Transcripts For CSPAN3 American History TV Visits Rapid City 20240713

Time. She started her own business as a wall street banker, she advocated for free love, which means sex outside of marriage. Eastern,at 6 30 p. M. An author discusses her book democracy and truth a short history. No one one person, institution, no one sector, king, priest, National Research body, one cast would get to call the shots. Explore our nations passed on American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3. The cspan cities tour is on the road exploring the american story. With support from our cable partners, this weekend we traveled to rapid city, south dakota, featuring lifesize statues of each of our nations past president s. For the next hour, we will experience the history of this city of 75,000. For a moment, we will take you into the Black Hills National Forest with a trip to Mount Rushmore National Memorial. And in about 20 minutes, it is on to bear butte, one of the most Sacred Places in the world for native americans. Later, we will visit the Journey Museum to hear about the devastating flood that changed the look of rapid city. We begin with a history of Mount Rushmore. Amount much more memorial the Mount Rushmore memorial in the heart of the black hills. There is is, the head of george washington. President ,ook at the the first thing i think about is individual achievements from each of those people. Really, what they do for me and what this whole memorial does for me is it reminds me about what they stood for. Standing for freedom, for democracy, for republics, i get to think about that every day, i get to share that with people every day. All over the from world who might not know who those president s are, but they understand what freedom means. Was from al idea state historian, and he had conceived of carving statues around giant granite spires in custer state park, and he is going to carve those around and have people like lewis and clark, chief red cloud, sacagawea, fremont, and when he hired his artists, he said, youre not thinking big enough. Selecting the four people that are up there, the four was the artist. When you look at him, you can kind of figure out why they were washington,george our first president , the people who gave up the power. He could have stayed in power. He was very popular. Thomas jefferson. A lot of people say wow, that must have been because of the declaration of independence, but that is not why the artist chose him. He chose him because of the louisiana purchase, doubling the size of the country. Lincoln, you could probably figure that out, keeping the country together during the civil war, taking care of the nation. The challenging one, Theodore Roosevelt. Selected by the artist, but he was not the most popular guy at the time. He selected Theodore Roosevelt because of the panama canal, so he took the nation from being bound by the ocean and expanded internationally. He was also the president who was standing for the common man, and both of those resonated with the artist. Two of the four were slave owners, so does that engender discussion as well . About that in your interpretation of these president s, washington and jefferson. Some of the president s were slave owners. There is discussion that pops up around that. Operty not as much discussion as you might expect, because you think, that is a major controversy. When it does, it is certainly something we step forward and we are talking about. All of our interpretive programs here, every time you hear a park ranger talking about something and presenting a program, they did their own research, put the program together and do their own presentation. Indo not focus on one thing particular, it is the passion of the interpreter. We have some, their focus was slavery and what that meant to this country, not just president s who were slave owners, but president s who wrestled slavery. Can you describe where we are located, where Mount Rushmore is and put it in context of the black hills . Not rushmore is in the state of south dakota. Has the black hills if you are on the western side of the are looking atou rapid city, we are about 2000 feet higher than rapid. Some people had referred to this as turtle on the prairie. You can see the black hills from a longdistance. Tribes that had considered this a sacred site consider the black hills a sacred site. They were referencing, they could see it in the distance, it looked black because of the ponderosa pines. You can see it is a long way across the state of south dakota. The years, there has been discussion from native americans and others about the location of the black hills, sacred to native americans, and right here you have something that represents to some people the u. S. Governments policy towards native americans, they have not looked at it the same way. What do you talk about when you tell people about that issue and not rushmore . Mount rushmore . There was some controversy from the start, carving the black hills. That came from caddo people, as well as from people today we ecologists. The tribes were looking at a place they would come in and honor and have honor, ceremonies, spend some time. We arethat time period, talking 1925, that was not looked at the same way we look at it today. Today, we still have tribal people who are concerned about the black hills being carved, People Living in the black hills , and we try to honor that, some of it through our interpretive programming, but we also have a place that we set up in the park heritagealled the village. Every summer, we higher cultural interpreters. These are people who are lakota, and they come in and talk about the lakota story. We are trying to share the importance of the black hills for all of these people as well as what that sculpture means. It is a balance. The sculptor had started in georgia, he started in stone mountain, georgia. There was a conflict there, he left and came up he or to came up here to work for the state of south dakota. Part was finding a place to carve. He and his son lincoln traveled through the black hills until they found this big granite outcropping. The next challenge is how do you turn that into a sculpture . Hean artist, the first thing had to do was make small sizes and make them bigger and bigger th model,gets to a 1 12 and we today have that original model. Every inch on the model is afoot on the sculpture. That mightsculpting, be nice and easy in clay or plaster, but when you are looking at the mountain, you are talking granted. Te, toughg grani stuff. 