ok. before we get too far. i'm going to start with the first slide here. this is a political cartoon from tuft magazine in 1899. it says school begins. uncle sam to his new class in civilization. now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not. but just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are. all right. so it might be hard for you to see, but the students are labeled cuba, puerto rico, hawaii and the philippines. and these are supposed to be students that are named for the states that were already part of the united states. and if you look in the back this is supposed to be an african-american cleaning the windows, an indigenous student and this is supposed to be a chinese student that are excluded entirely. at this point we are already into the exclusion of chinese immigration. this is what's summing up the stuff we're going to talk about in this class some of background. let's do the definition of colonialism. so mason, can you remind us the definition of colonialism that we're using in the class. mason: colonialism is when a power exploits the lesser power 's -- power and uses the lesser power's resources to strengthen and enrich the greater power. prof. edwards: we all remember, right? and this is a class about empire. so nations that engage in colonialism are empires. that's what we're talking about today. then you know last class we talk about progressivism, right? we talked about progressivism as a movement to solve problems. what i'm talking about today is happening simultaneous to them. ok? simultaneous. so this is part of that progressive movement we were talking about, and you'll see some of the same people we talked about last class. so, some of these are presidents we're going to mention in this class. and i listed them here to have for easy reference. remember teddy roosevelt, one of the progressive presidents we spoke about in the last class. let me give you some context. by the end of the 18th century, this is a period of significant imperial competition. empires competing with each other to gain power, to gain more colonies, and then gain the resources and wealth that came from that. all right? so an era of competing impyres. -- empires. empires are competing for power, and access to the resources and wealth that come from that. all right. during most of that period, the united states was not a nation that had external colonies, right? however, had the united states been engaged in colonialism all that time? right. so american colonialism had been focusing on indigenous people, and of course, we want to go back to the 1840's, focusing on mexico, etc. ok. so americans are colonizing but they're doing it on the north american continent. by the 1890's, this is a significant decade for what we're talking about today. by the 1890's, a couple of things. the growth of industrial capitalism had caused lots of problems. you remember progressives are trying to solve those problems. we went through a whole list of them in the last class. you remember that. there's a whole lot of other lists of class that americans are living in a divided society. they're divided still with sectional differences. from the civil war. there is political divide. there are class divides. there are racial and ethnic divides. it's a highly divided society. and you know, those divides are causing problems. i'll get back to that in a second. also by the time we're into 1890, one famous historian proclaimed that the american frontier was closed. what he was referring to was indigenous land was for the most part by that time colonized. do you remember when we talked about the doll's act, a lotment, boarding school, etc. there's not a lot of indigenous land left to colonnists. -- to colonize. will americans stop colonizing or will that colonize somewhere else? that is what we are talking about today. by the 1890's, the production is greater than american consumption. american production is greater than consumption. so this means americans have surplus goods. and that will in part contribute to the panic of 1893. you remember panic's are economic depression? right, this is the second big one i talked about this semester. it's about 20 years since the last one we talked about. this is happening fairly frequently. up to this time, this is the biggest economic depression in u.s. history. so it was terrible, ok? this is a really severe, last four years, severe economic depression. ok. severe economic depression. that's a big problem, right? i think i've told you in the past that it's not uncommon in american history that in the wake of panics, americans often look to colonialism as a way to open up new resources to stimulate the economy. should we expect similar responses here? yes. ok. one of the things -- do you remember there was a class where we talked about what worked and who was doing it were changing? this is particularly true for middle and upper class people , especially men. increasingly american men are doing office jobs, which doesn't sound all that bad. many of you dream of having an office job. but for many people, masculinity has long been built in the united states on physical attributes and on skill in war. and the last major war that americans had engaged in was the civil war, which was decades past by now. so, this is not an overwhelmingly large group, but it is full of elites who are very loud. so one example is teddy roosevelt who talked about this at length. one example, i put this quote already for you. he said in a publication in 1897, there are true influences that work to shake the vitality, courage, and manliness of the race. if we lose our manly qualities and sink into a nation mere huckssters putting gain above national honor and subordinating everything to mere ease of life, then we shall indeed reach a worse than that of the ancient civilization in the years of their decay. so, civilizations