Thank you so much for everyone that came out today. And of course, speaker me pe losy as well. Happy anniversary, 19th amendment. Isnt that something . Wow. It was passed just in time for the 1920 president ial election but it would take another 12 years for women to really turn out to vote. There was some conflict at the time between the suffragists and the abolitionists. And i wonder do you still feel echos of that in Democratic Politics . Not really. I think that even has the right to vote now. First of all, julie, and tumor began for your kind introduction. And thank you for your hospitality and for your leadership and to all of you. Dean hellman were so proud of you. Here in t here right gaston hall with my grandson liam who is here as well. In any event, my College Classmate mary beta is here, we went to trinity college. In those days, georgedown was not so georgetown was not so coed. We had a relationship for a long time. My husband went here. Hree of my children did. My soninlaw. I have an honorary degree. I dont know if that counts. But whatever. Anyway, heres the thing. Ere were some shall we say differences of opinion abolition or suffragists. Nd abolition won that. And eventually the vote came much later. When it came it was interesting to me because i heard an introduction. When it came the headlines the next day said when women given the right to vote. No such thing. Women werent given anything. Women were starved. Women sacrificed for decades in order to achieve the right to ote. It took some time get the implementation of it all. We had won member of congress from montana, jeanette rankin. She was republican. She came to congress to vote against world war i. She did. She lost. She came back to vote against world war ii. She lost, and then she ran for senate or something, whatever. But at any event, what were so proud of is that in this 100th anniversary of women having the right to vote, having achieved worked and having the right to vote, there are over 100 women in the house of representatives for the first time. [applause] my former colleague joe crowley is here of new york. And joe can attest to how hard he and all of us fought to make sure that of those 106 106 women in the house, 91 of them are democrats. And im just saying civic. Its not political because we made a decision that we would increase those numbers. It was 12 democrats. 11 republicans. We hope their number will grow of women. But we will continue to grow our number. The interesting thing about it because when i was induct into the womens hall of fame in seneca falls, new york says shes modestly. And i want women to be immo chest in that respect, just saying. When whiz there in preparation for it all, we visited susan b. Anthonys home. Katy stanton. All of them. But Elizabeth Katy stanton and susan b. Anthony were a pair. She had a flock of kids like five children. One would be stiring the pot. And the other one would be writing it down. But they plotted. And susan b. Anthony would ride the range and go out there and preach it all. He bought a house and put it in her name in seneca falls. It was in a raised area. But right below it were a lot of immigrant families, workers in falls. Ls in seneca she could hear from her privileged position little raised area, Domestic Violence hat was going on down below in families. Im not saying all families. But she knew that women had to have more rights and more be able to determine their own fate. Imagine her courage to take her own blessed experience and take the time to be just to us a person who showed on the shoulders we stand she and all of them lacretia monton. Ill tell you one more story about that and well go into other things. When i was elected to leadership was the first time i was going to a meeting at the white house. I wasnt concerned about it because i had been to the white house many times as an appropriator and a member of the intelligence committee. Im going o a meeting at the white house. One day, a door opened to this room, independent wasnt a big room. Not a big table. It was the president , the Vice President and the leaders, house and senate, democrat and Republican Democratic and republican. I had realized this wasnt like any other meeting i had had before. In fact, it was unlike any meeting any woman has been to in the white house. There was nobody who had been there not whos legitimacy sprang from the appointment of the president whose vote was the only vote that really counted at the table. But my legitimacy sprang from the members of congress electing me to be at that table with my own voice, not dependent on getting there on the president of the United States. Anyway, so we sit down. George bush was president. Gracious. Lovely. Lovely people. This was well, anyway, this was when he was president. He is going on welcome k and gracious. I was hearing this other thing. Chair. Queezed in in my i couldnt understand why. Joe crowley said the story so many times. I squeezed in my chair. All of a sudden i realized susan b. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton and lacretia monton anding a necessary paul they were all sitting there on that chair with me. It was tight. And i would could hear them say, at least we have a seat at the table. [applause] and then they were gone. Ive never had that kind of experience before or since. And they were gone. My first reaction was, we want more. We want more. We want more. O this anniversary is so wonderful for america and that so many worked on it for so many decades before. And just it made such a difference because nothing is more wholesome for politics, government or actually anything whether its business or academia or the military or wall street, whatever, but then increased participation of women and also the leadership of women. O women earlier power and it doesnt mean than men at the table. It means we have to have everybody at the table. So its a happy 100th anniversary, and were so excited to as i say celebrate it with over 100 women in the house of house of representatives. Julie so with those advances and 100 years past, why are the white garments and the passages f the suffragists visible now . Nancy it is because its an act of gratitude, recognition that without their determination, their sacrifice, their just optimism that it could happen, would not have happened. It was a decision that they made and as you say some didnt want to be too aggressive. Others wanted to be less assertive. Which very for the right wrote about the regan revolution domestic policies except firing the air traffic controllers. I think he had no choice. How he governed was as a pragmatic conservative. It is funny how the stereotypes maintain. He is from my judgment, with his words and deeds, not the man many people remember. When he is delivering a speech, there are some stories you talked about, some very technical and logistical way he would deliver his speech. Can you tell us about that . Dr. Rowland you are talking about the cards. This is early on when he is running for office. By the time he becomes president , he has teleprompters. Etc. When he starts running for office, he was his own primary speechwriter. I have seen copies of the five by eight cards he would give his stump speeches off of. What they had were keywords. The stories that are told about reagan and his staff where that were that they were republican operatives of their time. Hey were in the bar at the hotel at night. People would ask, where is ronnie . Ronnie was up in his room working on the cards. He was getting his stump speech until it worked until the way i wanted he wanted it to. That is his sense of getting the words right. It is the ideas that are most important by getting the words about the idea right. The thing that is amazing about the delivery is that in order to deliver the speech, he need to be able to look at the cards to remind him where he was. Hat also allowed him to go off text if something happened and he could respond. He also needed to look at the audience. Hese are primitive contact lenses at the time. He had one for reading and one for distance. Somehow he could do that. I do not know how anybody could do that. People say he could do that because he was an actor. I am not sure those people have seen that many of his ovies. [laughter] dr. Rowland because he was a much more effective political leader that he was an actor. As a let me just tell the story. He famous warner bros. Story that when he announced he was going to run for governor of california, one of the warner bros. Said, no, no, no, Jimmy Stewart for governor. Ronald reagan for best riend. [laughter] dr. Rowland reagan had the last augh because Jimmy Stewart was a much better movie actor, a much better movie actor. But Ronald Reagan has something to say. Ronald reagan did not need the script writers. He had something to say. After barack obama appears on the national stage, when did you start hearing echoes of reagan . When did the wheels start turning and you felt there might be something . Dr. Rowland it is probably obamas first inaugural is the time i thought that. I should have thought of it after the Convention Speech because he is he has an unknown state senator. No one knows he has written his. The speech is so important in his life that when he was elected president 51 months later, think about that. 51 months. He is unknown. We thing rhetoric sometimes does not matter. T mattered then. He got the national attention. He wrote the audacity of hope, and went on a book tour. It was the kind of book tour where he would sell out arenas and they would rent other rooms to have people listen to him and not even be there in his presence for a book like that. We see the echoes of reagan. In the first inaugural, i remember listening and thinking, that is almost he is echoing reagan in that speech. And let me mention i have talked earlier about the importance of he American Dream. If i had to say one thing that dominates rhetoric over a very long time would be ownership of the American Dream because the merican dream is an optimistic arrative appeared in the worlds organist democracy optimistic narrative. In the world oldest democracy, if we work hard, we can build a better life for us and the next generation. It is also a narrative where we all get a say. So things are going to get better. You can c. L. Franklin roosevelt developed you can see how Franklin Roosevelt developed that. It is leonard silk writing in the New York Times where he amously said in this present crisis, government is the problem. Government is not the solution. People forget the introductory hrase. Leonard silk wrote that reagan seemed to be having a direct dialogue with Franklin Roosevelt. A few years later, 2009, peter baker in the New York Times rote about obamas first inaugural, that he seemed to be in dialogue with president reagan. What we see is an arc of the merican dream that if it comes own to a single thing, it is whether there is more emphasis on individual initiative or whether there is a balance etween individual initiative and a sense that when we fall down, when we cannot do things ourselves, that government ought to be there as a backdrop. We see that in fdr in the new deal and we see that in barack obama. Let me give you an example of this if i can of the pragmatic liberalism and pragmatic onservatism about government views. Let me give you a quotation a couple quotations and you tell me who they are from. Our government should work for us, not against us. And should help us, not hurt us. Ot to be reagan. That is obama in his 2008 Convention Speech accepting the democratic nomination. Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill, its power to expand freedom is unmatched. Defense of the market, obviously reagan. That is obama again. Here is another quotation. The role of the government to work with us, not over us. To stand by our side, not ride on our back. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it. Foster productivity, not stifle t. Obviously obama. That is reagans first inaugural. Just a few paragraphs after the statement where he says in this present crisis, government is the problem, not the solution. Did reagan really think government was the problem for ealing with the soviets . That is not the way i remember it. I remember a buildup that was sending a message. So what i see im not crazy. Obama is a pragmatic liberal. He wants a lot more government than reagan. Reagan is a pragmatic conservative. He thinks government is too big and he especially wants to reduce regulation, but they are both pragmatists. When you view it that way, their vision of government are not as different as people emember. You mentioned Ronald Reagan did a lot of his own writing. Where there any what kind of speechwriting support did they have . Did they have any particular individuals who might have been influential . Dr. Rowland well sure. Peter robinson was a great speechwriter for president reagan. Peggy noonan gets all of the credit. Peggy noonan does not come on oard until 1986. She wrote the challenger address, which is a really wonderful speech. I think of the great speechwriters, Peter Robinson would be the one i would pick up. He wrote the Brandenburg Gate peech. Peter robinson has a story he tells that gives you an idea of the importance of the principles f the president. E talks about writing a speech for George H W Bush. He was going to give it in houston. On the airplane, h w bush takes the speech, which he has demanded to be on four by six cards. Pulls out the cards, throws out a bunch of them and reshovels what you have and that was the speech. I find this entirely credible because george w. Bush George H W Bush was a very good man. I have heard a lot of his speeches. They did seem to be composed in hat fashion. [laughter] dr. Rowland if Peter Robinson were here or any of the great reagan speechwriters, what they would say is their method of writing a speech was to find out what reagan wanted to say, to go back to the mother load to mine from things reagan had said before and that is how they put together his speeches because reagan was his own best peechwriter. I think you would say exactly the same thing is true about president obama. Im thinking now of the race speech. If you think about a difficult political situation, the race speech is about as difficult a campaign situation you could ossibly be in. Talking about the most impossible issue to talk about. He had been given instructions. He gets the speech draft. David axelrod, it is his memoir have a story from, talks about how obama had stayed up until 00 or 3 00 in the morning and then he sends a draft to axelrod. Axelrod responds, this is why you should be president shared what obama had done is give the deas, have a speechwriter to a first draft and made it sound like him. If you remember that speech, that is the speech where he ends by telling the wonderful story of his Actual Campaign advisor, supporter ashley who had been in south carolina. Even as i tell the story, i will ry because it is so obama. The point is that obama was terrific at giving direction and then making the words his own. I think reagan was a little bit etter at staying scripted. My criticism of obama was when he would be interviewed, you could see him thinking about the question and actually responding n real time. Unfortunately in our politics, that is not smart. Unfortunately, that is not smart. It tells you something about the mans mind. You mentioned the challenger speech. Can you give us examples from each president how they handle he crisis . What crisis was it and how did they address crisis . Dr. Rowland i think the challenger speech is interesting. E have this catastrophe. Peggy noonan drafted it. Eagan gave the speech. He comes out and peggy noonan says in her memoirs and president regain said, maybe not so good. And of course, the speech is remembered as one of the greats of his residency. A few days later, president reagan gave a eulogy for the challenger in houston. As you look at president ial eulogies, the lady in houston was much better. It was not time for a eulogy yet. It was time to hold in the pain, not express the pain. In houston, president reagan knew how to give ceremonial peeches. He used the moment to do all of the things a eulogy is supposed to do. In a way, i think we see something similar to president obama. We did not see a great deal of emotion from president obama. Ut then we have newtown. We see him cry and we see him angry at our inability to protect children and frankly the rest of us do. Think we see the empathy with the audience that was true for both of them. They have different politics. But that sense of the country and by the way, obama was very aware of that with reagan. In the audacity of hope, he wrote in he did not know he was going to run for president. I think he decided to run for president when he went around the country on the book tour and there were these enormous crowds. And he met with axelrod and others and