97 of that sculpture was carved with dynamite. I usually do not think of dynamite as an artists brush, but it was in this case. [stone cracking] in 1927, when they start the blasts, that is the very beginning. There will people were people coming up, watching the whole carving process the entire time. Openings not the formal day, they had multiple dedications for each president , and the artist was big on dedications and celebration, because he knew that is how he would get everyones attention. Ultimately, that is how more funding would come in. He was constantly going to d. C. ,gton, approaching congress, the president , trying to get more money. There were times his workers were not getting paid, he was putting his personal money into it. He made a trip to washington, d. C. In march 1941 to ask for more money. He stopped in chicago on the way and has an operation, and he dies as a result of that operation. So his son lincoln takes over the work. Lincoln had started here when he was about 12 years old, so he was brought up with this. He knew all the different jobs. Blasting, drilling, pointing he is an artist himself. So taking over the sculpture must have been both sad and declared, and lincoln that sculpture was completed october 31, 1941. People talk all the time and ask all the time about adding someone up on the sculpture, many president s have been mentioned, many other people have been mentioned it wont happen. The sculpture is complete. The great stone faces of four president s stand in lonely silence as machinery is dismantled, for with the death of the sculptor last spring, all wascleanup work abandoned. His son lincoln puts away models. Theodore roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln were the last of the four faces. His hand carving tools are laid away, tools of an unfinished masterpiece. Even though unfinished, the Mount Rushmore National Memorial stands as an internal trying to democracy and the four gate great americans who helped carve this enduring nation. Our visit to rapid city, south dakota continues as we take you into the black hills to hear about the warrior crazy horse. Hills, i believe at one time or another, there is a piece of the rest of the world here somewhere. It is kind of a mysterious place. There is a lot of good in it. It is a place to build faith, mystical, worthwhile and important. [applause] so this ride is one that many of our guests can take to the bottom of the mountain, to give them an idea of how big the mountain is. The crazy Horse Mountain carving was started in the late 1940s. Today, the work is carried on by his daughter. All the land here is owned by the foundation. It ine been able to get little pieces of a time and purchase it. The mountain carving has been going on since june 3, 1948. That was the first blast on the mountain. Those people describe what crazy horse look like looked like today, so he based that off of a description from those five survivors. We are right in the middle of the black hills, which all of the black hills are considered sacred to the lakota people, and this was the place where they came to hunt for food, this is a place where they came to pray. This is very personal land and very private things happen here for them. , just in different ways. More modern. 1939dad got the letter in 10, up and start the mountain carving, dad decided to, but got a pine ridge reservation. He realized it or not much about the native culture, so that made him, he was very conservative and very wise, and looks at things very differently, more than most people do. He thought, these are such poor conditions. This is not how we should treat these people. They should be honored. He then decided to take on the job of carving the mountain. Looked at mountains all around. Dad didnt want to do it near , it did not work out. When artists get together, they dont always work out. First prize in the oak ridge fair, and the newspaper talked about that. Henry got all of those things together and wrote to dad, and that is how it started, to get people together, inviting dad to the black hills to carve a memorial so the white man would know that the red man has great heroes also. Born alongrse was the rapid creek. In our language, he was born along the fastmoving water. Whenever he was going to be eepee away set up a t from the main camp. As the mother was giving birth, the father was outside the teep ee. After the baby was born, they brought the baby out to the father. Lifts the baby to face west, and he says native language] father, you gave me a tongue. I say thank you to you, very much. Crazy horse was a very mysterious crazy horse was a vey mysterious individual. He kept to himself. He cared more about the people and the surroundings he was going to take care of more than his own company. Take us to today. What is going on today when you came to work, and what are you going to be working on . I live here, so i am always at work. As far as the mountain is concerned, we have holes on angles from the forearm of crazy horse, in