Government. Prof. Martinez good afternoon, everyone. How are you all doing . Our topic for today is the second part of our civil war content for the semester. I want to talk today about Economic Policy and social events tied to the economy. I titled this feeding the confederacy. We will focus most of our attention on the Confederate States. We will talk about the crucial issue of how you make sure your soldiers and civilians have enough to eat over the course of the war. There are two key ironies of this confederate experience for me, that historians of the confederacy point to. One is that the Confederate States of america is a predominantly agricultural nation. The vast majority of the union and confederacy live on farms. But especially in the Confederate States. A populationg with that is overwhelming with people who live on farms. Yet, they will struggle to feed themselves more often than they will run out of bullets and armaments. This is surprising when you think of an agricultural nation. The second big irony here is that the foundations of the confederacy, the founding documents, the concession documents of the states before they joined the confederacy said, we want a limited government with more power given to the states. Yet the confederate government will become stronger and more invasive than any Government People had seen to this point in order to wage war and feed everyone. Two key ironies. We will talk about how they come about. A flashpoint for this question of how you feed everyone is a series of riots in the spring of 1863 in the confederacy, most notably in the capital city of richmond, although it happens elsewhere as well. Spring 1863 timing here is crucial. We talked last time about the anaconda plan and the blockade. We are almost two years into the war. The blockade is now effective enough that it is getting difficult to find special commodities and key foods that cannot be grown locally through the south. That is one key factor. Another factor is that it is simply early spring and the food people stored in the fall and early winter as they were getting in their crops, they are starting to run out of it. The new things they planted in the spring have not come yet. There is always going to be a shortage of food that this particular moment. It is exasperated by elements of the war. As we will see in a moment. The richmond bread riot is primarily enacted by women. Women working in the factories of richmond who were shopkeepers, who were small producers. Smallscale farmers who lived on the outskirts of the city. They have a number of concerns. The smallscale farmers found it harder and harder to bring their produce into the market and sell it. The women working in the factories and shops cant get the food they need for their families. Their wages arent keeping up with the cost of commodities, as it is getting harder to find things. Most of their husbands are in the army, or there are a number of widows prominently involved in this. Their initial plan is to talk to the governor for help. Richmond is the capital of the confederacy, but also the capital of virginia. They get to the governors house early on the morning of april 2 and find out he already left to go to the capital. They march further into town. People join them. It gets bigger. It gets rowdier. People start going into stores and grabbing the food and clothes that were hard to get the start ofwas the protest anyways. It becomes destructive. They get to the capital and the president of the confederacy, Jefferson Davis, comes out and orders them to disperse. Tells them he is contemptuous of them. He tells them, go home to your families, do what women are supposed to do. They say we are trying to feed our families, this is what women are supposed to do. He throws gold coins at them and tells them they will be fired on by soldiers if they dont leave within five minutes. All in all, this is not good press for the confederacy. Richmond gets a lot of attention. This illustration comes from a northern newspaper mocking the women, showing them sending their husbands off to war early on, the southern belles and beautiful dresses, and after two years of war, they have become these sort of unattractive animal like women in the streets stealing food. There are riots elsewhere, bu but richmond gets the most attention because it is the capital and also because of how Jefferson Davis responded. Particularly the soldiers in the Confederate Army are not too thrilled when they hear the president suggested firing guns on women in the streets, some of whom might be their wives or sisters, who are just demanding food. The response from the government will be important. It doesnt look to a lot of people like the confederate government does anything in response, but that is not the case. We will see that as we move forward. But i want to go back to what leads up to this. What causes this particular crisis . What are the factors going on in the confederacy . Are deepevel, there roots in the agricultural the civilde prior to war. Nobody expected a civil war, so they were preparing for that. We talked about this effective projective slaveholding economy that created great wealth. People invested their money and energy in land and slaves and in the cash crops of cotton primarily, but also to a lesser extent, things like rice and sugar. In virginia, where we looked at some of that data, wheat being the key cash crop. A lot of energy put into getting crops to market quickly and shared quickly was focused on cotton and export rather than spreading food around the south. That was less of a priority because that was not where money was to be made. It was an economically logical decision in the 20 years prior to the war. It ends up being a problem because this war is going on and on and on. Nobody thought it would last or than a couple months. Here they are two years