Transcripts For CSPAN3 Acting Deputy TSA Administrator Testifies Before Senate Commerce Committee 20240714

Terrorists turned civilian aircraft into weapons, killing nearly 3,000 americans and injuring thousands more. Today we honor the memories of those who perished and those First Responders who ran into harms way to help their fellow citizens. The tragedy of 9 11 led to the creation of the Transportation Security Administration, tsa, within the new department of Homeland Security. Tsa is charged with protecting our nations Transportation Systems from attack and ensuring freedom of movement of people and commerce. Im pleased that acting deputy administrator Patricia Cogswell is here to update the committee on the progress toward achieving these goals. Americas Transportation Systems are designed for accessibility and efficiency. The enduring challenge remains how to respond to terrorist attacks without unduly burdening travel, the economy and civil liberties. Tsas workforce includes transportation security inspectors, federal air marshals and visible intermodal response teams. Congress has worked to support this dedicated workforce bypassing the first ever tsa reauthorization bill, the tsa modernization act. The modernization act includes provisions to streamline acquisition, expand the precheck program, support the Screening Partnership program, mandate more rigorous background checks of airport workers, strengthen airport Access Controls and enhance security in public areas of airports. Thus far, tsa has done an admirable job of responding to the myriad directives and reporting requirements of the bill. However, i remain concerned about the pace of tsas deployment of new screening technology. The rate of the precheck expansion, the seeming lack of urgency for implementing Screening Partnership Program Reforms and the absence of a skp comprehensive plan to integrate the registered Traveler Program with credentialed Authentication Technology systems. I hope our witness today will address the agencys progress. In addition to this act, implementation, the committee will also exercise oversight on reforms to existing security programs, notably the passenger screening teams. In february administrator piskasky briefed the committee on disturbing testing results from the ig and promised to revamp canine training. Improving todays front line security programs is important but tsa must adapt to changing threats and technologies. The committee is interested in emerging Technology Including biometrics. We understand that tsa has a biometrics road map, but we certainly need to view this in light of concerns involving privacy, Data Protection and civil liberties. So i look forward to a robust discussion today on the vital role that tsa plays. Madam Ranking Member, youre now recognized for opening remarks. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Let me also welcome acting deputy administrator cogswell for joining us this morning and thank you for all the work that tsa does in keeping us safe every day. On this somber date we remember the tragic and devastating events of 18 years ago, motivated by nothing short of an evil attack on our nation and the horrifying loss of life and dpre grief was unimaginable. In the last congress, this committee worked hard to complete the work on the faa reauthorization act of 2018 also including the First Comprehensive reauthorization of tsa since the agency was created shortly after the september 11th attacks. Our focus today is on the oversight of the agency as it continues its Critical Mission and seeks to implement the mandates included in last years tsa authorization, formally known as the tsa modernization act. The act focused on improving transportation security by addressing issues such as training and deployment of canines for screening of passengers and cargo, reinforcing efforts to intercept Insider Threats and expediting testing and deployment of new screening technologies and various organizations to ensure the effective leadership at the agency. I also want to note here i appreciate the good work of the Pacific Northwest laboratories in richland, washington, who add airports to the tsa millimeter wave scan who have worked on developing the tsa salute. Nonetheless, this overhead has given quite a security layer and yesterday had a chance to talk about the next generation of technology we will be deployed at airports. Both at our airports with individual travelers and our cargo containers, the Pacific Northwest laboratory continues to stay ahead on Cutting Edge Technology and we appreciate the work of our r d labs in helping us maintain security. I also appreciate your candor regarding a recent diversion of tsa resources to the southern border. I spoke to you about a letter sent by my colleague senator wicker and i about the diversion of those resources. My guess is well have a chance to ask you in this mornings hearing about that. Reports indicated at the time that there could be an additional 800 fams who would be deployed with the ultimate goal of sending 175 to support the cbp operations. We look forward to asking you about those questions this morning. As my colleague said, were here to review what we can do to make sure that the tsa remains a strong and viable force. I remain very interested in the canine units success and the further deployment of that as one of the Fastest Growing airports in the nation, the challenges of moving people and making sure were all secure is a very, very important daily