Of mind. Thalidomide had not been approved for use in the United States of america but it was approved in european countries. We used for anxiety, insomnia, nausea. Nausea is key. Women began taking it to relieve morning sickness. Her husband had been in europe. He acquired these pills and brought them back home for her. She was pregnant, she takes about 40 of them in her pregnancy. She and her husband did not know that thalidomide causes birth defects. Then she read an article about the drug, found out more, and called the doctor. She wanted to learn more about whatthalidomide can do. Developing babies, children, thalidomide caused brain damage, damage the eyes, nose, years and severely damaged growth of limbs. In many cases, the children affected by thalidomide did not survive at all. In england, about half of the thalidomide babies died within a few months. Around 10,000 of these children were born in total. Mostly in western europe. This is an incredibly dangerous drug and later it was banned. The issue here, she has four children. She calls her doctor to learn whether drug can do and her doctor says come on in. She goes in and he starts to show her pictures of these children who had been born to mothers who had taken the drug. She said she remembered feeling like someone telling you your child has been run over by a truck. Her doctor recommended an abortion which was only legal in cases that might affect the mothers life at that point in time. She and her family are faced with a choice. Do you have the child knowing that her life might be incredible difficult, provide an enormous financial and emotional burden for you and your other children and that the child might not survive past a few months, or follow the doctor suggestion and have an abortion . She said, naturally i had misgivings. There is life there. Do i have the right to take it . But is it like when you cant dress yourself, run, walk, dance, play games . If i had no choice, i would have the baby, but i had a way to prevent this tragedy. Something happened here that removed that choice. A panel of doctors said that she could not have an abortion in the state of arizona. At the end of the day, that meant that she had to leave the country if she wanted to have the procedure. Ultimately, the details here are not as important as the broader concept, that the choice was not hers and her familys to make. It was the panel of doctors who got to make the choice. This is at the heart of the issue of much of what we are going to talk about today. Who gets to make that sort of a choice and how that changes. That choice is incredibly difficult, that moral and ethical choice will be made by the family, by the doctor, by a team of doctors, the government or people that dont even know the family . It is not my job to tell you how to make that choice or who should make it. Every family, their doctor, certainly their god. Im going to talk about how that changed in the United States of america. That is much of what we are going to do today. Of course this was part of a broader rights revolution that fundamentally changed American Society in the 1960s and 1970s. We have been talking about rights in the class and we are going to throw a crescendo with this rights revolution. One last major change here. One of the big differences between this and the Civil Rights Movement is this is a movement that is calling on the expansion of what rights actually are. In the Civil Rights Movement, it was largely about rights that were already guaranteed to africanamericans that were not being enforced. It was largely about that. This is about asking the constitution to be expanded. To consider a different kind of right. That is what well talk about today. I have a generic 60s collage. The 60s were a complex decade. They are famous and remembered in a particular way. When youre think of the 60s before this class, what do you think about . What . Do you think comes to mind for civil rights. Civil rights, obviously a huge part. The assassination of john f. Kennedy. The sexual revolution. Again, i teach a class on the 60s but we are going to try to cover that here in the next 40 minutes or so. So, the 60s generally speaking. A big misconception is that it was revolution and chaos for everybody all the time. It was certainly not. For many americans, the 1960s are basically this, a continuation of the 1950s. Especially the early 1960s. It is an area of prosperity. The median Family Income was 5,663. It is an era of security, upward mobility, social economic class and there is high employment. The Unemployment Rate was 4. 8 . For women, it was 5. 4 . Consumerism and youth culture, suburban growth, rock and roll. When we think about the 1960s, people might think about woodstock as a major cultural event. The counterculture didnt have anything on the actual cultural flashpoints that most people experienced. The three highest grossing films of the 1960s, the sound of music, 101 dalmatians and the jungle book. You have seen many of those movies. Disney dominates the 1960s because of all the baby boomers going out to the movies. A lot more people saw the sound of music than went to woodstock. Of course, the 1960s did not work for everyone. The 60s were good for many but had problems from many other people. Racial limitations, jim crow, segregation in the north. Poverty come as we have talked about. 