in, all these problems have begun to emerge. We will see fewer problems getting food to the people who need it in the United States, in the northern states, the union states, because there had been more effort put in the 1840s in processing food crops and preparing them for distribution and markets. We talked about the stockyards in chicago and wheat being brought in there and processed in huge quantities and shipped out. There is a mechanism that already exists for getting it to markets, slaughtered, turned into edible and distributable meet. There is a process that already exists from doing that that is very much in place that can be used by the United States army. The confederacy does not have thesimilar equivalent for distribution of food, because i had not been necessary before. They are trying to make up for that. They make up for it better than anyone was necessarily anticipating, but it is still not a perfect system. When we turn to the events of the war itself, where where the a key thing, we talked about the progress of the armies at the time, where were they at the time in 1862 . They are in virginia and tennessee and the upper Mississippi River valley. These are the places that grew most of the food, particularly the big wheat farms of slaveholding states were in these regions that are more morely invested, and have armies trampling through them far more often in the first two years of the war than some of the places that would have primarily been growing things like cotton and sugar. That is another key factor. I mentioned the blockade has started to be effective. Not keeping out everything by 1863, but it makes a difference in what people can get a hold of 10 how much it costs. Wealthy people might be able to get things, but the people involved in the bread riots are really going to struggle to get commodities. Not bread so much, but coffee, things that had to be imported into the confederacy. Two other key factors tied to policies set in place by state and National Government in 1862 to help the confederacy wage war, the first of which is conscription, the draft. The draft of the confederacy already began in spring of 1862. When they are facing that string of defeats in the mississippi theater, all of those things were leading up to a sense in spring of 1862 that the confederacy was struggling. The draft is part of that. What this does is take more men out of the field, out of the farm and puts them into the army. It sets in motion a process that by the end of the civil war, will put over 80 of adults and older teenaged white men into the armies. That is a huge number. Under any circumstances, it will be difficult to keep the home front economy going when you are pulling that massive portion of a population and putting it in the army. That process is not complete by the spring of 1863, but the draft existed for a most a year and is having an impact. Another thing that is having an impact on labor available, it is free black slaves and American Indian men to do work for the army. We heard about this with the guest lecture we had at the end of last month. These laws start at the state level. The state of virginia in fall of 1862, the state of North Carolina later in the fall of 1862, put laws in place to make it easier to gather and enforce slaveholders to give up their workers for several months at a time and send them to dig ditches, build fortifications, help build railroads do the , manual labor the army needs. That is going to pull more people out of the field. It starts in october when the harvest is going on. It continues into the spring and march when spring planting needs to happen. Those factors are reducing the number of people available to grow and maintain and harvest crops in many of those food producing areas of the confederacy, leading up to the bread riots. Another key factor in peoples ability to buy food if you live in a city and are not growing your own food, how you are getting it is you are buying it in your own local stores or from local producers. The cost of stuff is going up dramatically. Things are getting more expensive because of inflation. The confederacy prints massive amounts of Paper Currency. This gets underway in 1862 as well. By the spring of 1863, things are not looking great. This graph will show you the increase in the cost of gold. What it takes to buy a dollar worth of gold in confederate dollar bills. The real jump is a little bit later in the summer of 1863 and 1864. Yet innot quite there the spring of 1863 when the bread riots are happening. But it is starting. Prices are going up. I know its hard to see these very tiny dates. This midway point is the start of 1863. We are seeing things really starting to shoot up in costs. The value of that confederate Paper Currency is going down. There is just the states are printing their own currency. There is money everywhere. The more there is, the less it is worth. Which makes it harder to buy things, particularly for factory earners being paid in currency and their wages are not going up every time the inflation rate goes up. They are really struggling. That is another key factor in all of this. To put that inflation rate in more real terms, because not that many people are going around buying wool, there is a clerk in the Confederate War Department named john jones who every so often would write in his diary the cost of a barrel of flour. I went through and kind of picked some of the dates. And the cost of the barrel of flour. This is a barrel of flour going up in cost from 18, 20 before the war begins in january of 1861. The spring of 1863 its settled. That is a huge difference. Compared to where it is going, 500 a barrel by the end of the war. 40 does not seem so bad in comparison. In two years the cost of that barrel of flour has doubled and your wages have nowhere near doubled. This is a huge factor in peoples