Story. 963, this woman sherry finkbine, a student, not her real name, was featured in a life magazine article. You see her in the article. The story was about a choice her family was facing. She was pregnant. Her husband had recently traveled to europe where he acquired a drug called thalidomide. The drug you see here behind me had not been approved for use yet in the United States of america and was available in many European Countries and used to treat a number of Different Things, anxiety, insomnia and nausea. Nausea here is key. So women began taking it to aleave morning sickness. And sherry finkbines husband had been in europe and acquired these pills and brought them back home for her and shes pregnant and takes 40 of them early on in her pregnancy. She and her husband did not know that thalidomide causes birth defects but then she writes an article about the drug and found out a little bit more and called her doctor and she started to learn more about what thalidomide can do, for developing babies, children, thalidomide can cause brain damage, damage to the eyes, nose, ears, face, and also severely damage the growth of limbs. In many cases, the children who had been affected by thalidomide do not survive at all. In england about half the that lid might babies born with defects died within a few months. Somewhere around 10,000 of these children were born in total we think. All across the world, mostly in western europe. So making this an incredibly dangerous drug before the problem was really discovered and the drug was later banned. So the issue here for sherry is this, so she has four children and she calls her doctor when she starts to learn about what the drug can do and her doctor says come on in. So she goes in and he starts to show her pictures of some of these children born to mothers who had taken the drug. And she says she remembered feeling like someone telling you your child has been run over by a truck. Her doctor recommended an abortion which was only legal in cases that might affect the mothers life to that point in time. So sherry and her family are faced with a choice. Do you have the child knowing his or her life might be incredibly difficult, provide an enormous financial burden on your family, an emotional burden as well for you and your other children, or that the child might not survive past a few months anyway . Or do you follow your doctors suggestion and go ahead and have an abortion . Is what sherry said, naturally, i had misgivings, there was life there. Do i have the right to take it . But is it life when you cant dress yourself, run, walk, dance, play games, have dates . If i had no choice i would have the baby but i have a way to prevent this tragedy, this sadness. But then something happened here that removed that choice. A panel of doctors said that she could not have a abortion in the state of arizona. And so at the end of the day, that meant she had to leave the country if she wanted to go ahead and have the procedure. Ultimately the details here are not as important as the bigger, broader concept, that the choice was not hers and her familys to make, it was the panel of doctors or it was the state that got to make that choice. So this is at the heart of the issue of much of what were going to talk about today. Who gets to make that sort of choice and how that changes. Should that choice thats incredibly difficult, ethical, moral choice be made by the family, by their doctor, by a team of doctors, by the government, by a group of people that dont even know the family perhaps . Who knows. Its not my job certainly to tell you how to make that choice or who should make it. I think thats between every family, their doctor, certainly perhaps their god. But what im going to talk about is how that process changed in the United States of america, ok . Thats much of what were going to do today. And of course this was part of a broader rights revolution in American Society that fundamentally changed American Society in the 1960s and 1970s. So weve been talking a lot about rights in the class and were going to sort of crescendo here with this rights revolution. One last sort of major change here. And one of the big differences between this and the Civil Rights Movement is this is a Rights Movement that is calling on an expansion of what rights actually are. So the Civil Rights Movement, if you recall, was largely about rights that were already guaranteed to africanamericans that simply were not being enforced, the 15th amendment, the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights act was largely about reconstruction amendments. This is about asking the constitution to be expanded to consider a different sort of rights. Thats what well talk about today as we close the book on the 1960s. O as a little generic 1960s colage here. 91960s were a complex decade and really famous and remembered in a very particular way. When you all think of the 1960s outside of this class or before the class, what do you think about the 1960s, what comes to mind and what comes to mind for Many Americans . Disco generation. Disco, dancing, movies. Civil rights. Yeah, civil rights. Obviously a huge part. Assassination, john f. Kennedy, 1963, certainly not the only one. Anything else . The sexual revolution of the 1960s. Yes, sexual revolution of the 1960s. Because we cover so much in this class, i teach a class on the 1960s itself but were going to try and cover this here in the next 40 minutes or so that we have. So the 1960s, generally speaking, one thing thats a big misconception is that it was revolution and chaos for everybody all the time. It certainly was not. For Many Americans the 1960s are basically this, a continuation of the 1950s. And especially early 1960s. So its an era of prosperity. The median Family Income in ,000 as 5,653, about 47 today. A position of mobile and socioeconomic class and an era of high employment. The Unemployment Rate for men was 4. 