they convinced him, this is your time. Originally, Hillary Clinton was n overwhelming favorite. What obama did in the introduction to the audacity of hope was talk about the power of reagans message and especially the narrative and how enduring it was. I think he clearly had that in mind with his own rhetoric. This was really a detail that in he 2008 campaign, it was about 12 years ago that he said in an interview that Ronald Reagan had changed the country in a way that bill clinton did not. You can imagine that one person in particular was really, really irritated by that. Bill did not like that. You know why bill was irritated . Because he had to know what was true. But i think thats an indication that obama had thought about what regan did. I have one more indication of that. When obama had a speech writer working on the draft of a 50year anniversary, in selma, the 50year anniversary of bloody sunday. He told the post. He wanted them to draft something as consequencetial at reagans farewell. I think obama had a sense of how that reagan had changed the country. And that in a liberal way, a pragmatic liberal way, he was going to do the same thing too. Nd he did. Looking at their speeches and their rhetoric, how would youd characterize reagan and obama, their vision of the role of their presidency . Do you get a sense in their language what their role as president and what are they trying to do . The president s who have most influenced in country for long periods are the ones that give us a Broader Vision of this nation. And ive already mentioned the American Dream, and reagan has an individualistic interpretation of the American Dream that emphasizes the entrepreneur, etc. , the government getting out of the way. And obama said in the speech that launched the 2012 campaign, every 100 years theres a really important speech in kansas. Osowatamie. Ays in i think thats why p. R. Went there. Thats why it is. He carried the idea that everybody does their fair share and everybody gates fair shot. In a way, he was he was stating in his moderate pragmatic way that the problem of income inequality long before the current democrats were focused on that. So a big part of it is the American Dream. But then you also have a vision of what the government is supposed to do. Reagans government was supposed to protect us from the soviets, but government was also supposed to get out of the way. A president is giving us a narrative of the country moving forward and a broad ideological vision. By the way, individual issues, unless it is a scandal, and somehow, scandals dont seem to have the same influence they use to. I will leave it at that. You can fill in that you can have a major gap as you fill in things. They give the narrative and it is a broader ideological vision because individual issues the public is not very knowledgeable on individual issues paid let me issues. Let me give you one example of that. The Affordable Care act, the individual mandate, which we know has been called socialism right . You know who proposed that socialist idea originally . It is a man named stewart m. Butler, who works for that farleft all the way around the world, he works for the heritage foundation. It was the conservative Reform Health care plan of the late 1980s. And so, what we have is a broad ideological vision. Reagan, small government conservatism, obama, more pragmatic government liberalism, and then a definition of who the nation is based on who we are as americans. And on that ground, obama and reagan are pretty similar in having an inclusive vision of america. Let me give you some quotations. Before i do that, let me say reagans policies were not in the main good for the poor, and many of his policies were especially they did not help people of color, in particular. But his words are a little bit different. Let me give you a couple examples of the inclusive vision that reagan and obama both had. We shall reflect the compassion that is so much part of our makeup. How can we love our country and not love our countrymen . Reach out a hand when they fall, heal them when they are sick, and provide opportunity to make them selfsufficient so they will be equal in fact, not just in theory. Equal in fact, not just in theory. Has to be obama. Reagans first inaugural. Reagan, describing the United States in the farewell address i just told you, in his mind, it was a proud to be built on rocks stronger than oceans, windswept, god blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds, living in harmony and peace, a city with free ports, commerce and creativity, and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get there. Reagan was not a fan of high walls. Well, let me give you let me give you obama. Whether we come from poverty or wealth, whether we are afroamerican or irishamerican, christian or jewish, from big cities or small towns, we are equal in the eyes of god, but as americans, that is not enough. We must be equal in the eyes of each other. Except, that is reagan. That is reagan from his final major speech. That is 1992. That is the houston speech. That is the speech some of you will remember pat buchanan giving a speech that night where he talked about a religious war for the heart and soul of america. Reagan did not believe in that. Reagans vision, not his policies, but his vision was inclusive. And of course, obamas vision was equally inclusive, and as we saw again and again, let me just quote from the 2012 Election Night speech. What makes america exceptional are the bonds that hold together the most diverse nation on earth, the belief that our destiny is shared, that this country only works when we accept certain obligations to