experience of the war. I said before that we often interpreted the federal governments response, the National Response to all of and thisnomic crises, is being insufficient, that they did not really do anything. Have seen it that way, why historians have seen it that way and why People Living through it saw it that way is because of the way they responded. They did things, but often their response was through National Policies and approaches that got implemented by local governments. They gave local governments pools or expressly told local governments to do things that would help mitigate some of this crisis. So they dont credit for having done anything. The county court, the county commissioners, the home guard put in place by the state, other locally available elected officials, or appointed officials are the ones doing these things. It doesnt seem like it is the confederacy, but often there is a National Policy behind that. What are some examples of confederate Economic Policy . One everyone knew was the confederacy. One they did not like was the tax and kind. Big surprise people dont want to pay taxes. No one ever wants to pay taxes. You have had that before. The confederacy has no national tax in currency or in gold. The tax in kind is a tax in what it is you produce. If you were a wheat farmer, it was a portion of your wheat crop. If you will raise hall export house, its a portion of your livestock. You are it is producing, it is a portion of your crops. Its for regularly scheduled collection on a certain day. They take your taxes and whatever it is you grow. If you are already struggling, if you live on the margins and your farm is just enough to make it, having to hand over 10 or 15 of the government is a big deal. Particularly if you were struggling before the war and your husband is away at the war, or you have been injured and are trying to keep things going, this tax can be a significant burden for people. This is a policy everyone knows is the confederate government and no one is happy about it. Another policy everyone knows of the confederate government that most people are not happy about is in precedent of stuff. Not just impressment of labor. We talked about slaves and free people of color, both africanamerican and americanindian being impressed. But the government is also supplies, food, wagons, harnesses, horses, mules, cows, whatever they need when they come through your community. There are two types of impressment. One is, the army is here. Its marching through your town, they will take what they need. Notices not a lot of that they are coming, necessarily. You pretty much have to give them what they are asking for. They will give you a receipt. The receipt is for confederate currency, which we already discussed is declining in value. People are often very unhappy about this. Sometimes they fight back. Sometimes they get arrested. Sometimes people are shot for refusing to hand over goods to the confederate authorities. It is a legal form of impressment, but it is unpredictable. Its kind of hard to know what will happen. The other form of impressment is these quotas that each community is expected. On top of your tax in kind, you are expected to hand over another portion of your stuff for impressment. In this case you get a receipt for reimbursement. Tax in kind, you dont get directly reimbursed. You get a government and an army. Impressment, you get promise of direct reimbursement. Sometimes you get paid if you live close to richmond. And you can go and the man payment, you can get it. Sometimes the local impressment agent will come back and bring your payment. This is one of these policies that is a National Policy. There are state laws and National Laws about this, but the work of doing it is done by local people. I have been studying this man named william lives in a county in central virginia, he was appointed. He was in the Confederate Army what they callnd detail, to do this work. He was part of a prominent family. He was a teacher at some point in his life. He was well respected in his community. This is important. You want someone who is well respected and seen as honest and they will keep good records of what they have taken. He spends the whole spring, summer, and fall traveling to traveling around his county, collecting information from people about what they are growing and producing so he can come back and collect corn, wheat, meat, things the army needs to function. And either provide payment or a receipt. He will collect it every so often on a boat he bought and richmond to hand over to the War Department. This is happening on a daytoday basis. We have this government intruding in your production on your farms on a daily basis. We will see a number of other state policies. I did not line them all up here. There are so many of them. Particular, because they are in the middle of it all of the time, enacts additional state laws that add to this. For example, in virginia they put their own spin on the conscription laws. The conscription law, which i mentioned, the conscription law for the confederacy says if you have 20 or more slaves, you get one exemption from conscription. There are a lot of rules placed on this. By the end of the civil war, confederate conscription covers all white men ages 17 to 55. But if you have 20 or more slaves, you get an exemption. You are supposed to use the exemption for the overseer, the owner, the person who maintains the farm or who runs the farm on a daytoday basis. The reason for this is, you have to keep feeding people. You have to keep the farm going. You cant keep the farms going if no one is making the slaves work. The conscription policy is designed to make sure there is someone on the ground making sure the slaves are doing the work and growing the food that the army needs to eat. What we will see is the states putting their own spin on