8 and for women it was 5. 4 . Consumerism and youth culture, suburban growth, rock n roll. When we think of the 1960s, people that think of Something Like woodstock as a major cultural event. But the hippies and counterculture didnt have anything on the actual cultural flash points. The three highest producing films the sound of music, 101 dalmations and the jungle book. Many of you have seen those movies. Disney dominates the 1960s because all the baby boomers going out and wanting to go to movies. More people saw the sound of music than went to woodstock. But of course as we talk about the 1950s did not work for everyone. The 1950s were good for many but had their problems for many other people. Racial limitations, jim crow in the south and housing segregation in the north. Poverty as we talked about before, 1 5 of all americans lived in poverty at the end of the 19 50s. Gender limitation. This is one well lean into today. Women simply did not have the same opportunities as men for employment and social advancement. There also were unique disadvantages women faced. And also conformity, boredom doesnt work for everybody. But the 196 0s were also characterized by this incredible sense of opt miss imand hope. The sense of optimism of the 1960s is really incredible. So people from all walks of life, even the most downtrodden and disadvantaged people, poor black southerners never had Voting Rights, for example, are so hopeful because of americas place in the world and the letic of many of its leaders. Some of the famous lines of the 1960s are dripping in the sense of hope. John f. Kennedy, january 21, 1961. Washington, d. C. , and i quote, i do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. The expansiveness that opt miss im. Martin luther king jr. , perhaps the most hopeful speech in history, august 28, 1963. I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream that one day every valley should be exalted and every hill an mountain shall be made low and the rough places made plain and the crooked places will be made straight aned glory of the lord will be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. Thats an incredible sense of opt miss immany people share. Weve had these moments weve picked some of these issues in the class and well stick to a new one today. A couple weeks ago we were talking about the Civil Rights Movement and how it worked and birmingham and the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights act, etc. Jim crow is dead and killed in the mid 1960s, a system that existed since the new south we talked about in the class. Black southerners can vote. The Civil Rights Movement did not solve all racial problems in america but did fundamentally change the nation and of course we should recognize that. Poverty. Great society, equal opportunity act, medicare and medicaid and help people susceptible to falling into deep debt because of their health care costs, housing grants, Higher Education grant which affects all of you today. The poverty rate declines rapidly in the 1960s. For some groups the 1960s is the definitive moment of the decline of poverty in the history of america. Help people go to schools, receive job training, etc. , and remains an enormous part of our society. The Great Society did not end poverty by any stretch of the imagination and of course thats one of the criticisms of it. But at the end of the day weve never gotten back to poverty like that in this country ever since then. So we have solutions already but lets look at some other issues and one that well focus on today here are gender limitations, right . Especially gender limitation for women. We talked about it in the 1950s right after the midterm. Womens domestic roles. Yall remember the kitchen debate . What was that kitchen debate about . Richard nixon and nikita crureb chef. Whats up with women in the kitchen . Talking about how in america the womens place is in the kitchen and how the products kind of like described the american household. Anyone want to add to that. Also focused how in america the children the woman was able to offer the children a safe place . Theres a notion that a womans place is in the kitchen with the children. And benign as it may seem in Television Shows and stuff like that, there are some real serious results and real serious problems. Look, its sheer sexism in some case. A lot of people believed women lacked the intelligence or talent or emotional stability to perform many of the same jobs as men. That women basically need a man to take care of them and manage the broader parts of their lives and then also they really dont have a broader role in society outside of rearing those