decay. in many ways he will advocate publicly that war is a way to restore the supposed valued characteristics of american men and to preserve the nation of -- in the future. he's going to be one of the people that would advocate that war is good for those who are in military service. this list here i have in brackets. these are some problems going on by the 1890's. all right. so what's the solution to them? katy, can you read us a paragraph from page 29 in our robertson reading? katie: americans drew a line and dared them to cross it. they separated themselves from danger. they gather thared friends behind the line by definition. those on the other side of the frontier were enemies. they expected response to the drawing of a line was a violent effort to cross it. and the line was a dare, a challenge which had to be accepted. the accepted response to the vie -- the violation of such frontier line the american was not fighting merely for a boundary or for a piece of territory but for a primary distinction between american -- between americans and others. but what was at stake in the drawing of the lines, and the establishment of frontiers was identity, personal communal and national. inside that americans belong. inside the line was the community of the american nation. prof. edwards: ah, you don't know how much i love the section of robertson. robertson talked about drawing lines. and in drawing lines, americans reinforce their identity because they are behind the lines and the enemies of frontiers on the other side. we just said the frontier is closed, right? so where will these lines be drawn to bring people together? there are some people who think that the biggest problem facing americans in this period is a unified national identity. and some will argue that the way to bring americans in a unified national identity is war with someone else. and in this period of emperial -- imperial competition, wars were often in the effort to expand colonies. and that's what americans are going to do. ok, so war for colonial expansion will unite americans together in their effort to build that empire, but as you know, colonialism always has a cascading series of problems that come with it. that's what we're going to talk about today. two other things that i want to point out. this idea that colonialism can be a solution to problems if some. where will this colonial effort look to? it's going to be in places that are tied to the united states by sugar. i have already put this slide on canvas. so the united states and sugar were intimately tied in this period. by 1900, u.s. annual consumption was 2.66 million tons. five times the amount consumed in raw sugar was 12% of all u.s. 1866. imports, the single largest import in the u.s. economy. but 12% isn't an overwhelming number, right? so sugar is par of the overall -- is a part of the overall american economy, but but as a single unit, it's the biggest. 19% of sugar was supplied by u.s. producers. that means most of the sugars that americans are consuming are not made by americans. where is it coming from? it's coming from sugar islands. ands in this order, the sugar -- and in this order, the sugar islands where americans got most of their sugar in this period, ok? in this order. these are the primary suppliers, cuba in particular supplied half of all u.s. sugar at this time. in these islands their economies are dominated by sugar exports and those islands boomed and busted depending on frequently changing tariffs. if tariffs were lowered they could sell a bunch of sugar in the united states. then consume american goods. but if that tariffs were high they had trouble. and that was bad for the economy. i'm going to come back to this in a couple of minutes. andhtened tariffs plunged -- an island into depression and often caused political unrest within it. i'm going to give you some examples of this in a second. ok. so sugar is going to be the big unifying commodity that's going to tie this colonial era together. second, beginning in the 1880's, congress started allocating money to rebuild the u.s. navy. this is going to be critical. you cannot have an empire in this period in world history and not have a powerful navy. so you could argue that americans started laying the groundwork, congress started laying the groundwork in the -- groundwork for u.s. empire in 1880's when they started to rebuild their navy. it's going to be critical success. no powerful navy, no empire. how is colonialism justified? with the -- not with that. the civilizing mission, ok? justified with a civilizing mission. so the people that are colonized are supposedly what? >> lesser. prof. edwards: somehow lower in the hierarchy. as you know, layered over that in this period is the racial hierarchy, and then also some people were supposably less fit to survive based on -- at the end of the robertson reading. social darwinism. good. social darwinism. you're going to see all of those same justifications used here. ok. so here's my first example of this colonial period. we're going to start with hawaii. if you haven't seen a map lately, it's still in the same spot. it's about halfway between the pacific coast of north america and the pacific coast of asia. hawaii. native hawaiians were excellent farmers. native hawaiians were excellent farmers. they were highly productive farmers. so when colonizers arrive in hawaii starting in the 1770's. and when colonizers arrived, they are going to find. productive farmland. -- find very productive farmland. being farmed by the native hawaiians who live there. however, -- this slide is also on canvas. i'm going to go through the list, and i'll explain them as i go. another thing that happens is when colonizers get there they're visiting hawaii on larger trade routes. so you see people predominantly americans coming from the pacific northwest where they're engaging in for and hide trade, traveling