1 5 of americans lived in poverty. Gender limitations. This is one we will lean into today. Women did not have the same opportunities as men for employment and social advancement. Their unique disadvantages that women faced but also conformity, boredom. The 1960s were characterized with a incredible sense of optimism and hope. The sense of optimism is incredible. People from all walks of life, even the most disadvantaged people, for black southerners who had never had Voting Rights, are so hopeful because of americas place in the world and the rhetoric of its leaders. Some of the famous lines from the 1960s were dripping in this sense of hope. John f. Kennedy, washington, dc, i do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith and devotion will light our country and all who serve it and the glow from that fire can light the world. The expansiveness of that optimism. Martin luther king jr. , perhaps the most hopeful speech in American History. I have a dream that my children will one day lead in a nation where they will be not judged the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted in every hill shall be laid low. The crooked places will be made straight in the glory of the lord shall be revealed. That is an incredible sense of optimism that many people share. We have had these moments where we fixed some of these issues and we will dig in on a new one today. A couple weeks ago, we were talking about the Civil Rights Movement and how that works. The nonviolent court needing committee, Voting Rights act. Jim crow is dead. Killed in the mid1960s. A system that had existed since the new south. Black southerners could vote. CivilRights Movement did not solve all racial problems but it did fundamentally change the nation. Poverty. Great society. Equal opportunity act, medicare and medicaid help people that are susceptible to falling into deep debt because of health care costs. Housing grants, Higher Education act. The poverty rate declines rapidly in the 1960s. Some groups, it is the definitive moment for the decline of poverty. People receive job training. It remains an enormous part of the society. Great society did not end poverty. Of course, that is one criticism of it. At the end of the day, we have never gotten back to poverty like that. We have some solutions already. Lets look at some other issues. One that we will focus on are gender limitations. Especially limitations for women. We talked about this in the 1960s, after the midterms. Womens domestic roles, you remember the kitchen debate. Remember mr. Nixon and nikita khrushchev. What is up with women in the kitchen . Talking about how in america, the womans place was in the kitchen and it described the identity in the household. It also focused on how in america women are able to offer children a safe place. A monumental take care of them to manage broader parts of their lives and that they really dont have a broader role in society besides rearing those children in the kitchen, there are real consequences here, its not just a modern inconvenience oh shots i cant get a law school because i have to have a baby. It is real discrimination that limits womens freedom and affects the outcomes and potential of their lives. In 1960 a Credit Card Company refused to give a woman a credit card simply because she was a woman. You have a credit card in your pocket today, not always the case. Women could not say serve on juries in every state. They could not get Birth Control in every state. A woman could be fired from her job for becoming pregnant. Women could not go to many out of the glass schools. Yale and princeton did not admit women until 1969. Consider the opportunities that all the men that go to those schools get to that women are just instantly block from all those career paths whatever that might be. Its not a meritocracy its not competitive its no women allowed. Women did not receive the same pay for the same work as men of course. In many states women by Legal Definition could not be raped by their spouses and they could not unilaterally divorce their husbands. Legally many women did not have recourse for eight better dangerous marriage, they were at a severe financial disadvantage to try to leave the marriage and couldnt get a job many people are simply trapped. Of course the restrictions, who gets into law school, who gets to become a doctor, who gets promoted, this general outright sexist that limited womens rise in society the same way as men. Many women especially in this moment had this generational shift these baby boomers coming up and being told that there were responsibilities for all of them. They just want better lives. They dont want these artificial restrictions on their lives and they want their opportunities and their mothers had. In response to these limitations of progressive women in the 1960s launched a Civil Rights Movement of their own. Largely understood and called second wave feminism. Also referred to as womens liberation. Often called second with feminism because the first wave occurred during the progressive area of course the female dominion we talked about changes that occurred in the 19 tense, second wave feminism is largely inspired by the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement inspires a whole host of movements that come after it. We are seeing that people like Martin Luther king jr. Are doing and we have a problem, we are meant to launch a similar movement. They use the same tactics, students, boycotts, markets, many of the leaders actually were part of the Civil Rights Movement