children in the kitchen. And so again, they have real consequences here. Its not just sort of a moderate inconvenience, shucks, i cant go to law school but have a baby and its real discrimination that limits womens freedom and outcome and potential of their lives. In 1960, a Credit Card Company could refuse to give a woman a credit card simply because she was a woman. You have a credit card in your pocket today, its not always the case. Women could not serve on juries in every state. You could not get Birth Control in every state. A woman could be fired from her job for becoming pregnant. Women could not go to Many Ivy League law schools. Yale and princeton did not admit women until 1969. So consider the opportunities that all the men that go to those schools get, that women are just instantly blocked from. All those career paths, whatever that might be. Its not a amare stock recent and not competitive, its no women allowed cite literally. Women did not receive the same way as the men of course. In many states women by Legal Definition could not be raped by their thousands and could not unilaterally divorce their husbands. And legally many women did not have recourse for a dad or bad or dangerous marriage and hey were at a severe disadvantage if they couldnt leave or get a job and are trapped. And the restrictions, who gets into law school and who gets to become a doctor and who is promoted. General outright sexism that limited womens rights to rise in the same way as men. Many women especially at this moment when they from a generational shift, these baby boomers coming up and being told there are Endless Possibilities for all of you. They want better lives and not these artificial restrictions placed on their lives and want better opportunities than their mothers have had. So there are eliminations and progressive women in the 1960s launched a Civil Rights Movement of their own. Largely understood and called second wave feminism and referred to as womens liberation movement, second wave feminism because the first wave occurred in the progressive era and the female dominion and we talked about the changes that occurred in the 1910s. Second wave feminism is largely inspired by the Civil Rights Movement which inspire as host of movements that come after it. And people see what Martin Luther king jr. Are doing and say we have a problem with our group, with too, well launch the same movement and they use the same tactics, sitins, boycotts, marches. Many of the leaders were a part of the Civil Rights Movement before joining the womens liberation movement. But of course again, the idea of rights here is a little bit different. One thing thats different is that they seek to expand the idea of rights, not just say be true to what you said on paper like Martin Luther king jr. Said but actually, no, these are rights women should also have though theyre not explicitly guaranteed in the constitution already. So they build upon the leadership of older womens activists but are sparked by this injection of new energy, these baby boomers, this new sort of generation and this movement begins in the early 1960s and lasts roughly through the late 1970s and you can argue for days with people about when it actually ends, if its ever over, etc. , and we dont have time to get into that now. So the broad goals, second wave feminism are this and theyre pretty ambitious. Reproductive rights, end employment discrimination, so all of these limitation with jobs, one of the readings for today mentioned that less than 10 of doctors and attorneys in the early 1960s were women and any employment discrimination gained financial equity for a lot of obvious reasons but a lot of that has to do with access to freedom and mobility. Educational access. In these rules that restrict schools to being only for men. And then of course this cultural aspect, too, womens liberation. Free themselves of cultural norms and expectations that inherently constrict womens roles in society. And one thing weve got to understand here, too. This is not just a binary. Its not all women pushing for second wave feminism at all and talk about some of the women that are opponents of second wave feminism and there are plenty of male advocacies of second wave feminism, too. Lets start with reproductive rights by looking at the pill. So one of the most important inventions in modern American History and we dont think of it that way often because its not, you know steel or doesnt fly or shoot or anything like that, doesnt blow anything up but the pill is absolutely essential throughout much of the rest of the course and to this point of time in our own lives. In 1960 the f. D. A. Approved the pill for contraceptive use by the public. 1962, 1. 2 american women were on it. By 1963 it went up to 2. 3 million. By 1965, it was up to 6. 