were lieutenants, yes. Interviewer do you remember james their names . God, no. I will tell you the name of the lieutenant when we got to iwo jima. When we get ready. Interviewer i just wanted to ask lesson about guadalcanal, a little bit. There was a lot of army units there, too. At guadalcanal. Did you guys ever work with the army . James we didnt, no. Interviewer never came across the army . James no. Interviewer it got to the point where you had to consolidate, because so many people will get sick or wounded, malaria, did it affect you, malaria or things of that nature . James no, i didnt see any of that. Interviewer do you recall on guadalcanal seeing tanks with flamethrowers . James yes. This one guy was from summit, the same town i was from, and he was one of the tank leaders. I forgot what they call them, half track . There was a name for it. Interviewer shermans. James no, it was a tank, but it wasnt that type. ok. Viewer can james it was strange meeting him on guadalcanal. He says, come on, ill take you to lunch. He took me on the half track, that is what they called them. And i figured i was going to get a lunch. He gave me a kration. [laughter] that was funny. Interviewer one more question about guadalcanal. Were you there when, i believe, the army and marines had to push to destroy remaining japanese, Something Like 30,000 left. They were pretty much trying to destroy them, but the japanese fled. Do you recall that . James well, not really. Because we didnt see nobody but japanese, and when we came back from that, that might have already done, you know . Interviewer what was your last, the islandere when was secured . James yes. If there were stragglers, japs, they were in the jungle somewhere. Interviewer ok, good. So, after boganville, what did , what happened to your unit . Rnr . James yes. We went to new zealand and we stayed there for a couple of weeks. And then we came back to caledonia. That was a bad island. That was owned by the french, that was a french island. They had a leper colony there. So it was a lousy island. And we trained there. I am trying to think if they came in between where we were anyway, then the raiders, allrs, the outfits, they were no more. They were disbanded. It was all out. Thats it. In other words, we were there two years with the raiders and then the raiders were done, the first, second, third, and fourth raiders battalion. Jimmy roosevelt had the fourth raider battalion later on. Batson,t was colonel colonel carlsen. I have forgotten his name. Sage i think. He became a general. Thats about it. The raiders were finished. Interviewer what was the reason why they gave you, do you recall . James why they were finished . I guess they didnt need at that time the units anymore. You know . Actually, the ones that went to macon island, that was the first. Macon island was the first attack when we attacked the japanese. They went in submarines. Two companies. We made the first attack. After pearl harbor. And then of course, what happened was they left macon island, went back to the subs, and went back to the camp where we were. But they left nine men behind. So these nine men were captured , and they cut their heads off. That is when i went to washington, d. C. And the general jones was giving flags to the families. We have pictures of that, right . I will show you the pictures later. That was something then. You know, they dug them up, they because there were names on that island, and the japs buried the marines with their heads cut off. It was terrible. That is all i can tell you about that. Interviewer so, when you were preparing for iwo jima, what were you told about the island . About what your mission would be . James thats a good one. We were told in other words, when we got close to there, they told us where we were going to go. They said it would not take more than a week. You know, to get rid of it. Then they had the navy bombing. The planes and the navy and there were big 16 inch guns firing on that island for days and weeks. So when we got there, we were surprised because they had caves all over the place but we did not know. Guys were getting hit all over. They are firing. In other words, there was no place that you were safe there. Even if you were hanging around the beach, you still got hit because they kept throwing mortars, artillery shots over, and then firearms and so on. And when they got there, you landed. You had to dig foxholes quick. It was so hot, the sand, you could boil eggs on it or cook it. On but you had to stay down in there. And of course from there, this was the first day, my lieutenant, i was second in the young second in charge of, the platoon i was in, he got killed. So i called up the captain, i had the walkietalkie and i said, lieutenant arnold is dead. He said, oh, let me call you back. So he called me back in about 10 minutes and said, you are in charge of that platoon. I went, oh. I was in charge. You read the citation. There was a kind of action. That was some place. I saw the japs had put dynamite down in some of the holes. And covered it like a bowling ball. Just his head. Yes. Talk about people with legs off. It was unbelievable. I was wounded. I was hit in the arm. I was lucky. It did not hit the bone. All of this here came right up here like a big lump. For a while, my head was like and i thought i had hit the bone. But it didnt. It missed me. It came here. I