before than joining the womens liberation movement. Of course the idea of rights here is a little bit different one thing thats different is that they seem to expand the idea of rights. But more new looking junior but actually know these are rights that women should also have even though they are not explicitly guaranteed in the constitution already. They build upon the leadership of older womens activists there really sparked by this new energy these baby winners this new sort of energy. This movement begins in the early 1960s it lasts roughly through the late 1970s of course you can argue for days of people about when it actually ends if its ever over etc we dont really have time to get into that right now. The broad goals of second wave feminism are this and they are pretty ambitious. Reproductive rights. And employment discrimination. All these limitations with jobs less than 10 of doctors in the 30s until the 1960s were women. And employment discrimination the, game financial equity for a lot of obvious reasons a lot of this has to do with access to freeman will biloxi. Educational access okay. This cultural aspect womens liberation. Free themselves of cultural norms and expectations that inherently constrict womens roles in society. One thing weve got to understand here too is this is not just a binary. Its not all women who are pushing for second with feminism at all. We will talk about one of the women who was an important opponent of second with feminism and its not all men who are just fighting against it there are male advocates of second wave feminism to. Lets start with reproductive rights by looking at the pill. One of the most important inventions in modern American History. We all think of it that way often because its not stealer doesnt flyer doesnt shoot doesnt blow anything up but the pill is absolutely essential throughout much of the rest of the course of this point in time in their own lives. In 1960 the fda approved the pill force a contraceptive use by the public. In 1960 to 1. 2 million american women were on it. In 1963 went to 2. 3 million. By 1965 it was up to 6. 5 million. At that moment in 65 it had become the most popular form of Birth Control for women in america. Of course many of you understand this quite well but the pill offers a lot of benefits to women. It gives them more power over their reproductive lives. It allows them to discreetly control the number of children that they have. Its Birth Control that is effective and does not rely on a mans cooperation. And it is not just for single women by any means. A lot of married women also take the pill because it enables them to take control of the size of their family. It is not just a decision about how many babies you want to have thats an academic decision that is a Health Decision and it is certainly a labor decision if you think about womens roles in the household with the kitchen. More people would have used the pill but it was not illegal everywhere. I know, thats hard for us to wrap our head around in our one day and age. The pope was outlawed in several states until 1965. Enter some of our activists enter ellen griggs will. Sorry is stella grizzled. You see here on the right was the director of planned parenthood in new haven connecticut. The state of connecticut had this old law passed an 1879 that made it illegal to use a contraceptive or to assist in helping advise others how to use or access contraceptives. Based on that old law you could be fined and or receive a light prison sentence for helping people use contraception. With the support of planned parenthood, a national branch, griggs walt purposely decides to challenge the slow. She and the doctor at yale opened up a Birth Control clinic that provides contraceptive clinics to married couples and in order to avoid some of the stigma of what it might mean to help single women they work with married couples. They are of course charged with violating the connecticut state law and they decide to challenge that ruling based on the constitutionally of the law. Goes all the way up the ladder to the Supreme Court in 1965 the Supreme Court rules in the favor of of estelle griswald a lot of other amendments are invoked as well its about individual rights were. This is what the ninth amendment says. Enumeration in the constitution of certain rights should not be constructed to deny or disparage other by the people. It means that rights that are implied but not stated can also be rights. The thinking behind this whole logic of deciding griggs walled forces connecticut is that its individual couples should have the freedom and the rights whether or not they are going to use contraceptives not the State Government not the federal government its about private family life that is to make the decision it is a major decision in terms of the concept shun women married and unmarried greater access to Birth Control also serves as a front runner to roe v. Wade which is of gri course much more famous in 19 six 70 a woman with the fictional name of jane roe filed a lawsuit against henry weight the District Attorney of Dallas County texas over the anti abortion law in that county. Before row abortion was at the start of class here as ive mentioned widely illegal unless you could have a panel of doctors essentially write you a note or proven abortion in cases where you need to save the life so that doesnt mean that women did not have abortions yet access to doctors others went to