5 million. At that moment in 1965, it had become the most popular form of Birth Control for women in america. Of course many of you understand this quite well but the pillower as lot of benefits for women. Ok. It gives them more power over their reproductive lives and allows them to zreptly control the number of children they have. Its Birth Control thats effective and does not rely on a mans cooperation. And its not just for single women by any means. A lot of married women also take the pill because it enables them to take control of the size of their family. Thats not just a decision about how many babies you want to have but an economic decision and a Health Decision and certainly a labor decision if you think of womens roles in the household with the kitchen. More people would have used the pill but it was not legal everywhere. And i know thats hard for us to wrap our head around in our own day and age, right . The pill was actually outlawed in several states until 1965. Enter some of our activists, enter ellen griswold. Im sorry, Estelle Griswold who you see here on the right was the director of planned parenthood in new haven, connecticut. The state of connecticut had this old law, passed in 1879 that made it illegal to use a contraception or to assist in helping advise others how to use or access contraception. Based on the old law you could be finded and or receive a light prison sentence for helping people use contraception. With the support of planned parenthood, the national branch, griswold purposefully decides to challenge this law. She and a doctor at yale, they open up a Birth Control clinic that provides contraceptive services to married couples and in order to avoid the stigma of what it might mean to help single women, they choose to work with married couples. So they are of course charged with violating the connecticut state law and they decide to challenge that ruling based on the constitutionality of the law. It goes all the way up the ladder and all the way to the Supreme Court and in 1965 the Supreme Court rules in the favor of Estelle Griswold and her colleagues in griswold versus connecticut. Its based on the ninth amendment of the constitution though a lot of other amendments are invoked as well but its about individual rights. This is part of the ninth amendment says the enumeration and constitution of certain rights shall not be constructed to deny or disparage others to retain by the people. Basically means rights that are implied but not stated can also be rights. So the thinking behind this whole logic of deciding griswold versus connecticut is that it is individual couples should have the freedom and right to decide whether or not they are going to use contraceptives, not the State Government and not the federal government. Its about private family life. Thats who gets to make the decision. So its a major victory in terms of access to contraception and prevents states for forbidding the use of the pill and gives women married and unmarried greater access to Birth Control and serves as the forerunner to roe v. Wade which of course is much more famous. In 1970, a woman with the fictional name of jane roe filed a lawsuit against henry wade, the District Attorney of Dallas County texas over the antiabortion law in that county. Before roe, abortion was, as i mentioned the start of class today, was widely illegal unless you could have a panel of doctors essentially write you a note or approve of an abortion in cases that were needed to save the life of a woman. So that does not mean, of course, women did not have abortions. Women with access to doctors had abortions off the books, others went to underground providers because they were so desperate which of course could be incredibly dangerous. Part of the protests surrounding reproductive access focused on basically saying abortions are going to happen anyway, its better if they occur above ground as opposed to underground. We know throughout the course of American History that women are going to have abortions. Its going to happen whether or not theres an open market for it or not. If they were legal perhaps it would be safer is one of the arguments that activists are making. 1953, sexologists at indiana conducted a survey of women and found that 22 of married women had an abortion. And of course the data is part of the kenzie reports and kenzie studies. The data is incredibly flawed and we dont know a way to check it and we dont know because of the nature of it. But clearly some women were having abortions and wasnt something people talked about openly with their friends all the time. These things were sort of hidden. Of course people were having them for a number of different reasons. Financial reasons, maybe not with their partner anymore and had too many children already and had bad timing, fetal anomalies, the health of the mother. The baby may not live. When we have these conversations we tend to focus on the extreme cases but every single case back then like it is now is individual. Every single case is hard and should be hard. What roe vs. Wade did in 1973 was it decided similar to griswold versus connecticut is it was not up to the government to make these decisions for women. So in the final decision the court they spoke of a number of different precedents including griswold versus connecticut which was created 10 times in the final roe decision and im quoted from the decision of roe v. Wade. The right of the individual married or single to be free from unwarranted government intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child. And of course they ultimately conclude, and i quote, that right necessarily includes the right of a woman to decide whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. In terms of a legal matter, all these ethical debates