order for us to slide, toead our wire for the wires go through, so we can continue to make those angled cuts all the way down crazy horses arm. We are also making another cut where his knuckle is. The next seven to 12 years, will have crazy horses handcarved, the hairline of crazy horses head carved, and then probably down to part of the horses mane. One of the issues natives have with this and Mount Rushmore, it is taking the native geology of the land and the rock up there and changing the creator ng it was there before. What are your thoughts on that . Well, the creator created things,ings to do for one thing. Dad wanted to carve the mountain in montana, not the black hills, but it was the indian people who said, you have to carve it in the black hills. So he was invited by a the native American People by the native American People to carve the mountain in the black hills. What is really important is you are telling a story about a race of people, and part of the story that we are telling, we are telling the history of the native American People. We are telling the future of native American People, and presentday. We have lots of artists and performers who come here and share their knowledge and their experiences and their lives with our visitors, and if you have knowledge, you have everything you need. Crazy horse was a young mighty warrior, a lot of good deeds, stood for the people. He walked in harmony with all of creation. He looked out for the little children, the handicapped, the elderly, the women folks. They were always first to crazy horse. He looked up for the whole people. The biggest challenge, it is people money, as most would think. The biggest challenge is understanding the mountain, knowing where the seam lines are and all of that, and making sure we keep the space. The other challenge is to get people to understand that it is something that is ongoing and growing all the time. We have people that disagree with mr. Monument, we know that. With this monument, we know that. It is america, so you can disagree. We try to frame what else is here, like the university, the museum, those things, but then they become a little bit in mind and it is not just a desecration of a mountain, like some people will tell us. There is a purpose behind it. Without it, the mountain would be the smallest thing here. It would be the university in the museums that would make the most difference. This land that we stand on does not belong to any man. It belongs to the creator. We are still here. [inaudible]ther, help one another. That way, the future generations who are walking upon mother earth, crawling, will have something positive to look forward to in their life. Our visit to rapid city continues as we explore the discovery of gold in the black hills and that resulted had on control of these sacred native american lands. The black hills of south dakota is a very sacred area as a whole. Believee black hills, i at one time or another, there is a piece of the rest of the world here somewhere. We are in the epicenter of sometimes testy relations between native and nonnative inhabitants. Stretching about 110 miles long and 70 miles wide, the black hills of south dakota rise up from the planes just to the west of rapid city. As long sacred land for many of many native americans, it has also the center of tensions between the two cultures since the 1960s. Coming up, a look at the history of the black hills. Thinking of where rapid city is at, we are positioned at the gateway to the black hills, where it is kind of how we have illed ourselves, even to the earliest founders. Even in the pine trees and elevations we have that surround all of that. Very the black hills are important to the native American Community remembers, it is referred to as the heart. The black hills at self is a sacred area, because it is a supplier for food and shelter knowverything that people was provided by the creator. Mymy name is jonathan, and lakota name is [inaudible] fromibal affiliation Cheyenne River sewer reservation, which is about 100 miles east of where i stand right now, that is the sacred , a very spiritual place where not only lakota, but people of Many American indian lived. And nationalities people will come here and get a , cco offering and prayers give a tobacco offering and prayers. They will bring tobacco for maybe a loved one or someone they are praying for, but it shows all the prayers that are left here and are well received. It is a very significant spiritual you know, about the 1800, we will say up to the 1870s is the time period when lakota and cheyenne dominated this whole area. So would looking at the custer expedition of 1874, the big take away is that as the game changer. Walking you up to the custer expedition, that was a game changer in terms of what happened in these spaces here. Back a few years to the fort laramie treaty that was signed in 1868, all of what we know as western south dakota today in the black hills was treated land for our native American Community members. Just a few years later, in 1874, the custer expedition cut through the black hills on official orders of seeking a passageway for immigrants into the montana area. Their way through the black hills, they discovered gold, ok . What is going on in the United States is we have recently come out of the civil war, there are some significant unemployment , 27 type unemployment numbers. The information of a gold mine in the black hills gave people say, i do not really care if it is legal or not if i had to the black hills. Theset making it in streets in these cities, i am willing to take the risk to go find gold for my family. That is what really led to the gold rush here in the black hills. It is the turning point in the event. The spaces go through a bunch of