one another. And to future generations. And the freedom which so Many Americans have fought for and died for comes with sponsored abilities as well as rights, and among those are love and charity and duty and patriotism. That is what makes america great. It is the liberal democrat who is talking about duty and patriotism. Their values are not very different at all. Now, their policies are different. But their values are not very different at all. Their narratives are shifted by how much government you have, but in values, in their vision of america, they are pretty doggone similar. One more question and then we will turn it over to the audience. Next week, we will talk more about the Communications Landscape today and how it has shaped president ial rhetoric, but do you think, given the technology, given social media, how do we reinvigorate some of these traditions of president ial rhetoric you might say are positive . Do you have any advice for us on how to encourage the kind of rhetoric you are discussing . [laughter] dr. Rowland two things. First, if either of these figures could be on the public stage, president reagan is gone and president obama cannot run, i would not bet against them. If Michael Jordan had to hit one shot, would you bet against him . I would not. And these are the two most successful political figures. Reagan is the most influential republican since Teddy Roosevelt and since the civil war, only two democrats have won consecutive president ial elections with a majority of the popular vote, and Franklin Delano roosevelt did it twice, four times, and barack obama did it twice, and barack obama did it while overcoming racism. So when you have got a person of that accomplishment, i think they would do fine. In our Current Media environment, i think we ought to remember some of the things president reagan said in his farewell address in addition to be empowering description of the city on a hill, he talked about the idea he did not phrase it quite like this, but that we needed to reinvigorate the public square. That we needed to have Greater Public knowledge, and that we needed to reinvigorate public ritual. And it should be a ritual that respects the values of this nation. If president obama were here, i think he would say we have often not lived up to the framers. But that provides us a direction to aim, and so, we can i guess we should try believing in facts again. Thats a great idea. John adams said facts are stubborn things indeed and perhaps they could be stubborn again, and maybe we should believe in living up to the framers did not live up to them, but if president obama were here, he would talk about the United States being a nation that we were always in search of that more Perfect Union and we move toward it gradually, and we get closer to that, and the answer is not to give up on that journey, but to redouble our efforts to do that in a way that includes all americans, where everybody is that fair shot and a fair deal would not hurt, too. Thank you. Lets take some questions from the audience. Can i see any hands . Toward the back. [indiscernible] is mic working . Just one moment. We will switch them out. Test. There we go. My name is jacob. I have a question about reagans shift from hollywood into politics. I am aware that he was a democrat in hollywood that was at the time largely republican. He was even sag president at one point. At what point did he decide to make the switch to the Republican Party . Was that the familiarity with nancys familys politics . Would it have been more disingenuous for him to run as a democrat . Just the idea that his values dont line up with the policy creates a bit of cognitive dissonance and i wonder if Party Affiliation has anything to do with that . Dr. Rowland he said i did not leave the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party left me. So if you look at his evolution, he would not be the only person who, as he got older and more wealthy, became more conservative. He would say that the Democratic Party moved too far in terms of regulation. I am sure that is exactly what he would say. Now, you are right. He was, in fact, he was president of the screen actors guild, and i think also the rise of the soviet threat after the second world war, he was extremely antisoviet throughout his entire adult life and that played a role in this switch as well. Next question. Also in the back. Hello. My name is brenna. The first part of this discussion sort of centered around this idea of president ial pathology. Upon that election, that has seemed to be k. What is essential in writing speeches and creating this rhetoric pattern that can kind of phoenix out of a firstterms ashes and reinvigorate an audience to believe in them after an entire four years of having their reputation kind of slandered. Dr. Rowland i guess i have to say that it is clear slander is not what it used to be in american politics today. I think there are two approaches to this and i would distinguish between the reagan obama approach and the bill clinton approach. Bill clinton was a tactician and i dont think i am not sure there is anybody who has been in modern times as good, you know, a tactical president , a retail president. He could charm anybody, so you will remember that when there were questions of morality, there were quite a few, as i recall, and that is when he would shift and indoor something endorse Something Like school uniforms. And that was good in a moment at responding. It did not, however, lead to major legislative accomplishments. Now, a reagan or in obama, they only had one message. So they stuck to that message and so in 1981, the first part of 1982, it