we have about abortion today, you all saw of course the protests that were out on polk place a couple weeks ago . How many of you saw those . Obviously theres a lot of conversations happening out there. Theyre using a certain sort of tactic. But legally its not about morality or religion. Its just not. Theres a question that individuals certainly have to deal with but when roe v. Wade was decided, its a question of choice and authority. Its a question of who gets to make this incredibly difficult choice. Who has the authority to make this incredibly difficult choice . Its not about what those people think. The law as it stands today is about what individual actors think. Anybody have any questions so far . Ok. Something thats an incredible coincidence id say is not many people realize this but roe is decided on the same exact day former president lyndon b. Johnson died in texas, january 22, 1973. So heres the headline for the Washington Post on that particular day, lyndon b. Johnson dies at 64. And then Supreme Court allows for early stage abortions. Of course theyre also talking about the vietnam war at the same time. Pretty big news day. Lets move on to employment discrimination. So the 1964 Civil Rights Act when it was passed to sabotage the act a couple legislators who were against the act decided to insert a gender clause thinking that would sort of cause a lot of people to basically not vote for the act. That backfired, the act got passed anyway but it also in terms of what it did for race which we talked about in class, it also made it illegal to discriminate based on sex. And so initially a lot of womens organizations are pretty optimistic this will be enforced. But when it is not, of course, a group of women in 1966 found an Organization Called the National Organization for women. So now n. O. W. , is founded in june of 1966 at the third annual conference of commissions on the status of women in washington, d. C. By its first major organizational meeting in 1966 it is still pretty small and had about 300 members but by the early 1970s had grown to roughly 40,000 members and the primary purpose is to create pressure to enforce to pressure local governments and the federal government to enforce title 7 of the Civil Rights Acted which made it illegal to discriminate based on sex as well as race. So theres this legislative basis thats there already. Can you challenge the law based on what you already know is going on. They just have to go out and sort of prove it. Theyre going to fight legally for women in terms of job discrimination, housing discrimination, College Admission discrimination and so on and so forth. So even beyond that they expand more fully. There are lobbyists and deliver speeches and take part in demonstrations and they vote of course and conduct boy comes and invoke politicks to make sure title 7 is enforced. One of the first things they do and theyre pretty successful right away is they help fight sex segregated help wanted ads in local new york city papers. So a lot of the help wanted ads would say we want a man for this job and a woman for this job quite explicitly discriminating and they helped fight against that and got that removed from the new york city papers. They are also the first National Organization to publicly endorse the legalization of abortion. In 1968, now member Shirley Chisholm is the first black woman elected to congress. Most of their contributions are sort of after the 1960s, the equal credit act, title ix, proving employment discrimination and they win thousands of women back pay, that sort of thing. Theres a big sort of watchdog against gender based job discrimination and a vanguard of second wave feminism. Second wave feminism has a number of cultural and intellectual goals. Theres a series of different protests where people show up to talk about Different Things happening in society that are problematic for women. Ok. They want to expand this idea of women beyond not only just sort of homemakers, wives, mothers, that sort of a thing but also beyond that of just sheer sex objects. Heres an image of women protesting outside the 1968 miss America Pageant in atlantic city, new jersey. This pageant is going on, youve seen the miss America Pageant and understand what its largely about. Theres different talent contests and that but a lot of it is the women march across stage in a variety of outfits. These women showed up in 1968 to protest. You all see here in terms of their protest and this tactic, i wonder what you make of that. Whats the argument here . Theyre proceed festing the dehumanization of women at miss america. Good observation. Hat do you make of this . Physical attribution versus the mind pretty much. A little too far you think or what do you think . So this chart, you all have to see a hart, you go steak and the woman is like a cow reduced to the differentthea major problem with the culture of the miss America Pageant. Of course, this is just one of many different protests. They want to really see them as more complete people versus this versus the miss america protest. It is covered in every Major National publication and gets this incredible backlash. People are like, these are beautiful women, they are doing their thing it is an enormous , controversy. This is what we are seeing. We are seeing