different treaty reorganizations, land allotment acts, things of that nature. Gold not been discovered, i think it might be a different story. We can only conjecture. That is what happened. Right now we are at a campsite for the lakota. This is ironically where the remnants of custers seventh calvary ended up. This was their patrol area. They would be involved in later 1876 was little bighorn, but by 1890 was the wounded knee massacre. Theyat was their job, and patrolled an area to go clear down there, it was probably 140 wounded knee. The black hills have always been a big issue, you know . The u. S. Court of claims was formed in the 1940s to take claims to land, and that is when the lakota filed for loss of the black hills, you know . So there is a little his or he of that a little history of that, youtled case of know . Because the tribes did not accept money, they wanted land and, you know, all that continues to this day. We continue our look at rapid city with a visit to bear butte, a place considered sacred by numerous native americans in the region. I am donovan sprague. [inaudible] my tribal affiliation from Cheyenne River sioux reservation , which is about 100 miles east of where i stand right now at the sacred bear butte, a very spiritual place where not only lakota, but people of Many American Indian Tribes and nationalities visits. People come here and they will give tobacco offerings and prayers, and so they will leave those very often with tobacco onecloth for maybe a loved or something they are praying for, but it does show all of the prayers that are left here and in this well received very area that we are at, i have actually given some lakota names to some people here. Some of these places, when i just look over, i can kind of almost imagine us, you know, having our little ceremony and getting together, and on a great occasion, someone getting a name that they are proud to carry with them. And it almost develops a connection with them, you know . They start coming here more often, and then that place is special to them. You are connected to the universe, the four directions and the creator. Coming up, our look at rapid city continues as we hear about the first manned flight into the earths stratosphere. 2 Army Captains named anderson and stevens soared to a recordbreaking 72,000 feet. We are lucky that we have some interesting history that goes beyond just the culture of the area. Journey museum and Learning Center, we are talking about the stratosphere flight. Theing man up above stratosphere. Essentially, rapid city area is the home of the first spaceflight. What the National Geographic and Army Air Force did was Work Together to make this happen. They wanted to find a natural shape to rest the balloon and the gondola in. So they were looking for a bowl area not only to threat out the balloon when it was on the ground, but the natural bowl shape protects the gondola the first couple thousand feet as it goes up. So they scoured all of north america for a place. They had a couple different decisions they could have made, different places they could have chosen, and eventually chose kind city because of how the people were and how welcoming we are. The perfect shape of the ball was nice too, the bowl was nice too, but it came down to the people in the area. D infirst attempt happene 1934. The first people on the flight anderson, captain casner, and captain stevens. They got into the gondola and went up, and hit about 60,000 that thewe think friction between the metal and the canvas of the balloon ignited the hydrogen that was inside the balloon. The balloon failed, bust up completely, and they fell into a freefall. They started exiting the gondola you know, they had parachutes. Out just fine. Ot the second got stuck in the gondola itself, and we do not know who was first, who was second, who was third. The first man got out, had to kick the second man out of the gondola to get him free, and major casner, we do know he was actually last. Getting out of the gondola at about 500 feet above the ground. The second flight happened in 1935. Geographic and the u. S. Army air corps did change balloon was created. What they did was actually used helium instead of hydrogen, and that allowed the balloon to not ignite, which is fabulous, so the people fabulous for the people in the gondola. Two of the men came back, Orville Anderson and albert stevens, they did come back for this second flight. A high of 72,395 feet. They took measurements about the stratosphere and about cosmic about, you know, anything they could possibly measure. To do it while they were up in the gondola. They took an image of the curvature of the earth, which had never been done. They were recognized for their efforts. They were, you know, given medals by fdr, and it was a success, a noller round success. What makes it even better for rapid city is that it happened in the black hills. Itwas here, it was local, so was just a Great Community involved piece of history. Involved piece of history. Next on our visit to rapid city, we take you to the south dakota air and space is he him and hear about the role of Ellsworth Air force base during the cold war. Welcome to the south dakota air and space museum. People think about south dakota, they dont always think about a great aviation state, but we have a huge Aviation Heritage in this state. Over the years, we have played a huge part in our national defense. Ellsworth air force base began in world war ii. Its purpose in world war ii was to train bomber crew specifically, b17 crew. If you are going to learn to navigate a world war ii bomber over long distances and expanses of territory, south dakota is really a great place to put the base. That was the beginning of Ellsworth Air force base. The connection from world