underground providers because they were so desperate which of course could be incredibly dangerous part of the protest surrounding reproductive access focused on basically abortions are going to happen anyway its better if they occur above ground as opposed to underground. We know throughout the course of American History that women are going to have abortions there its just going to happen whether there is an open market for it or not. If they were legal perhaps it would be safer. That is one of the arguments that activists are making. In 1963 six all adjusts in indiana found that this is part of the country report the can see studies the state is incredibly flawed, there is no way to actually check it. We dont know because of the nature of it but clearly someone was having abortions but its not something that people talked about openly with their friends all the time of course people were having them for a number of Different Reasons financial reasons maybe not with the partner anymore, they have too many children already, bad timing, fetal anomalies, health of the mother may not live, when we have these conversations now we tend to focus on the extreme cases but every single case of course back then look it is now is individual. What roe v. Wade did in 1973 was similar to Estelle Griswold forces connecticut it was not up to the government to make these decisions for women in the final decision the court this pork of another of different precedence including Estelle Griswold connecticut which was cited ten times in the final row decision. Im going to crow directly from the decision of roe v. Wade. The right of the individual married or single to be free from unwanted government intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or begets a child. Of course they ultimately conclude and i quote, that right necessarily includes the right of a woman to decide whether or not to terminate your pregnancy. In terms of a legal matter all of these ethical debates we have about abortion today, you all saw the protest that were out on place a few weeks ago. How many of you saw those . Obviously theres a lot of conversations happening out there. Theyre using a certain sort of tactic but legally its not about morality or religion its just not. This is a question that individuals have to deal with but when roe v. Wade was decided, it is a question of choice and authority it is a question of who gets to make these decisions as the authority its not there the law existence today is about what individuals actors think if you have any questions before . This is an incredible coincidence that say not many people realize this, row has decided on the same exact day that led me johnson died in texas january 22nd 1973. Heres the headline in the Washington Post on that particular day london be johnson dies at 64. And then Supreme Court allows early stage abortions. Of course theyre also talking about the vietnam war at the same time. Pretty big news day. Lets move on to employment discrimination. The 1964 Civil Rights Act when it was passed sabotage the act a couple of legislators who were against the act decided to insert a gender closs thinking that would cause a lot of people to not vote for the act that backfired he got past anyway but also in terms of what it did for race in terms of reckless also made it illegal to discriminate based on. Six and so initially, a lot of womens organizations, are pretty optimistic that this would be enforced. But when it is not, of course a group of women in 1966 found an Organization Called the National Organization for women. Now and oh w. Is found in june of 1966. The third annual conference of commissions and status of women in washington d. C. Its first organizational meeting in 1966 it was still pretty small, just had about 300 members, a bit by about the 1970s it had grown to about 40,000 members. Its primary purpose was to enforce pressure to pressure local and federal governments, to enforce the Civil Rights Act. Which made it illegal to discriminate on sex as well as race. You can challenge the law on what you already know whats going on, they just have to go out and prove it. So they are going to fight legally for women in terms of job discrimination, housing discrimination, College Admissions discrimination, and so on and so forth. Even beyond that they expand more fully, they are lobbyists they deliver speeches they take part demonstrations they vote of course they conduct boycotts they invoke politics to make sure that title seven is enforced. One of the first things that they do in their pretty successful right away as they help fight segregated help wanted ads in new york city newspapers. A lot of help wanted ads would say we want to man for this job, we want to women for this job, and quite explicitly discriminating. They help fight against that they had that removed from new york city papers. Theyre also the first National Organization to publicly endorsed the legalization of abortion, 1968 now member surely chisholm became the first black member elected to congress. Most of this happened though after the 1960s, the equal credit act, title ix, thousands of women to have back pay, they were this big watchdog against job discrimination gender based, and there are vanguard of the second wave of feminism. Secondly that the feminism has cultural and intellectual goals, there is a series of different protests, where people show up to talk about Different Things happening in society