more open, direct protest against the depiction of women in more traditional ways. Think back to some of the ads we talked about. Of course, they are protesting some of those as well. A lot of this action leads people to be more careful about the way women are depicted in magazines and advertisements. That is not an issue that we have moved entirely beyond. Get expanded access to programs that help women intellectually, especially for college campuses. The department of womens studies opens in 1976. All over the country, you get womens departments opening. They also protest and call for what is known as the equal rights amendment. The late 1960s, womens rights activists gain some ground here in terms of adding a new amendment to the constitution that deals specifically with sex discrimination. The equal rights amendment, the e. R. A. For short. This idea is pretty old actually. This idea had gone back to the 1920s. It was revived in the 1960s by the National Organization of women picking up this fight that once again called for the equal rights amendment. Supporters of the equal rights amendment argue that the constitution needed a unique amendment that dealt specifically with gender and sex discrimination. Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1973 argued, and i quote the equal rights amendment in sum, would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women, it firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable. Instead, he looks toward a legal system in which east each person will be judged on the basis of individual merit and not on the basis of an of birth thatait bears no relationship to need or ability. Of course, the e. R. A. Was not universally popular. It meant a great deal met a great deal of resistance and one of the most important figures is this woman. She is a longtime conservative from st. Louis, missouri. Born in 1924. She was a graduate of Washington University in st. Louis. She also has a masters degree in government. She also had a law degree from Washington University in st. Louis. She has three college degrees. She is an incredibly exceptional woman in terms of her education. One of the issues that are so interesting is, much of what women are arguing for, she has already achieved. Going and getting a law degree from Washington University was not normal for a woman born in 1924. Yet she uses this same Educational Achievement to become this enemy of the equal rights amendment in the 1960s and 1970s. We will talk about her more on wednesday. She will come back up. She has a lot of different thoughts about equal rights, sex discrimination, Sexual Harassment in the workplace. She becomes famous in the 1970s as a leading critic of second wave feminism. She says that a womans role is in the home. And that the 1950s system, this idea behind the kitchen debate that we just talked about she said thats how it should be and it was great for women and families to have this status. Where you could enjoy all the modern appliances, enjoyed the safety, a unique role that women had in the house provided for them not only by their husbands but the american system of capitalism. She did not think that women need to work and need to worry about equal rights in the workplace. She doesnt think that women who have children who are married need to work. She says that a lot of the problems described by the second wave feminists are not legitimate concerns. For example, she has a particular view of Sexual Harassment. She says Sexual Harassment on the job is not a problem for virtuous women. She suggests that the women who have been sexually harassed experience it because they dress in a provocative manner but that if you are a christian woman who dresses conservatively, you dont have that problem. She also accuses second wave feminism of being antimale and accuses it also of being a path toward homosexuality. And her most direct battle is against the equal rights amendment. She founded in organization named stop taking our privileges. She argues that women have this protected status and equal rights amendment would undermine that status. She says it would expose women to the military draft, which would make the American Military weaker. She says it would hurt families by nullifying widows benefits and lead to genderneutral bathrooms. One of her predictions. She is not alone. A lot of labor organizers at Different Companies say it would undermine gender specific laws. Ultimately, the e. R. A. Is never passed. The house passed in 1971, the Senate Passed it the following year and equal rights amendment in part read the equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex, but what happened was not enough states ratified the amendment to be added to the constitution. There was a period in which the amendment would expire. Not enough states ratified and it was defeated as the deadline was expired. We do not have an equal rights amendment today despite a good bit of energy at first. We do have some good results from second wave feminism. 1963, the equal pay act from connecticut, the National Organization of women, Shirley Chisholms election to congress. The first woman elected to congress was in 1970. 1917. A woman from the state of montana where a lot of women could vote before they could in other parts of the country. Roe v. Wade is seen as a great victory for second wave feminism. 