war ii to the cold war is really represented in our museum. The 44th bomb group was trained here at Ellsworth Air force base. When the cold war came around, that bomb group became the 44th missile wing, which was commanded out of Ellsworth Air force base. And the missile wing is really part of the cold war narrative. We think about the cold war, you think about the b52s that were based here, the ready responsive Strategic Air command. You also need to think about the men and women who are in these missile capsules underneath the ground, waiting for the unthinkable. Command to turn keys and watch nuclear war. Museum is an important part of telling that story. Can laurie, currently the president of the south dakota air and space foundation, we are a nonprofit that supports the south dakota air and space museum here outside of Ellsworth Air force base. Spent 10 years in the air force and retired as a captain. I entered in 1971 and was initially trained as a gunner on a b52. About 10 years as a gunner, i was able to complete the requirements for a commission in the air force and then became an officer. Served my next 10 years in the air force as a Launch Control missilesn titan two and the minute man two missiles, and retired as a missile ntenance offers are officer from ellsworth. I came to ellsworth as a gunner, came back as a Missile Launch officer, and in all of that, actually when i was here as a gunner, i became involved in the museum and have remained connected to the south dakota air and space museum for about the full 35 years of its operation. One of the reasons that i am so manycted to it is that now of the things that are on display here are items that i once used in my career. What i would like to show you at this point is the missile Procedures Trainer that is on display here at the south dakota air and space museum. This is a mockup we used to train the missile crew members to do their jobs out in the missile fields. In, the missile Procedures Trainer was located on Ellsworth Air force base. There were 15 Launch Control locatedstationed for throughout western south dakota, missile fields are covering approximately 14,000 square miles. It was pretty large and spread out. The best way to train the missile crew members was to have a simulator on base. It is also a lot safer, because this is a simulator, not the actual Launch Control center, and we were able to train and ability people in their to do the job of a Launch Control officer. Station here is a deputy crew commander station. The panels to his right are all different types of communication systems. Communications was critical, of course, because the missile were in no way authorized or able to take any actions that would release any nuclear to get the they had proper messages and instructions from the president of the United States, ultimately, that would direct them what to do in the Launch Control center. We had a rack of equipment that was for communicating with the missiles. Each Launch Control center primarily monitored 10 minute men 2 missiles. Those 10 missiles were assigned to one Launch Control center. Each Launch Control center at the commanders console had the to switch the missiles they were viewing so that they could monitor 50 missiles in their squadron. One squadron of minute men two missiles consisted of five Launch Control centers and 50 minuteman 2 missiles. The commanders console here was where the commander kept track of the general status of all the missiles at all times. Each one of these vertical variety, or shows a variety of different states of the missiles. The situation that is depicted on this Launch Control center, the top row of lights are all green. That means that all of the missiles are in full operational. Eadiness status they are all secure and communicating back to the Launch Control center. In the indication other than those green light across the top would indicate there is some kind of a system problem or the possibility that someone was trying to get into one of the remote launch facilities. 2 was in aan launch facility that was in an isolated area and it was not manned. There were never any people on that site unless the missile needed some sort of maintenance attention. There were tremendous redundant security measures that would make sure that no one could get unauthorized access, and if , there wouldd try be an indication here long before there would he any success of getting to that missile, and that was a big part of what the missile crew did on a daily basis to make sure those missiles were all secure. The ultimate responsibility of was atnch control group the National Command, in other words, the president of the United States, if the National Command system made a determination that the United States was actively under nuclear attack, then the United States would launch a retaliatory attack. To atncept was referred the time as mutually assured primarily it and was the soviet union at the time. The chinese had a little bit of influence in that as well, but it was the usa against the communists. The europeans had some play in that but the idea was anyone who would choose to attack the United States with a tolear weapon would have live with an almost certainty that the United States would be able to retaliate with Nuclear Weapons, thus creating a situation where nobody wins. The theory was that mutual assured destruction would create a situation where nobody would do that awful thing, start world war iii. From this point, it looks like it might have worked, but the interesting thing about the for mutuallynym assured destruction, it is m ad. At the enemy decided they were mad and they were going to attack us, the crew would have received instructions with a very strict regimen that very and was ablelowed to be authenticated