to china. and as they stop along that trade route, they often would stop in hawaii. it is a place where they could get food. a place where they can resupply their ship. it's a long journey. it's a rest along the way. by the time we're into the early 1800's, hawaii is a stop in trade networks. hawaii was also an island rich in sandalwood, which is valuable in the chinese trade at the time. you have fur traders that would be bringing furs and hides and they would also pick up sandalwood and travel the rest of the way to china. also by the time we are into the late 1800's, a super lucrative industry was the whaling industry. hawaii was one of the place -- the places where they would stop and resupply their ships, rest, etc. so it's a big stop in whaling trade at the time. all right. by the time we're into the 1820's, this is when you see the arrival of u.s. missionaries. so, u.s. missionaries are spreading across both america, north america, and other parts of the world at the time. and missionaries are coming to do this work. they're bringing the missions to place they visit. and they intended to stay. they were coming to do this work long-term. and with them will come other settlers, mostly americans. and they're arriving because they know this is super productive agriculture land. they're arriving because this is super productive agricultural land. this is a story we could tell. we're telling it about hawaii. but we could tell the same story about kansas. you see missionaries arriving. then you see agriculturalists arriving. and this is an example of settler colonialism. what does settler colonialism need native people to do? go away, right? so the settlers can possess their territory. the interesting thing is native hawaiians were aware that this was probably happening and was going on pacific islands all across the region. and they were well-studied in the systems of colonialism practiced by the british, the americans, and the french at the time. in the 1840's and the 1850's, the hawaiians are reasonably fearing invasion. other pacific islands are being invaded and colonized. they were trying to figure out ways they could protect themselves. one of things they were pressured to do by plantation owners and missionaries was divide up hawaii into individually owned pieces of land. because, of course, outsiders would feel that would be a way they could buy land. the reason why the native hawaiians will adopt this system of land ownership is that they knew in systems of colonialism, usually if the native people have a system of private property before the colonialization they would retain that property after colonization. so they adopted a system of private property. will foreigners be able to buy land? yes, but will native hawaiian also be able to own land if -- that they can preserve it long-term if they're ever permanently invaded? yes. and this is what they do. they implement systems of government land reform. this is what they do to protect themselves long-term in terms of landownership. ok. so then what happens? u.s. civil war. during the u.s. civil war there is increased sugar production. you see sugar production in the united states disrupted. americans in hawaii start producing more sugar because there is this market that opens up during the civil war. so american plantation owners that have moved to hawaii to do this work. this is when the hawaiian economy will become increasingly dominated by sugar. the problem is selling hawaii sugar in the united states involved having to pay tariffs. and having to pay tariffs cut profits that american plantation owners can make. so in 1875, there's a u.s. commercial treaty between hawaii and the united states so that hawaiian sugar can come into the united states without tariffs. this is a big boost to profit. all right. this is a big boost to profit and as a result they expand production. because they expand production so significantly, in the next decade they will recruit almost 60,000 japanese and chinese to come work on the hawaiian islands in sugar plantations. and it is then that hawaiian s become outnumbered in their homeland. ok. so they're now outnumbered by foreigners in hawaii. about a decade later when this treaty is renewed, the u.s. requires a naval base in hawaii, pearl harbor in honolulu. remember, this coincides with the. when the united states is rebuilding the navy. is goingg the navy along with having access to ports in foreign places. and hawaii will be one of them. all right. a couple of things happen in the 1890's. in 1890 congress increased tariffs on hawaiian sugar. this is bad for americans in hawaii making sugar. so what you see happening is a major disruption to their economy, 1890 to 1893, americans with u.s. military support from pearl harbor, overthrew the native hawaiian leader at the time. and the president at the time, president harrison, supported adding hawaii as territory in the united states. however, congress doesn't get it done before he leaves office. the next president opposes it. and hawaiians locally opposed it. however, they opposed it peacefully. they knew that if they used violence to prevent an american invasion, if an american invasion took place, they would then be deemed enemies and they wouldn't be allowed to keep their property. not only would people die, but their access to property would be under mined. that do not violently resist. in 1898 president mckinley will support and congress will annex hawaii. i put this". annex is almost always the word that you hear people use to describe how hawaii became par t of the united states. annexed means acquired without war. annexed generally means acquired without war. would native hawaiians agree that this was a peaceful transition? no. they would certainly view it as hostile and aggressive. annex is a word that comes from the colonizer's point of view. not the colonized' pointed of -- people's point of view. i will explain what is happening in july 1890. so hawaii. hawaii went from being a trade colony to a settler colony. and that settler colony would be part of the settler's empire, the united states. that is how it worked in kansas. that's how it worked in hawaii. same process. ok. what's going on in 1898 that makes hawaii part of the united states officially? all right. what's going on there -- this is the slide i showed you. remember the sugar slide i showed you? i just want to remind you of that last point. heightened tariffs in the u.s. plunged an island into depression and often caused political unrest. in hawaii, the political unrest was among american plantation owners. sometimes the political unrest will be from a different population. and that is what we will see in cuba. if you haven't looked at the map lately, here is cuba. here's florida. here's cuba. cuba had been part of the spanish empire basically since columbus had arrived. for quite some time at this point. we've talked about cuba is predominantly in sugar, also in tobacco production. it is a huge sugar producer at the time. however, sugar prices in the world are declining in the late 1800's. so that is bad for cubans, ok? sugar prices are declining by the late 1800's. and everything gets worse in 1894 when the united states raises tariffs on cuban sugar. in 1894 the united states congress raises tariffs on cuban sugar. so that means they'll be able to sell less sugar in the united states. is everybody with me here? yes, rebecca, etc.? good? ok. 1894, united states raises tariffs on cuban sugar. and the response was, cuban resistance to spanish colonization. that starts in cuban people have 1895. been trying to declare themselves independent from the spanish at this point for decades. economic95 the situation is desperate. therefore the spanish used increasingly brutal tactics. so the spanish use concentration camps for cuban resisters. what usually happens to people in concentration camps? >> they die. prof. edwards: yes, they die. some say hundreds of thousands of cubans died in these camps. it's very deadly. this is also widely reported in u.s. newspapers at the time. so americans were well aware of this and americans actually identified with this because to many americans this sounded like u.s. independence. right? americans rising up the british tocap against the british declare their independence. so for a lot of americans this was a sympathetic cause. at the same time, there are u.s. sugar companies that are also invested in sugar production in cuba. it's not that just americans consume sugar, it's that u.s. companies are producing sugars. u.s. companies are producing sugar in cuba as well. ok? so far with me? ok. so then 1898. we have a series of events. in january -- ok, who is the president in 1898? william mckinley. right, william mckinley? in january 1898 he sends one of those new naval ships, the u.s.s. maine to park in havana in cuba. he claims the purpose is to protect u.s. investment. ok? a u.s. naval ship was parked in the havana harbor in january 1998 to protect u.s. investments. people claim that secretly mckinley hoped he could just keep the spanish from getting into cuba and it might allow the cuban freedom effort to actually be successful, that they might be able to independently defeat the spanish on their own. but bad news, in february, the u.s.s. maine blows up. i hate it when this happens. ok, so over 200 americans die , when the ship blows up. it's very deadly. it's very unexpected and awful. all right, so who did it? who did it? ok. many american newspapers say it must be the spanish. have you ever gotten really excited right after an economic depression when no one was buying your newspapers to suddenly have breaking news where people will definitely buy your newspapers? and it is fun to talk about? be the spanish? today what do recall that? we would call that fake news. in this era, they called it yellow journalism. it had to be the spanish, right? who else was it? we know now that there was a boiler fire in the u.s.s. maine. so, no one did it. but as a result of that and the -- that inflammatory journalism about spain at the time, there were many calls in the united states that americans have to retaliate so that is why in april congress declares war. in april 1898, congress declares war against the spanish. in april 1898, congress declares war against the spanish. remember, war is always expensive and has unintended consequences. so in april, congress declares war. the u.s. has a powerful navy by this time, and they would not have won the war without it. however, the u.s. army is not nearly as well prepared. it has not been reformed the way the navy has. the u.s. army was segregated in this period, so you have famous people in service like teddy roosevelt, we saw a video monday where you saw roosevelt on horseback and you thought it was in the spanish-american war, and technology did not allow for it to be filled with all the photographer being shot. so all the film you see of the , spanish-american war are reenactments that happened in new jersey after the war was over. guess who they do not invite to the reenactments? the african-american soldiers were in segregated units. many of the most important victories in the spanish-american war were to the credit to the segregated units. they did the fighting first, and then groups like teddy roosevelt's rough riders are the ones who get a lot of the fame and glory. keep this in mind. war is declared in april. remember i said something happened in july? by the summer of 1898, the united states is at war with the in multiplere colonies around the world, including the philippines. if you are going from the west coast of the u.s. to get to the philippines, somewhere you can stop on the way is hawaii. that is why you see congress motivated to make hawaii officially