1974, the equal credit act, which ends this discriminatory practice of denying credit based on gender and race. And of course womens studies courses and departments, many of you will encounter those in your time here are a direct outcome of second wave feminism. Of course, it does not solve every problem that women face in our society but it is a major leap forward as a new generation is emerging. One of the things that i think is so interesting today is the way this conversation is still happening. The fight for the equipment equal rights amendment is not over. This is a picture from march 2017. There were marches all over the country. This year and next year, people are still calling for the equal rights amendment. Of course, like i said, this goes back to the 1920s. It really picked up in the 1960s. People are still calling for it. Of course, women in recent years have organized in levels we have not seen. The 1960s. Since january 21, 2017. More than 5 Million People participated in the womens march across the United States. We will talk more about that but i want to talk about it in the scope of the 1960s as a direct continuation of some of the things that people were advocating for. Reproductive rights, the e. R. A. , job discrimination, the pay gap. Many of the same issues, even though there were some victories, people are still fighting for those things today. The most interesting thing about recent demonstrations, we will talk about why this happens but the womens march that occurred , 2017, was the largest civil rights demonstration in the history of the world. It is a big number, in the news all over the place. You have 130 women in congress now. Well get back to this in class. The same time this is happening, second wave feminism is rising, we also get the gay Rights Movement. We havent talked a lot about it. We just havent had the room in this class. But homosexuals and transgender people had been repressed for the entirety of American History, as you know. Some specific details, homosexuality was often seen as an illness or a crime. You could be whisked off to a Psychiatric Hospital or thrown in jail for being a sick type being suspected of homosexual activity. They were classified as sexual deviance. Along with child molesters and rapists. Homosexuality was designated a mental disorder by the american psychiatry association. In all states, sodomy, which directly targeted homosexual behavior was illegal in some states. There was specific legislation targeting homosexuals. And then of course there is discrimination. Lgbtq people see discrimination all over society in many of the same ways that women and africanamericans and people of other minority races had. 1953, the Eisenhower Administration barred gay people from federal jobs. The fbi kept a list of people it suspected to be homosexual. Lgbtq people were subject to employment and housing discrimination. And of course they were constantly harassed, Police Reading gay bars, beating people up, harassing them. They were subject to extraordinary violence. Were gay, you could not live openly in many parts of america. People tended to congregate in cities such as new york or San Francisco where you have a more closeknit community. On june 20, 1969, police entered a gay bar named the Stonewall Inn in new york city and police were there to raid the bar. This happened all over the country. Police raiding gay bars for various reasons, sometimes they they would beat people up, sometimes they stole money, confiscated booze. This sort of behavior is happening at stonewall in 1969, strongarming this woman who was a lesbian. She basically said, what are you going to do about this . Can i get some help here . The patrons of the bar start to openly resist the police officers. They dont necessarily pull out guns and point them back at them but they start to resist the arrest. We start trying to escape into the street, push back on the police officers. As one patron observes, we all had a collective feeling like we had enough of this kind of shit. The uprising led to a general resurgence in gay rights and visibility. It is huge news all over the country. It is not the first of these by any stretch of the imagination. There was something similar in San Francisco in 1966. It had this heightened awareness because of the cause linked to gayrights. Things start to happen in the month they mediate the after. Month immediately after the famous stonewall uprising. There is this whole wave of activist gay newspapers across the country. Organizationsnt such as the gay activist alliance. The first pride parade in new york, chicago, San Francisco. They occur on the anniversary of stonewall. Part of whats happening visit happening here, it is a gayRights Movement that was a bit more dormant. There were communities who always knew who each other wear. It was dangerous to be part of it, but it is coming more out in the open after stonewall. What we have here are many allies start to participate, especially in pride parades and marches and we get a bunch of firsts that occur in the 1960s and the years after stonewall. We start to get openly elected gay officials. The first was in ann arbor, michigan. Harvey milks famous campaign, the city supervisor of San Francisco. In 1975, a gayrights bill is introduced to congress. It failed, but it was introduced in congress. 