in a timely fashion. The crew would have received those instructions and at the appointed time, the crew would then released some or all of their weapons on this particular enemy. There would be a lot of processes they would go through very efficiently and quickly, and they would arrange their weapons so they would launch. When that sweep hit zero at the appointed time, the crew would then send their launch command, the missiles, for them to go. The commander would launch that clock, stand and look in this mirror so they could have contact with the deputy crew commander and they would do a count down. The commander would have his or her hand on this key. The deputy crew commander would have his or her hand on this key, and as the commander counted down as the commander counted down, they would say, on my command, 3, 2, 1, turn keys now. The deputy at commander would turn their keys simultaneously. If they did not turn them simultaneously, there would not be a launch command. In addition to that, one other Launch Control center would have to do that same ring before the missiles were launched. Providing the nuclear. Urety that we needed as you can see, the way the keys are positioned, it takes two people. Turn that hennot and run up and turn that key. There was a tremendous amount of built in security measures that made sure that our Nuclear Weapons were never launched. Launched by some crazy persons action or anything on that order. Narrative isar really part of south dakota, the dakota egos. If you want to study aviation history or even world history, you end up drawing lines back here, back to Ellsworth Air , back to the priorities of south dakota, north dakota. It is important for us to tell this story to the world. The cspan cities tour concludes this look at rapid city with a look at the Journey Museum and Learning Center to hear about a devastating flood that changed the landscape of rapid city. Just imagine this whole area underwater, and that is what you saw the night of june 9, 1972. This was at 6. 2 inches. All of this was once housing, both trailer parks and homes city wasg before rapid really known as the hub of south dakota. The Journey Museum and Learning Center and the Fine Arts Center were both buildings that were built after the flood to kind of allow rapid city to heal, and that is the triumph that comes out of it. Andd city picks itself up opened these beautiful buildings that allow for a culture to thrive in an area that was decimated by a flood. At the end of the museum, we talk about the 1972 flood. I am972 flood, what referring to is a tragedy that occurred in rapid city on june 9, 1972, into the morning of june 10. Was a72 black hills flood perfect storm of rain and dam failure, and it wiped out hundreds of acres of rapid city. It took over 200 lives in the process and caused rapid city to actually become what it is today. Knew that the storm was coming, but we did not know how horrific it would actually be. By 9 00, torrential rain was pouring. By 10 30, a levin 00 at night at night, the Canyon Lake Dam failed. That went down straight into rapid creek, causing the creek to rise to 15 feet, nine inches deep, and it wiped out whole acres of town. Guard2, we had a National Encampment out here. For thee in camp week, doing medical training and response training. They should not have been out here. That is not their normal spot to be. Because of that, because we had them here, we had Immediate Response within the city of rapid city, and Ellsworth Air force base stepped up and they sent hundreds of people out to help with Immediate Response as well. The police department, the Fire Department did not fight the incoming military response, which was awesome. They started responding to people in trees, people stuck on roofs, and then what they did was they said, this is what weve got. These are our men. And they let the military takeover. The military directed people, they showed them where to go, even the civilians followed what the air force and the National Guards directed. That response and that communication saved thousands of peoples lives. A lot of what you see in this exhibit, it is photographs, because a lot of things that we have from the flood our are photographs. Peoples lives were decimated. If they did not lose somebody, they lost their house, they lost their belongings. Most of what we have our photographs, and the ones behind me show not only the hardhitting tragedy, but the cooperation of air force and National Guard, air force and the Fire Department. The other thing i have appear are quotes, and the quotes are taken from the rapid city of the in different days journal, and one of the quotes we have up here that is probably the hardest hitting is where it says we just dont have enough hearses to go around. And they did not. They did not have enough coffins and heres his and hearses and were digging graves every day for days. After the flood happens, there was a big push to change the way and thaty was set up, is where our beautiful green areas in rapid city comes from. Ow all the green spaces, the golf courses, the parks we have all along rapid creek, those were actually that was housing. People lived there in those areas before the flood. Flood, leonard swanson, the city planner at the time, got in front of the city council and said, we cannot let anyone else stay one more night in this suicidal floodplain. So they wiped out all of the housing in that area and said no, we are going to make this into parks, we are going to make it into golf courses. Businesses can be in the aoodplain now there is high school in the floodplain, but nowhere that people can sleep. No one is allowed there now. The other interesting aspect of this flood that we should talk about, though, is fema. Fema did not exist