a part of the united states. official incorporation of hawaii alsothe united states is in the context of this war. it is called the spanish-american war, the spanish-american war. by the end of the summer, most of the fighting has ended. and in october to december, there is negotiations between the spanish and americans to end the conflict. what ends the conflict is known as the treaty of paris, completed in december of 1898, and the senate will approve it in february of 1899. the treaty of paris ends the war between the spanish and the united states. in theory, americans joined this war to protect their investments in cuba and to help cubans achieve independence. right? americans did it to protect sugar investments and help cuba become independent. are you with me there? in december, when the treaty of paris is made public, we find out that the united states also agreed to pay spain $20 million to get the philippines, puerto rico, and guam as colonies. ok? paid $20 million to get the philippines, puerto rico, and guam as colonies of the united states. so is it a war for freedom, or a war for empire? does it depend on who we are talking about? hold on. at the time, some americans called this war the splendid little war. how offensive. it is short. americans did win, but thousands of people died. in the spanish-american war, most sources claim only about 400 american deaths were combat deaths, but almost 4000 americans died, mostly from disease. and african-american soldiers died at a higher rate than white counterparts. and many cubans and spanish, over 60,000 it is believed died , in the conflict as well. remember i said unintended consequences? the philippines. i forgot this. a great picture. another purpose of the war, remember colonialism, one of the goals of having a colonial empire was to unite people at home. one of the official propaganda photos the federal government released during the war was a picture of a union and a confederate veteran from the civil war, who both were serving in the spanish-american war, and they are supposed to be symbolically shown here liberating this blonde girl that is supposed to represent cuba, and these veterans of the civil war are breaking her bonds of slavery to spain. so to many americans, the spanish-american war is about bringing americans together to liberate a supposedly oppressed people. but while americans are at war with spain and cuba, they also send the u.s. navy to the philippines. the philippines had been a spanish colony for quite some time at this point, and the philippines, also a sugar producing colony, people of the philippines had also been trying to resist and overthrow their spanish colonizers for decades. so you see similar things going on in the philippines that you see going on in cuba. when americans arrived in 1898 as part of the war, they appeared to be allies. so they appeared to be allies of philippine independence. when the americans arrived during the spanish-american war, they appeared to be allies of philippine independence. are they helping the philippines like they are helping cuba? that is what the local people thought. they thought that until they found out about the treaty of paris, where the philippines officially became a colony of the united states. that is why from 1899-1902, philippine resistance transitions to fighting the americans. so here you have what we call guerrilla warfare on the part of the philippine resistance. they are a much smaller force, are they local? and in many ways, they fight the u.s. in ways we are going to also study when we study the vietnam war. a lot about the philippines war is similar to the vietnam war decades later. so i wrote here, not splendid. this is going to be an understatement. whereas the war in cuba went on only for months, the war in the philippines goes on for years, and it is very difficult to defeat the philippine resistance. therefore, americans will increasingly use tactics that are a problem. during the philippine war, the americans will use something they call the water cure. today, you call it waterboarding. tactic to torture the philippine people to find out who the enemy is were. it was also very difficult to tell who the enemy was, because they didn't march around in uniforms. so people that lived in a local village could be the people you were fighting yesterday, or people you will be fighting tomorrow. so what you see is increasingly americans using what we call scorched-earth tactics to burn down whole villages, to try to root out any potential enemies. again, there is a lot of overlap here. another thing is that many u.s. soldiers fighting in the philippines signed up in the context of cuba, so many of the soldiers in the philippines are writing home to their families saying, i don't understand what i am doing here, i thought i was trying to help people like the cubans be independent. be thelippines seems to same situation. there are soldiers from kansas who write about how americans are reversing history and turning into the british empire, by suppressing freedom movements . so this is difficult on u.s. soldiers and very deadly for them. by 1902, they have finally ended the philippines rebellion and it will go on to become a colony of the united states for decades after that. let me give you some numbers here. , over 4000ar americans will die, most of them also from disease, and some estimates have over 200,000 philippine people dying, mostly civilians, because of tactics used to try to find enemy forces. so it is longer and deadlier. you need that again? some estimates say up to 200,000, counting civilians, very deadly, in other words. after this war ends is when the civilizing mission will start, and that is when american missionaries will arrive. there will be efforts to use english and teach american cultural values in the philippines. the problem is that many americans will say what