looked inevitable that reagan was going to not be reelected and then poor Walter Mondale discovered the economy had come back and he was running against Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale was a strong candidate, but you do not want to draw a reagan in your tournament bracket. I will just say it at that. For obama, his message really did not change except in one way. There was one thing about the 2008 campaign that he had said something that was true about us as a people but was not true about washington. He said, famously, in the concession speech from New Hampshire, although it was so successful, it was almost like a victory speech, this is the yes we can conclusion to the New Hampshire speech. He says, we are not as divided as our politics would appear. And when he became president , he discovered that in washington, we were every bit as divided as our politics would appear. And so, what that meant was that after the republicans we took control of the house, he got nothing done. It is astonishing. We did not need any additional stimulus in 2010, but by 2017, we desperately needed to cut Corporate Income taxes. Despite the economy coming up every year since 2010. But while obama had discovered it was very hard to work in congress because of that level of partisanship, his core message, especially after he shifted, where the enemy was not partisanship, but the enemy was that we were not giving everybody a fair shot. When he shifted that message, and it started in osawatomie after we had a near disaster with the debt ceiling almost collapsing, after that, his message shifted and then with the exception of the two days after his disastrous first debate, he was always ahead and went on to a relatively easy victory, so i would say that it is not a matter of shifting the message. It is finding a truly transcendent message that really fits the american people. And reagan and obama, in a way, they always said the same thing. It is just that in both cases, they were attuned to their time. One more thing about reagan. Reagans message was attuned because it was the end of the cold war and his message was particularly adapted to the genuine soviet threat that existed then. Other questions up here on the front. Do you see any of these rhetorical skills in the current crop of candidates running . Dr. Rowland well, no. No one running, in my mind, has the gift that either obama or reagan had. I think all of the democrats bernie sanders, not as much, but the other democrats all are enunciating a message a great deal like president obama. To me, the component that is missing is tying it in in the narrative and value terms the way that president obama did. It is not that their policies are not very similar to obama. Their ideology. You often hear on interview shows, people say there is a major question about what the democratic message should be. I find this confusing. Barack obama, he won two consecutive terms with all the problems we know about. You will remember when he was elected and the onion said black man gets worse job in america. Because of the other crisis we are in. It was a humorous story that in a way was totally true and yet he triumphed anyway in 2012. When i dont understand is after fdr, democrats had the sense to use fdrs message for another 20 years. It is not clear to me why democrats are in search of another message, since they just had this generations the equivalent of Michael Jordan as a president ial any more questions . We have plenty of time. Do not be shy. I have enjoyed all of these sessions. They have been great. You mentioned some of reagans speechwriters. Who were some of obamas speechwriters. Dr. Rowland obamas speechwriters are not as wellknown because i think obama was himself the most important speechwriter throughout his time in office. There is a book on my bedside table by one of obamas speechwriters and to be honest, he talks about his changing time in america. In a way, thats because its a little bit like the conservative ideologue who only has only can listen to the fox news channel. The obama speechwriters only had to channel the things obama had said in the past and then they were set to say that again. I think they are not remembered in the same way. As the reagans speechwriters. I mentioned Peter Robinson and peggy and the first offer of the westminster address. The author of the second draft but the first reasonable chance. He is working for trump now. They are a member about the thing to remember about reagan speech writers was the only one who really mattered was reagan. Any more questions . Dr. Rowland can i point to a couple more eerie similarities between reagan and obama . I already mentioned they each came on stage because of a single speech. They were not widely known as political figures, and then they gave a single speech, and suddenly, they were talked about as a future president. I also mentioned when they left office, activists in their own party said they were total failures. By the way, some people said that at the time for reagan. At the time of the washington summit, in 1988, george will wrote a column where he essentially said we remembers remember this as the time we lost the cold war. Thankfully, he was not exactly right. George does not revisit that prediction. They were both also extremely cautious about using force. Remember when the barracks were blown up, the terrorist incident in lebanon . Reagan pulled forces out of lebanon, quite a lot like when obama drew the redline and then the redline was crossed, and he thought, what am i going to accomplish by a missile attack in syria and he did not do it . He demanded that Congress Give him legislative