was very lucky that way. We were finding these pillboxes. Every time we see a cave, we would have a flamethrower go in. There was action constantly. There was no rest. You know, like a day off. No days off. And finally, like i said, i got hit. This was after 19 days. And that was it for me. Interviewer just to go back, when you got closer to the beach, what was the scene like . Was there smoke from the bombs, the artillery, the shelling . James it was kind of a as i remember it, you know, it it was kind of like stuff going off all over. And you were just lucky to get in and move up a little bit. As far as smoke, i did not see smoke, i saw flames. Interviewer ok. What wave were you . Were you one of the first waves . James no. Actually we were in reserve. Interviewer ok. James what happened is i think that same day, we were told we were going maybe a couple of days later. Right . The same day, we went in. It did not matter if you were the first wave, the fifth wave, the action was always steady there. And that is how that came about there. Interviewer when you landed, you were still fired upon . James oh yeah. Interviewer how far did you get before you had to hit the ground . You had to dig. James all right. We got orders to move up from the beach. Ed movand move up maybe 50 yardr so. And then we dug in. And then after that, you kept going and you dig in again. It was not one steady move that you were moving. And then i saw a flag go up. The first flag. Interviewer sarah baci . James yes. We thought that was great when we saw that but we were still fighting though. Interviewer a couple of those men were killed after. James oh yeah. Interviewer it was still heavy. James oh yeah. Interviewer i understand there was a lot of japanese artillery coming. James oh yeah. Interviewer did you notice it . James it is funny. You did not notice that. First of all, when we got there, we did not think to look at the caves. But some of these caves were small. You could almost squeeze through it like. It was not wide open caves. And there they would fire upon you. Sometimes, you would not even notice where it was coming from. I will give you a for instance. When i got this platoon, we were moving forward. And it was like down an embankment. We were going down about maybe 500 feet further away from the embankment. And all of a sudden, my guys were getting hit, shot. You know . And i am looking back and with with my walkietalkie i told my captain, i said, are you guys shooting us down here . And he said, no, we are not shooting you. And they said actually, there was a cave by the embankment. With rifles. One guy saw the rifle coming out of one of these holes. And then they knew that the japs were right underneath them. So they started putting some tnt down the holes and that is how we got rid of them. Interviewer because i read so many accounts of that. Marines were in position to say they were secure. The japanese came in the middle of them and began firing upon them. James thats right. We did not see any japs. Because they would come out at night. This is what was bad. They would come out at night and the next morning we would see some of the marines with bayonets stuck in their backs. It was unbelievable. You know . Interviewer wow. Geez. Do you remember the area called the tricky knob . James no. Interviewer i was just going through some areas. Were you there . Were you part of the marine corps unit surrounding the area . James yes. Interviewer ok. James that was the fifth marine division. Interviewer ok. And it was just continuous fighting . James continuous fighting. Interviewer ok. James there was no rest. Interviewer did you have some tanks with you . James yes later the tanks came , in. Interviewer ok. James but i have seen guys , really, guys that i had known after a while, after a few days , they went out of their foxholes and they were Walking Around dragging their rifles like they were out of it. You know, what i am saying is how would you call it . Shell shock . Interviewer yes. James and we kept saying, get down get down finally one guy when out and grabbed one of them and brought him back in. That is how that worked. It was crazy. Interviewer and the tanks use a lot of flamethrowers. As well. James yes. And at night, they used to have the japs had this big what would you call it . Interviewer a charge . James no. It was like a rocket. Interviewer ok. James it would be like on a track and you could hear the island was not that big. You could hear when they let one go on this track. And then it would take off. You could hear it going up. And the funny sounds it made. And you wonder where the heck it is going to hit. I will tell you another thing. When we asked for fire from the navy, the 16 inch guns, they were close to us when they landed. They were firing. And yet for some reason, we stayed down because when they hit the sand, they hit down and it went straight up and then it spread. And we were saved by that. The we kept saying the navy is bombing too close to us. And i could see then that they were not doing us much damage. Interviewer close too close. , james very close. And i was scared. Or frightened. Interviewer what was your opinion of the japanese . James then or now . Interviewer then. James then, actually, we did not like them at all. What could you say good about them . Because look at what they did to the marines on wake island, was