soldiers in the philippines said, can you have a republican democracy that is also an empire? i put this quote up for you, theodore roosevelt said in a speech he gave in chicago in 1899, the philippines offer a graver problem, their population includes native christians, warlike muslims, and pagans and many of the people show no sign of becoming fit. others may in time become fit but can only at present take part in self-government under wise supervision. we have driven spanish tyranny from the islands. if we let it be replaced by savage anarchy, our work is for harm, and not for good. that is a classic justification for colonialism. we have to stay because the people we are colonizing are too stupid to do it themselves. right? that is the argument. it is that the philippines are not civilized enough to govern so americans govern. however, this is also a big part of the 1900 presidential election. william jennings bryant, who had been the popular democratic candidate and talked a lot about imperialism, loses. but in a speech after the election, william jennings bryan said, imperialism is the policy of an empire. and an empire is a nation composed of different races living under varying forms a -- of government. a republic cannot be an empire, for a republic rests upon the theory that the government drives powers from the consent of the governed and colonization violates this theory. we do not want the filipinos for citizens. they cannot, without danger to us, share in the government of our nation. and moreover, we cannot afford to add another race question to the race questions which we already have. neither can we hold the filipinos as subjects, even if we could benefit them by so doing. our experiment in colonialism has been unfortunate. instead of profit, it has brought loss, instead of strength, it has brought weakness. instead of glory, it has brought humiliation. of course, americans do not vote for him. they vote for mckinley. the colonies and the empire remain. so the question is, can you have a republican democracy and colonies? the constitution does not include a description of how you treat people in foreign colonies. so, in a series of supreme court to 1905, the01 supreme court laid out the status of people living in these new, foreign colonies. basically what those supreme court cases said is you can either live in an incorporated or an unincorporated territory. in an unincorporated territory, you are not a citizen of the united states. so in the u.s. supreme court cases from 1901-1905, they determined there are two kinds of foreign places, incorporated and unincorporated territories. if you live in an unincorporated territory, you are considered not a citizen of the united states, so the constitution does not apply to you. let's see what happens to each of these colonies long-term. i have also put this slide on campus. long-term results for the colonies. hawaii. as you know, hawaii has a large plantar-missionary population an , example of colonialism. just like kansas. kansas became a state because americans who lived there wanted those political rights. same thing happened in hawaii. so hawaii is a territory, and becomes a state by 1959. so hawaii, of the list we have, was the only one considered and incorporated territory. they were an incorporated territory in 1900. so that is the only one on list , we have today. the interesting thing about the philippines, the united states with cuba was super tired up with it. americans consumed a lot of sugar and there was a lot of direct investment there. americans consumed philippine sugar for quite some time, but there were almost no americans or american investment in the philippines at the time the united states acquired it in the treaty of paris. but during the treaty negotiations, they felt they had the option to get the philippines. the philippines had 17 million people, thousands of islands, it is a large colony, and it was a colony that was highly desired by other powers. americans felt like, we got it so we should keep it, especially to keep it from other empires, two empires at the time that were interested in that colony, germany and japan. eventually the philippines after world war ii will gain independence from the united states. that is in 1946. notably, 1946 is when these two empires are no longer a threat. and in world war ii, the philippines suffered lots of invasion by the japanese and lots of brutal violence, so the freedom comes at a moment after a lot of suffering in the philippines because of that rivalry. cuba, while americans are at war in the philippines, which goes on for years, the question of what to do with cuba. cuba made much more sense as an american colony at the time, than the philippines does. so the u.s. military does not evacuate cuba after the spanish-american war until they agreed to add the platt amendment to their constitution. the platt amendment is approved by the u.s. congress and added to the cuban constitution in 1901. let me give you a list of what it has in it. the platt amendment says the united states can intervene in cuban affairs, especially politics and presidential elections. the platt amendment. the u.s. can intervene in cuban affairs, especially politics and elections. the u.s. can have permanent military bases in cuba, the most famous of which is guantanamo bay. and do americans retain that base to the present? yes they do. , so the united states can interfere in politics, they have a military base, and cuba can make no other similar treaties or negotiations like this with another foreign power. the u.s. can interfere in their politics. the u.s. can have a military base. and cuba cannot make this kind of arrangement with any other nation. so is cuba independent? what would the cubans say? no. is it a colony? is it an unofficial colony? right? at the time, americans called in a protectorate. you know you are splitting