that are problematic for women they want to expand this idea that women beyond not only just homemakers wives mothers that sort of thing, but just sheer sex objects. Heres an image of women protesting, outside the 1968 missed america pageant. In Atlantic City new jersey. This pageant of course is going on, youve all seen mrs. America pageant you know what to pageant you know its about. But you know a lot of march across stage in a variety of outfits, these women showed up in 1968, to protest. Well see it here in terms of their protests, and this tactic, i wonder what you all think of that. What is the argument here . , they are emphasizing the dehumanization of women. And what it perpetuates. Yeah good observation so would the rest you make of this. . Thaw the physical attributes versus the mind. Its a little too far do you think or what do you think . This chart, youve all seen these charge you go to a steakhouse they show you are all the cuts are from. And they are mocking it with this right. That woman is basically like a cow, being reduced to the different parts of a body that should be celebrated, at the miss america cattle auction like they are saying. So the argument is that women here, are being treated as sex objects, that there is major problem with the culture of miss america pageant, of course this is just one thing, and many different sort of protests that people have a problem with. They want to really have women portrayed more for their minds, their ambitions, who they are as more complete people, as opposed to miss america protests. This draws a great deal of attention. Its covered in every Major National publication, and it gets this incredible backlash to. People are saying there is just beautiful oven doing their thing theres a town part to, it its an enormous controversy. This is what were seeing right, more open direct protest against these depictions of women in more traditional ways, and when you think back to some of the ads that we talked about, of course they are protesting some of those as well. A lot of this action, leads to what some people to be more careful about how theyre depicted and advertisements in magazines, of course thats not an issue weve moved entirely beyond, but there is more of it. We also said access to different programs that help women intellectually, especially for College Campuses for department of women studies that opened in 1976, all over the country you get womens departments that opened in this time in the late 1960s, throughout the early 1970s. They also protesting call for the equal rights amendment so the late 1960s women right activists gain some ground here with trying to add a new amendment to the discrimination, so its sex discrimination. So er a equal rights of amendment. So this idea had went down to back to the 1920s, it was really revived in the 1960s, with the National Organization of women, picking up this fight once again to call for this equal rights amendment. Supporters of equal rights amendment said that the constitution needed to have this to deal with gender and sex discrimination. Supreme Court Justice ruth gator ruth bader ginsburg, said this the equal rights amendment to, some would say the new rights and responsibilities of men and women, it firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes is constitutionally tolerable, instead it looks towards a legal system in which each person, will be judged on the basis of individual merit, and not in the basis of an unalterable trait of birth. That bears no relationship to need or ability. But of course the er was not universally popular. It made a great deal of resistance. One of the most important figures, in the resistance to the are a is this woman. Phil is schlapp flee. She is a long conservative from st. Louis missouri she was a graduate of Washington University she has a masters degree in government from Ratcliffe College she also had a law degree, from Washington University in st. Louis so she has three college degrees. She is an incredibly exceptional woman, both in terms of her public face in nature, and also her education and one of the issues that was so interesting with ms. Schlafly. She was already achieved this woman was born in 1924, but she uses the same Educational Achievement of her own to become sort of this enemy of the equal rights amendment in the 19 sixties and seventies on wednesday shes going to come back up but she has a lot of a thoughts about Sexual Harassment discrimination Sexual Harassment in the workplace she becomes famous in the 1970s, as a leading critic of second way feminism. She says a womans role is in the home and that the 1950 system, the idea behind the kitchen debate that we just talked about, that exactly how it should be. Not only that, it was actually great for women and families to have this protected status. Where you can enjoy all of the modern appliances, you can enjoy safety, this unique role that women had in the household that was provided for them not only by their husbands but the american system of capitalism she does not think that women have to work and that women shouldnt even worry about equal rights in the workplace should think that women who have children in particular, and you are married need to work. She says a lot of the problems that are described by second rate feminist, are legitimate concerns, but for example she has a certain view of hate Sexual Harassment, she says and i quote Sexual Harassment on the job, is