it . Interviewer bataan. James bataan. They were so cruel. So you could not be nice. Interviewer what about their military prowess . James well, i did not know anything about that. Interviewer as far as being military, what was your opinion of their military . James they were tough. They would die for that emperor. There was no problem there. You could see, even when we were going at the land, you could see these zeros, their planes. They were attacking the ships. Like kamikazes. Interviewer yes. James ive seen a lot of things , but i dont remember a lot of them. Interviewer your mind tries to block them out. James yes. Am i saying everything . Do you remember . Sometimes, i tell my wife stories. Interviewer you are doing fine, sir. You are doing fine. Were you there when they had the final bonsai attack . , the japanese . James bonsai . Interviewer at iwo jima . They had one final assault. James maybe not because i was there for 19 days. There were only a few more days after that that it was over. Interviewer you mightve missed that. James and i am glad i did. Interviewer you were wounded. James yes. Now, let me tell you about the bonsai. Interviewer i just read about it. James i dont remember that. Interviewer you probably pulled out. I think they were fighting for more than 19 days. I think it was over a month, roughly. So you might have missed that. James yes. It could be. Interviewer luckily. James the night before i got hit, what it was, we were like in this one section where you could see the ocean. You knew when you hit that, it was over. Because we went through the whole island. But we did not know a lot of them were in the caves though. So it could have been after i got hit when they went to go to the end. Maybe that is when that happens. That happened. Interviewer did you ever explore any of the caves . James yes, i did. One. I did not go too far in, i got jittery. I remember one time, because they told us to stop there. Because we were getting hit with all kind of mortar fire and grenades and so on. And i said, you know, we cannot stay here. We either have to go forward or go back to where we were before. So they said, well, i cannot tell you to do that. They said why dont you see the , colonel . So i did. I went to see the colonel. That is when i went by a couple of caves. I went all by myself. I finally went to where the colonel had his dug out and i told him about it. I said, we cannot really stay there because we will have no body left. Even i will probably leave, too. He said, come on, it cannot be that bad. I said, why dont you come down . And look . And he said, no, no, no. Let me think it over. And then he said, go back to your old position. And tomorrow we would go past that. And that is what i did. Interviewer did you ever take any prisoners . James no, i never. Interviewer no prisoners. There were not that many. James there were not that many but the few we saw were gunned down. Imagine killing all those marines and these guys were all in these holes. They finally got them. Interviewer how effective was the medical care . James the medics . Interviewer the medical care you said you were wounded. Was it effective treatment for you . James a corpsman gave me a shot. Morphine. And then he liked me a lot so he gave me two shots and i got sick from it. When i got to where the doctors were, they had tents all set up and that is where they took care of my arm. And everyone there, you know, you could everyone was well taken care of. But there were a lot of men in real bad shape. And another thing was you could smell have you ever smelled when an animal is dead . That is the smell you get. Pretty much, it was not nice. Interviewer no, sir. Type of weapon did you use . M1 . James an m1. I also had a carbine rifle. You know, smaller. We all had m1s. And pistols. Interviewer did you use the m1 or the carbine when you were a raider more . James yes. Interviewer ok. What rank were you at this time in iwo jima . James sergeant. Interviewer that was it. Your lieutenant got killed and you were the commander. Fact, they wanted me to they were going to make me a lieutenant. But i had to sign over for four more years and i did not want to do that. I got out. But a friend of mine, this buddy of mine was almost in the same boat i was. And he became a lieutenant and , an a captain, a major colonel, fast. A very good friend of mine. But now he is gone. And he was wounded three times. Interviewer ok. Your unit you were there for 19 days. Were your ranks decimated or were there a lot of wounded . Is that why you were pulled back . Or did you just need a break . James you mean when it was over . Interviewer when you were pulled back. After 19 days of fighting. James 19 days. I was wounded. Interviewer and then you were pulled out. James and i was put in a hospital. Field hospital. Tents. After that, the division, i think they had like a rest period. That i dont remember because i was not in that. And they went to okinawa. That is as far as i can remember. Interviewer but you were not in okinawa . James no. Interviewer you pretty much had your hand like this for a while. Right . James yes. Interviewer how long did it take to heal . James a couple months. Interviewer by the time the war was over. James yes. I have to tell you a story about that. I joined for four years. And then the war came along. And they said i did not have to sign anything. You