1974, the American Psychiatric association changes their conclusion that homosexuality is a mental illness. 1974, the American PsychiatricAssociation Says homosexuality is not a mental illness. Wisconsin became the first state to ban discrimination based on Sexual Orientation and many of these debates continue well into our present day. Were going to wrap up. The 1960s as a whole. Think about it as a whole. We have been thinking about this for several weeks. Think about taking all this in. We really started this lecture right before midterms. With john f. Kennedy, cold war and the whole thing. But it is this benign and stable for most people. It is an era of incredible dramatic change. Americo looks so much different on the other end of the decade. We talked about the Civil Rights Movement, Great Society, vietnam war, all of the protests. Womens liberation. We didnt have time in this class but there are all sorts of different power movements. Different groups who had not had their goals satisfied by the Civil Rights Movement start their own power movements and it is not just black power. Black power is the most famous. We also get the American Indian movement, asian bit from Asian American movements from california. Hispanic movements all over the west. West. All sorts of new freedoms that people gained through the 1960s. The issue of counterculture. We did not talk about hippies a lot, but you all know what the hippies are. Mostly, it was just growing your hair out and wearing colorful clothing. For other people, it was taking acid in writing around in a bus. Riding around in a bus. Then there is all this chaos and confusion. It is not as benign and peaceful as many people remember the 1950s to be. And then of course there are the deaths. President kennedy is shot and killed. All the People Killed fighting for the Civil Rights Movement. We talked about birmingham. The three missing workers in mississippi. And then of course all of the People Killed in vietnam. American shoulders, innocent vietnamese civilians. People are consuming incredible quantities of death in the news. On april 4, 1968, Martin Luther king jr. Is shot and killed in memphis and on june 6, robert f kennedy, john f. Kennedys little brother, who had announced a run for president against lyndon b. Johnson, killed in california while campaigning for president. I want to share as we get to the end a letter written by one north carolinian to his senator in the summer of 1968. Just 12 days after Bobby Kennedy was shot in california. It is written by a white man in north carolina. And i quote. I am sick of crime everywhere. I am sick of riots. I am sick of poor people demonstrations. In parentheses, black, white, red, purple, green or any other. I am sick of the Supreme Court ruling for the good of a small part rather than the whole of our society. Im sick of lack of law enforcement. Im sick of vietnam, sick of hippies, lsd, drugs and all the promotion the news media give them. A lot of people at the end of the 1960s are wondering what happened to this . You recall after the midterm, Richard Nixon ended world war ii coming home to a comfortable house, comfortable life. Wife, children, dog, whatever happened to this . Is awe are going to see backlash. The different changes in the 1960s, some more specific than others. There were parts such as the revolution and the end of jim crow and other parts such as roe v. Wade, second wave feminism that people do not accept. On wednesday, we will pick up with the 1968 election, where we get another thirdparty challenger. Guess which one it is. The deep south once again says to hell with the democratic and republican parties and goes back to another thirdparty. We will talk more about that on wednesday. Any questions . Student ive got a comment. My wife graduated from high school in 62. She could not fly to carolina because of virginia. Student what made the vietnam war and the late 50s not as severe as it was taken during the 60s . Prof. Sturkey just a number of troops that the u. S. Had going. The draft was not fully instituted until like 1965 so there were a lot of advisors. The United States had people in vietnam. The cia is in vietnam. The sheer number of people going. It did command a lot of peoples attention. Anything else . All right. Great. I will see you on wednesday. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] announcer listen to lectures in history on the go by streaming our podcast anywhere, anytime. Watching American History tv only on cspan3. Announcer tonight on q a, Real Clear Politics Washington Bureau chief carl cannon discusses the history of super tuesday primaries and caucuses, and provides a peek at what to expect from march 3 super tuesday 2020. Even one third of the delegates will be at the Democratic Convention in milwaukee. That will be chosen on tuesday. And we will not know all of them. California will take a while to count. But you start to think about in a crowded field, if one person can win most of those states, the advantage they have may be insurmountable. Announcer watch tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspans q a. President trump past leaders led to china plunder the United States economy t