conscription laws and saying if you dont grow a food crop as your primary crop, wheat, corn, you raise pigs or cattle, whatever it is, if you are not growing food out of your primary crop, you dont get the exemption. Because we need more food, we dont need more cotton in the last year of the war. Virginia reduces it and says if you have 15 or more slaves, you get the exemption, but you have to be growing food crops. Tobacco is out. We will see communities detail farmers. For someone who is a big reducer of crops who does not have enough slaves, the community will work with the confederacy and the person will be requested to be detailed. And sent home. So enlisted in the Confederate Army, he goes through training and is sent home and is told his job for the army is to grow food. And if needed he will be called up to fight, but he is probably more valuable growing the food. So there is all of these kind of tweaks on the policy. That is why we will see the numbers saying 90 plus percent of the white man in his community were enlisted in the Confederate Army. That does not mean they were all in army at the same time. Somerset home because their farmers or blacksmiths are doing jobs our home that are more necessary for the army the majority of the time than their service as soldiers. They can be called up if absolutely necessary at the last minute. So this is a problem, they are trying to grow more farms on the food so that people can keep eating. The wayso examples of that confederate government inserted itself into the daytoday life for every Community Across the south. We will see the War Department very directly take control of the big movers, movers of the railroads. Over time, the majority of railroads still operational not in United States territory by the end of the war are primarily controlled by the confederate government. Moving soldiers takes priority. Moving war material takes priority. But there is also an interest in making sure food gets distributed where it needs to go to keep the population going. The soldiers are constantly getting letters from their wives saying we will starve to death if you dont come home. Eventually you have a desertion problem. You need to make sure civilians have enough to eat. That will be a constant concern for the War Department. Salt is a surprisingly important factor in the confederate war experience, because it is the only way to preserve meat for a long time before refrigeration. You kill a chicken in the afternoon, no big deal. You kill a pig, that is hundreds of pounds of meat. You need to figure out a way to preserve it for the long run. The primary confederate ration is cornmeal and salted pork. So the army needs salt to take all of those hogs they have collected and preserved that meet for the soldiers. But they also need salt in order to preserve their own food. The people need salt to preserve their own food. There is a massive salt mine is virginia. A huge amount of Army Resources are put into this place in western virginia that, for the most part, is not near any of the battles. But it is heavily fortified. They are constantly sending slaves out to build rail lines to connect salt to the rest of the confederacy. You cannot preserve the fields if you dont have salt. Each state is put in charge of handing out salt rations to the people. The county governments are told you have a pound of salt per person. Were five pounds of salt per person. It varies depending on the season and how much my need to be preserved. Audited, sendbeen someone from your county to pick up your salt and make sure he gets distributed. This is another sort of industry that is being nationalized in that the process of distribution that is being handed back to local governments to make sure it happens. I have read through the correspondence of the governor. F virginia we will also see price controls put in place by congress. A big debate over what is an appropriate price for commodity because, in rich man, the prices had gone up much faster than other places in the country that are more from the conflict. Is a bigs a fair price subject of debate. When they put the crisis in place fair prices for government purchases. This is how much the Confederate Army will pay for these products. Or wheatts cornmeal or whatever, here is the confederate governments purchasing price. Able to charge ordinary civilians more, but this is what the government will pay. This is a problem for big producers because they are not making as much money as they could without those controls in place. But it ends up being helpful for Small Farmers and their wives who are struggling economically because the confederacy tells county governments they can also purchase at these government prices and distribute food to the wives and widows of soldiers who need it. It is an example of National Policy enabling local governments to meet the needs of the people. It does not look like the federal government doing anything, because its a local government giving you food. But they are only able to do that because of a federal policy put in place. Are there any questions so far . We have about 20 minutes left. I wanted to switch gears and talk about the United States and some of its policies. First of all its the only day we will have to talk about it. I wanted to provide some comparison points. What we will see happen is the republicans in the u. S. Are able to take control. In the aftermath of the election of 1860, they did not have a majority. But as 11 states left the united and thedemocrats left republicans became the majority in congress. And what they are going to enact looks an awful lot like what the whig party wanted in terms of the american system economic plan that the whigs wanted to put in place in the 1840s and never managed to. Some whigs have migrated to the republican party. They are going and up getting a lot of what they