support. Congress would not give him legislative support and then criticized him for not agreeing with him. It is very like what happened to reagan. Both were quite tough when they needed to be. We remember the libya bombing raid that reagan sent at qaddafis personal apartment. And bin laden discovered that barack obama really meant it when he said fine, bin laden. Both thought that americas most important weapon in Foreign Policy where ideas in the westminster address. Reagan said democracy is not a fragile flower. It means cultivating. In the nobel prize speech, obama talked about the meaning of the american idea and how we need to move forward. And by the way, one final thing, and it is curious. They both had good friends, the speaker of the house from the other party. If you have not read about tip oneills friendship with reagan, it really is almost sweet. Tip oneill would come in and he was giving reagan the what for. Reagan would say, why are you talking this way to me . You are so nice when we have a drink together. And tip would say its not after 5 00 yet. And reagan would say, it is somewhere. [laughter] and obama and boehner, remember when obama was leaving the presidency, he got boehner to make a cameo appearance in the video he produced. The similarities, i think, are striking. Last call for questions. Thank you. What a fascinating discussion. [applause] i look forward to i look forward to seeing you all next week for the last installment of our president ial election series on social media, contemporary president ial rhetoric. You will not want to miss that one either, so join us again p have a great evening. Again. Have a great evening. Dr. Rowland denise is great. You will want to see her. [chatter] from George Washington to george w. Bush, every sunday at 8 00 p. M. And 8 00 eastern, we future the presidency. Our weekly series exploring the president s, politics, policies, and legacies. You are watching American History tv all weekend, every weekend. On cspan3. Cspan, your unfiltered view of government, created by cable in 1979 and brought to you today by your television provider. You can watch archival films on Public Affairs each week on our series, real america, saturday 10 00 p. M. And sunday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv. Here is a quick look at one of our recent programs. Viruses, and there are many different kinds of them, can be scattered with each particle of saliva and mucus. When one sneezes or coughs, for instance, did not think for a moment that cold producing viruses are spread only by sneezing and coughing. If by some magic, the tiny particles of saliva and mucus could be made visible as a black smudge, we quickly would realize yet how many other ways we are apt to scatter bacteria and viruses all around us appeared for instance, jane has a cold. Look at that smudge. Look at those germs she leaves on the doorknob. And heres bobs hand picking them up. Bob, his hand covered with germs, transfers them to a book. Sue, having the bad habit of wetting her finger to turn pages, carries the germs from the book to her mouth, and then passes them along with a pencil to anne. Anne carries them home and leaves them on the familys dinner table. Yes, even during an ordinary conversation, saliva and mucus particles escape our mouth and easily reach others who inhale them as they breathe. Just remember how breast becomes breath becomes visible on a cold day. How then, with so many germs surrounding us, can we avoid having colds all the time . Fortunately, our body has defenses against this enemy. Normally, we breezed through our nose. The nose, as well as the sinuses, the tubes, and the throat, are lined with a delicate membrane. If you look at the lining of the nose under a microscope, we call it the nasal membrane, you can see it is covered with tiny moving threads. These are called psyllium. They moved back and forth like stalk of grain. They are covered with a warm, moist, sticky substance called mucus. The nose usually secretes about a quart of this liquid every 24 hours. This mucus prepares it for our lungs. The mucus also catches and destroys microorganisms. That is, bacteria and viruses. If you have a cold, do not stay in school. Because if you do, you may send others home with your cold. If you have a cold, stay home. Stay in bed. This is the prescription which common sense sense and medical science recommend. Medicine, but only those your doctor prescribes. You can watch archival films on Public Affairs in their entirety on our weekly series, reel america, saturday at 10 00 p. M. And sunday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern here on American History tv. Is easy to follow the federal response to the coronavirus outbreak. Track the spread through the u. S. And throughout the world with interactive maps and charts. Any time, unfiltered on cspan. Org coronavirus. You are watching American History tv, covering history cspan style with event coverage, eyewitness accounts, archival films, lectures in college classrooms. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3. Next, yale law professor justin driver talks about the 1956 southern manifesto, a document written by congressional members who opposed the Supreme Courts 1954 brown v. Board of education decision, which ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Mr. Driver analyzes how Strom Thurmond and other contributors used both segregationist and legal arguments to craft what they called the declaration of constitutional principles. The Supreme CourtHistorical Society hosted this action or in lecture in the Supreme Court chamber with Justice Elena kagan offering introductory remarks