not a problem for virtuous woman. She suggests that the women who experienced Sexual Harassment in the workplace, experience it because a dress in a provocative manner. And if you are a christian woman, who dresses conservatively, you will not have that problem. She also accuses second wave feminine some of being anti male, at a path towards homosexuality. And most direct battle is for the er a. She she wrote something that said stop taking our privileges, and she argues that women again, have this protective status, with the equal rights amendment would undermine this status in the country. It would expose women to the military draft, which would also intern make the American Military weaker. She says it would hurt families by nullifying windows the benefits. And lead to june gender neutral bathrooms. And also a lot of the labor organizers and companies, shes worried that it would have a specific loss. The er a is never pass shes hoping, the house passed in 1971, the Senate Passed the following year, and the equal eighths amendment, in part red, equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged in the United States or any state on account of sex. So it will happen is not enough states ratified the amendment, for this to be added to the constitution. It was a period in which the amendment would expire, none of states ratify the amendment, and ultimately used to feed it as the deadline was expired. We do not have fury in the United States of america, despite their being a good deal of energy at first. But we do have some real clear results from second wave feminism. 1963 the equal pay acts, heres walled versus also in the connecticut. The first woman elected to congress was actually 1917, one from the state of montana, roe v. Wade is seen is a great victory for this, 74 we get an act the equal credit act, which ends this discriminatory practice of denying people credit not only based on their sex or gender but also on race. And the woman studies courses in departments, many of views you will encounter those in your time here, and also a directive second wave feminists. As you all know this does not solve every single problem, but it is a major leap forward in this moment that a new generation is emerging. One of things i think is so interesting and good for our own society, is the way this conversation is still happening. So the fight for equal rights amendment itself is not over this is a picture of from a march of in 2017 there are, march is all over the country the or people are still calling for the equal rights amendment to be added to the constitution of course like i said this goes back to the 1920s, but it really picked up in the 1960s and people are still calling for it. Of course women in recent years have organized to participate in activities that in levels we have not seen since 19 sixties, most notably in 2017, somewhere north of 5 Million People participated in a womans march across the United States of america, we will talk more about that but i want to talk about it in the scope of the 1960s its a direct continuation of people that they were advocating for in the 1960s. Equal rights job discrimination, pay gap that sort of thing. Many of the same issues even though there were some victories, people are still fighting for those things today. And i think that the most interest interesting thing is at about recent demonstrations is a size and we will talk more about why this happens, but the ones march that occurred in 2017 was the largest womans rights demonstration in the history of the world. Its a pretty big number its in the news all over the place we have almost 130 women in congress now we will get back to this now as we get more into the president and the class. So the same time all this is happening we also get the most visible gay Rights Movement that was also merging. We havent talked a lot about it. Homosexuals and transgender people had been repressed for the entirety of American History, as you know. Homosexuality was often seen as and illness or a crime. You could be taken to a Psychiatric Hospital or thrown in jail for being a sick type being suspected of homosexual activity. They were classified as sexual deviance. Homosexuality was designated a mental disorder by the american psychiatry association. In all states, sodomy, which directly targeted homosexual behavior was illegal in some states. There was specific legislation targeting homosexuals. Of course there is discrimination. Lgbtq people see discrimination all over society in many of the same ways that women and africanamericans and people of other minority races had. The ivan heart administration the Eisenhower Administration art gay people from federal jobs. The fbi kept a list of people it suspected to be homosexual. They were constantly harassed, Police Reading gay bars, beating people up, harassing them. They were subject to extraordinary violence. If you are gay, you could not live openly in many parts of america. People tended to congregate in cities such as new york or San Francisco where you have a more closeknit community. On june 20, 1969, police entered a gay bar named the Stonewall Inn and police were there to raid the bar. This happened all over the country. Usually they would beat people up, sometimes they stole money, confiscated booze. This sort of behavior is happening at stonewall on june 28, 1969, strongarming this woman who was a lesbian. She basically said, what are you going to do about this . Can i get some help here . The patrons of the bar start to openly resist the police officers. They dont pull out guns but they start to resist the arrest. We start trying to escape into the street, push back on the police officers. As one patron observes, we all had a collective feeling like we had enough of this kind of the uprising led to a general resurgence in gay rights and visibility. It is huge news all over the country. It is not the first of these by any stretch of the imagination. There was something similar in San Francisco in 1966. It had this heightened awareness because of the cause linked to gayrights. Things start to happen in the months immediately after. There is this whole wave of activist gay newspapers across the country. Many different organizations, such as the gay activist alliance. The first pride parade in new york, chicago, San Francisco. They occur on the anniversary of stonewall. Part of whats happening visit it is a gayRights Movement that was a bit more dormant. There were communities who always knew who each other were. It was dangerous to be part of it, but it is coming more out in the open after stonewall. What we have here are many allies start to participate, particularly in pride parades and marches and we get a bunch of firsts that occur in the 1960s and the years after stonewall. We start to get openly elected gay officials. The first was in ann arbor, michigan. The city supervisor of San Francisco. In 1975, a gayrights bill is introduced to congress. It failed, but it was introduced in congress. 1974, the American Psychiatric association changes their conclusion that homosexuality is a mental illness. The Association Says homosexuality is not a mental illness. Wisconsin became the first state to ban discrimination based on Sexual Orientation and many of these debates continue well into our present day. Were going to wrap up. Think about the 1960s as a whole. We have been thinking about this for several weeks. Think about taking all this in. We really started this lecture right before midterms. John f. Kennedy, cold war and the whole thing. It is benign and stable for most people. It is an era of dramatic change. America would be so much different on the other end of the decade. We talked about the Civil Rights Movement, great society, vietnam war, all of the protests. Womens liberation. All sorts of different power movements. Different groups who had not had their goals satisfied by the Civil Rights Movement start their own power movements and it is not just black power. Black power is the most famous. We also get the American Indian movement, asian bit from california. Hispanic movements all over the west. All sorts of new freedoms that people gained through the 1960s. The issue of counterculture. We did not talk about hippies a lot, but you all know what the hippies are. Mostly, it was just growing your hair out and wearing colorful clothing. For others, it was taking acid and riding around in a bus. Then there is all this chaos and confusion. It is not as benign and peaceful as many people remember the 1950s to be. Then there are the deaths. President kennedy is shot and killed. All the People Killed fighting for the Civil Rights Movement. We talked about birmingham. The workers in mississippi. Then all of the People Killed in vietnam. American soldiers, innocent vietnam civilians. People are consuming incredible quantities of death in the news. On april 4, 1968, Martin Luther king jr. Is shot and killed in memphis and on june 6, robert f kennedy, john f. Kennedys brother, who had announced a run for president against lyndon b. Johnson, killed in california while campaigning. I want to share as we get to the end a letter written by one north carolinian to his senator in the summer of 1968. 12 days after Bobby Kennedy was shot in california. It is written by a white man in north carolina. I am sick of crime everywhere. I am sick of riots. I am sick of poor people demonstrations. In parentheses, black, white, red, purple, green or any other. I am sick of the Supreme Court ruling for the good of a small part. Im sick of lack of law enforcement. I am sick of hippies, lsd, drugs and all the promotion the news media give them. A lot of people at the end of the 1960s are wondering what happened. You recall after the midterm, Richard Nixon ended world war ii coming home to a comfortable house, comfortable life. Children, a dog, whatever happened to this . We are going to see a backlash. The different changes in the 1960s, some more specific than others. There were parts such as the revolution and the end of jim crow and other parts such as roe v. Wade, second wave feminism that people do not accept. Wednesday, we will pick up with the 1960 election, where we get another thirdparty challenger. Guess which one it is. The deep south once again says to hell with the democratic and republican parties and goes back to another thirdparty. We will talk more about that on wednesday. My wife graduated from high school in 62. Point made the vietnam war and the late 50s not as severe as it was taken during the 60s . Just a number of troops that the u. S. Had going. The draft was not fully instituted until like 1965 so there were a lot of advisors. The United States had people in vietnam. The cia is in vietnam. The sheer number of people going. It did command a lot of peoples attention. Anything else . Great. I will see you on wednesday. Do you speak yes or i. Do geometry and speaking