just have to stay in for the duration of the war. Right . This was before iwo jima. We are down in hawaii and the First Lieutenant came to me and said, listen, the war is going to last for two years or better. Why dont you get an extension for two years . And you can make about 500 as i recall. Why lose that . You know youre going to be in for two more years. And i said, yeah, i think i well. I did. So i shipped over for two more years. I will never forget that. I was going down to my tent area and i hear the guy saying, come on, seven. Come on, five. They were shooting crap. And i got into the game and lost all of that dough in about a half hour, all 500. That was a lot of money then. The war was over in about a year. I had two years and that is why i was in first six years in the marine corps. Interviewer wow. Then what we did was after the war, we went to the duty. Oast on recruiting we hit almost all of them. We hit washington, oregon, utah, idaho, all of the states. Of course, california. And a few other states i think. And that was a nice job then. And then my term was up. And i was in Washington State at puget sound, that is where i got discharged. And then i came home. Interviewer ok. Ok. How did world war ii change you in your life . James i think it made me better. It made me realize it is nice to be alive. After you go through all of that and you come out of that, it is like you are reborn after all of this and i still feel that way and i will be 90. [laughter] interviewer very good. You are very good, sir. Did it change your values . Or influence your career . James i dont think so. I came from a good family. We loved each other. Brothers and sisters, mothers and fathers. And that is how an italian family is, anyway. Interviewer yes, sir. James thats about it that way. Interviewer ok. How did world war ii change america . James i say for the best. We know what weve got and we are still the best around. Whether other nations know that or not. And that said, youre going to get a lot of young guys that go in there and take care of your people. Interviewer yes, sir. In your opinion, how did the war change the world . James oh, well, in a way, i think it changed it for the worst. As it is now. All of these other nations have the big bombs. All it takes is one stupid move by someone and it can be over for everyone. Interviewer and finally, what is the significance of having the National WorldWar Ii Museum for future generations . James it is good so the Younger Generation can see what we went through. It is about life itself, which is good. They can see that it is not that easy, you know, to keep a country like ours and you have what we have taken away from us. And that is why i feel we have to go where we got to go. Interviewer yes, sir. Thank you very much for your time, sir. James that is ok. I hope that everything i told you comes out right. Interviewer it did, sir. Thank you. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you are watching American History tv, covering history cspan style, with event coverage, archival films, lectures, and visits to museums and historic places. All weekend, every weekend, on cspan3. This sunday, a historian and author talks about his book, first martyr of liberty. Here is a preview. The late period from 19th century into world war ii, Mainstream Society paid little attention to the role africanamericans played in culture. Important measure of the razor of africanamericans from the history stories are textbooks. Textbooks tell children, this is what you need to know. This is the true story of your nation. In need in many history schoolbooks, prior to the civil war, i have not found a single history of christmas addicts. Cripus attucks. The demeaning images of blacks circulating in popular culture. Africanamerican historical writers in the late 1800s countered this omission with a noble and heroic crispus attcks. Is that nothing was known or can be known about the man. In many cases, the writer made stuff up about him to suit their purposes while many presentations held close to the historical record. Between the 1880s and 1930s, some of the stories about him were preposterous. Writers invented attucks who is goodlooking, literate, well read, a prominent member of boston sons of liberties, whose actions became a rallying cry for black and white patriots. He was clearheaded and boil hearted. A man who saw himself as an american citizen and determined to our bench oppression. All of this is fabrication or conjecture with no connection to any historical evidence. Learn more about Crispus Attucks this sunday. Next, a professor teaches a class about the 1918 influenza pandemic and Public Information efforts in the United States to stop the spread of the disease. As describes methods such canceling public gatherings, social distancing, and propaganda about good hygiene, which are still implemented. On marchs was filmed 10, 20 20, during the early stages of the coronavirus outbreak in the u. S. The professor compares the symptoms, economic impact, and National Response between 1918 and today. Professor tomes so what are we going to do today . I promised you all that i would do a show and tell from my own research, and the timing turned out that doing a Historical Perspective on pandemic preparedness might seem like a really interesting topic for us to discuss. I think i mentioned that i have beenti