in 1972, but our flood that occurred in rapid city and a couple months later, there was flooding in johnstown, pennsylvania from hurricane that wasd after threemile island. Those three tragedies were put together into a case study and presented, and that is what formed fema. And especially the military response out here for our rapid city flood the air force and the National Guard working together, responding and rescuing people, recovering bodies and doing what they were that prompted the military response we see for natural disasters today. Of 1972, it changed the way rapid city looked, and it changed the way people think about rapid city. Now you know, we get these initors and tourists who get and say, rapid city is gorgeous, all the green space is beautiful, but they dont understand why. Putting the flood exhibit in this museum is something very important, because it does tell us the reason why. It tells us why we have these beautiful spaces now. Stresses that even though this happened, we can pick ourselves up and we do pick ourselves up. Our cities tour staff recently traveled to rapid city, south dakota to learn about its rich history. More video from rapid city and other stops on our tour, visit eastbound. Org cities cspan. Org citiestour. American history tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. American history tv, today at 6 00 p. M. Eastern on american artifacts, we will preview the votes for women exhibit at the Smithsonians National portrait gallery. She was well ahead of her time. She started her own business as a wall street banker with her sister. She advocated for free love, which was sex outside of marriage. Eastern, 6 30 p. M. Author Sophia Rosenfeld discusses her book democracy and truth a short history. No one person, no one notitution, no one sector, king, priest, National Research body, one caste would get to call the shots. Past,lore our nations all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. Recent missile attacks on saudi Oil Processing facilities disrupted more than half of the kingdoms crude oil output. According to the washington post, that is about 6 of the global supply. America,end on reel desert venture, a 1948 documentary on how the oil industry began in saudi arabia. Here is a preview. The oiling sees development as the greatest single means to modernize his country and improve the Living Standards of his people. The navy has said that saudi arabia and oil is one of its most important strategic sources of supply. The men who are working for the economic recovery of europe see middle eastern oil helping them in their labor, day in and day out. Because on the one hand, it is key perfectly to the goal of selfsupport for the nations of the world. Other, it is making available the vast volumes of petroleum needed to fuel the job of rebuilding the war scarred eastern hemisphere. To the american citizen in or or jacksonville, seattle, all of this has real importance in his daytoday life. Present, large volumes of oil are moving from the western hemisphere, most south america, to fill a growing need of europe. While other south american oil goes to the United States. Europe from the middle east have increased since the war ended, but are still only a small part of what can come from there. Shipping oil to europe from the western hemisphere is not only uneconomic, but puts a drain on resources we may need over here. However, this situation is changing. As soon as eastern hemisphere facilities are ready, heavy shipments from western hemisphere reserves can be stopped. The middle east can easily supply all of europes requirements. The oil of south america can be used for the job of industrializing our neighboring tods to the south and supplement the supplies here in the United States. Watch the entire film desert venture, sunday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern on reel america, when we journey through the 25th century 20th century to provide context on public affairs. Q a, the smithsonian institutions Peter Leopold on the history of tariffs and managing the u. S. Economy. The Supreme Court eventually ruled that the tomato is a vegetable and not a fruit tariff. Of a any botanist will tell you a tomato is a fruit. Tariff onariff put a vegetables and not fruit, so an vegetables, nicks new york, point out that the tomatoes that he was bringing caribbean were fruit and he did not have to pay a tariff. The battle went on for quite some time, and the Supreme Court ruled that tomatoes were actually vegetables. It is an interesting ruling that had repercussions beyond just tomatoes themselves. Tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspans q a. Monday night on the communicators, fcc commissioner Michael Orielly on the d. C. Federal Appeals Court ruling that the agency can repeal Net Neutrality, but cannot block state laws. I think what you are going to see is a number of states have already acted in trying to do certain things that i disagree with, and you will probably see some others that jump into the debate. Having 50 different states pull us in different directions, Net Neutrality in one way, Net Neutrality in another, is not what the structure should be. It is not interstate commerce. It is why we have an interstate commerce clause, in my opinion, and not something they have the expertise in. In my definition, my structure, my analysis of the architecture, there is no, basically, intrastate traffic on the internet. This weekend on american the acts we visit smithsonian National Portrait allery marking the seven 10 yell of the 19th seven 10 of the 19th amendmen19th amend. Probably heard him speak or seen him on tv. And kolakowski was born raised in from fredericksburg and got his degree from emory henry and masters from State University of new york at