hairs when you are coming up with new names for your colonies. it was functioning like a colony. we are going to talk about this through the rest of the semester. then puerto rico. some people called puerto rico the world's oldest colony, because it has been controlled by foreign colonizers since columbus arrived in 1493. ok 1493. is puerto rico part of the united states to the present? and guam and samoa were considered unincorporated. they were primarily important at the time for their naval bases, ports.pwater portss. had deepwater with hawaii and the philippines in the pacific region. let me answer the question from the beginning. kind of a long answer so right it down. the question is, why did the u.s. become a global empire? why did the u.s. become a global empire? first, the u.s. has always been an empire. the u.s. is an experienced colonizer. the u.s. has always been an empire. the u.s. was an experienced colonizer. the difference here is, these colonies are off the north american continent. so the u.s. has always been a colonial empire. the difference is that these colonies are off the north american continent. just like in the past, americans colonized to solve problems. americans colonized to solve problems. americans colonized to solve problems. they thought colonization would create unity. they thought colonization would create unity. they thought it would improve u.s. international promise. they thought it would improve u.s. international promise, by making it now one of the competing empires. and it created economic opportunities for some, especially people in sugar. it created economic opportunity for some, especially people in sugar. and it was justified in the same ways it had been in decades prior. they justified it in the same way it had been in decades prior. so back to this question, is a republican democracy compatible with empire? theoretically, no, but practically, yes. so, contradiction. one of the things we talk about in the class, contradiction. this is a contradiction, having an empire and being a republican democracy. contradiction will be an -- unintended consequence of this empire. all right, thank you. and we will read about puerto rico next week, and you will learn a lot more about how this experience goes for them next week. that is what your quiz will be about. month, the ago this united states, great britain, and the soviet union met to discuss a post-world war ii germany and a liberated europe. , the 1945:00 eastern documentary of that meeting. >> i come from the crimea conference with a firm belief that we have made a good start on the road to a world of peace. never before have the major allies been more closely united, not only in their war aims but also in their peace aims. 4:30, we will talk with the medal of honor recipient who recounts his experiences as a marine on iwo jima. the marines jumped up and started firing their weapons into the air, screaming, yelling, that kind of stuff. i really thought everybody had lost their mind for a second. i cannot figure out what was going on. and then, i caught on to what was going on. wasthen i looked, and there old glory. >> this weekend, explore our nation's passed on american history tv on c-span3. >> this sunday, she talks about "information hunters." here is a preview. >> the stockholm operation was headed by the only woman to serve as a field agent in this project. she had an unusual background. she had grown up in hollywood in a family in a good to the film industry. but she had a very scholarly bend and went to the university of chicago for a phd in linguistics which she earned in 1930. like many women of her era, she was denied an academic career. instead, she carried on her own research while employed by senior faculty at chicago to go abroad or copy and photograph rare books and manuscripts for their scholarship. at the vatican library in 1934, she began to observe scholars rapidly filming their research using small cameras and she trained herself to do the same. she was in germany when the war broke out. she participated in an air raid drill on a german library. she left paris ahead of the german invasion, made her way to lisbon, and returned to the united states in march of 1941. 18 months later, she returned to microfilmstockholm to enemy publications. she worked closely with british intelligence but also developed her own channels of access through booksellers, sympathetic librarians, government agencies. and she also engaged in covert acquisitions. she made contacts with the danish resistance. she worked with the british to smuggle technical periodicals into sweden from germany. storiese also family that she was engaged in espionage along the coast of occupied france. i have not been able to prove this in the records. her personal record -- her personal record in college park contains only a single sheet of paper. at some raided it point, and she is still a woman of mystery. >> learn how everyday americans intelligence every sunday on american history tv. since the early 1980's, artist wendy allen has made use of a variety of art styles to paint over 400 portraits of abraham lincoln. next on american history tv, using music, photographs, nvidia, wendy allen shows examples and discusses her influences and reasons for painting lincoln. she concludes the program by discussing a summer-long daily tribute to veterans held at gettysburg national cemetery. the lincoln group of the district of columbia hosted this event. >> our speaker tonight is wendy allen. i think most people in the room probably know who wendy allen is, but for those who do not, she is an artist. did her first painting abraham lincoln in 1983. and since then, she has focused on abraham lincoln as her subject and has made many, many paintings in different styles that she will talk about. she also has been very active being interviewed by cnn and had her paintings