wanted because those things help the United States wage war. For example, a National Bank. We keep hearing about it. It keeps coming back and going away. Andrew jackson killed the second bank. The third bank is created as a way to help the u. S. Government better gather up the supplies of the countryside to have one functional national currency. To a bank, we are not just dealing with bank notes , they legislate the creation of legitimate paper money. Through something called the legal tender act, those printed u. S. Dollars during the civil war specifically say this bill is legal tender for all debts public and private. The confederate money is not legal tender. They print it, or at least not officially in this way. The government prints and authorizes it, but does not have the same statement about legal tender, so someone can say i do not consider this to be money. The u. S. Money says this is money and everyone has to accept it as such. The other thing that helps keep inflation under control is they enact a National Income tax in the United States. The Supreme Court rules it unconstitutional during the war. It does not outlive the war, but it helps balance the money going currency beinger printed of having some money come back in. Inflation in the u. S. Over the course of the civil war and up being about 75 . Which is a lot. That means something you buy costs seven times what it was before the war . Thewe are not going into 500, 800 times that they are going to the confederacy. Is hitting inflation 9000 officially by the end of the war. United states plan works a lot better than the confederate plan at keeping the economy going. Were also going to see that u. S. Congress has time to do other things besides wage war. That is also where some of this Old Whig Party comes up. Thatt a homestead act makes plans for settling the in a more sort of official form that had been happening. Specifically in giving small family farms plots of land. 60 acres. And can, overwest the course of five years, improve your farm. Clear some of the lan, plant your crops and build some sort of dwelling structure, then you get to keep that 60 acres for free. This does not work if you are indigent. You have to have enough money to get out west, to get supplies, to put a crop in the ground, it you dont have to buy the land. This is a way for people in that free labor ideology we talked about, to use their own resources to move up, and for the government to help them just a little bit to become independent land owners in the west. Popular in the northern states prior to the war, but the slaveholding states blocked it because they did not the little farms all over west that was going to prevent the spread of big plantations. We also see the Republican Congress pass the landgrant college act, which gives the states a way to fund the creation of universities. Of normal schools for teacher training, but of states, College State colleges and universities that will focus on agriculture and engineering. A lot of the public universities of the midwest in particular are funded through the creation of this landgrant college system. Landgrant meaning each state is given land in the west, in a territory they can sell to land speculators, two developers, to the Railroad Company and use the money to fund their school system. Congress is giving them money outright, they are giving the money in a way to do these things. We also see Congress Pass the Pacific Railroad act that allows for the creation of the transcontinental railroad. We talked about this in the 1850s being something everyone wanted, but a debate over where it was going to go and is this primary route going to end in a slaveholding area or nonslaveholding area . Most of the slaveholding states left and that debate was easier to settle in congress. We see the republicans in congress in the United States also creating this much more. Conomically active government it is the war that gives them the space to do this. ,o one would have signed on some of the republicans wanted it, it would have been very hard to get the National Bank act and the legal tender act through congress if the ward war had not made it necessary. The confederate government had that same experience and put it at a greater level, because they had to put all of their energy and resources into waging war and becoming that economically active government that had its hands in everything in order to feed the population, to feed the armies, to keep things going. The fact that it worked for as long as it did says a lot about how effective those systems were. While robert e. Lees army is having their successes in virginia, and we talked about them heading into pennsylvania in the summer of 1863 to give the Virginia Farmer some space to grow the crops that were then going to be collected on there by half a little bit later. All of those battles we talked about being at places of railroadstion, the and the river, is because there was food to gather and send and there was a mechanism for doing that that involved people all over the place in the confederacy. That is what i have for you for today. Any questions . Ok, i do want to take attendance as we are finishing up. Hang out. Dont go anywhere. You can begin to pack up your things. I just want to make sure i got everyone as you were coming in. Thanks so much. I guess we are going to finish early. You can watch lectures in history every weekend on American History tv. We take you inside College Classrooms to learn about topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. That is saturday at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern on cspan3. Cities tourns takes American History tv on the road to feature the history of cities across america. Here is a recent program. Rep. Price my district is in the triangle area of North Carolina in three counties. The county where i live