task. Thank you for being here to address those issues. Thank you, senator cantwell. Senators on the floor will be observing a moment of silence at 11 this morning. And in connection with that, this committee will also be observing that moment of silence at the stroke of 11 just before votes begin. So be mindful of that. And ms. Cogswell, we are delighted to have you and were interested in hearing your opening statement. Thank you for being here. Good morning, chairman wicker, Ranking Member cantwell. Thank you for inviting me to testify about the work the Transportation Security Administration does. We appreciate the continued support of congress and are grateful for the productive relationship we have with this committee as well as the authorities provided in the tsa modernization act of 2018, the first reauthorization of us as an agency. On september 11th, 2001, nearly 3,000 people died as a result of the worst act of terrorism ever committed on american soil. From this tragedy we renewed our dedication to the ideals and freedoms that define our nation. 9 11 changed us all. Congress created the tsa just two months afterwards. 18 years have passed since the tragic events of september 11th. While Many Americans including some of tsas current employees are too young to have vivid recollections of that day, aviation and other modes of transportation remain highly sought after targets by terrorists, whose methods of attack remain more decentralized and opportunistic than ever before. Tsa must meet the challenge of threats in both physical and cyber realms. Im extremely proud of the 63,000 professionals who make up tsas workforce. Earlier this year a significant portion of our workforce including transportation Security Officers, federal air marshals, transportation security inspectors, canine handlers, vetting and intelligence personnel and support staff worked without pay for 35 days during the partial government shutdown. Through this incredibly trying period, our employees dedicated true professionalism and commitment to the commission despite challenges. We are grateful that members of congress continue to look for ways to protect our workforce in the event of a future lapse in appropriation. It was a very important year for the direction of tsa. Tsa developed its strategy through 2026 and its administrator intent to guide the execution. During 2019 we have focused on implementation. Tsa has completed more than 46 of the 180 requirements mandated in the act and 53 of those with specific deadlines. Completed statutory requirements range from a global Aviation Security review to creating an air Cargo Division and establishing a Surface Transportation Security Advisory Committee. When the administrator testified before this committee, he described the efforts tsa was taking to rapidly advance tsas acquisition of screening systems and technology. Ct and cat allow tsa to potentially identify threats in less invasive and more automated ways. Thanks to the support of congress, tsa awarded a contract for 300 ct machines and 50 cat machines and is beginning deployment. Additionally, in 2019 we successfully conducted pilots at two airports, demonstrating tsa can significantly hire throughput for pure precheck only lanes. We are also encouraged by early results of an option we are testing that enables passengers to enroll via a mobile tablet at the airport. Consistent with the modernization act requirement, our federal air marshals into their concept of operations through a prioritized Mission Deployment strategy focused on high risk travelers and revised International Risk assessment models. Tsa plans to produce a road map to describe the way forward to mitigate insider risk. Tsa also recognizes strategic success depends on our workforce. We commissioned a Blue Ribbon Panel comprised of leaders with extensive Human Capital expertise to conduct a full review of Human Capital Service Policy and delivery at tsa. We have used the results of that effort as well as input received through the reestablishment of the National Advisory council to develop a number of workforce initiatives including twotier performance system, model officer Recognition Program and the career progression program. Tsas theme in recognition of 9 11 is honoring the memory, protecting the nation. We are confident through vigilance, collaboration with democratic and International Partners and the continued support of congress, we will all reach our mutual goal of not on our watch. Thank you for the opportunity to testify before you today. I look forward to your questions. Well, thank you very much for your testimony. Let me start by asking about something that i dont think we saw in your presented testimony. Thats a Screening Partnership program. The modernization act included a number of provisions to enhance the Screening Partnership program, such as allowing Airport Operators to participate in the evaluation of sbp proposals. When will tsa finish developing this process, and are you currently briefing these assessments to every airport director . Thank you very much for the question. As you noted, a number of requirements related to the security Partnership Program which enables individual airports to choose to use contracted private entities to preferred Screening Services while still matching the quality and type of screening provided similarly as to tsa. We have already brought on board the majority of those requirements, specifically and probably the largest one being ensuring use of the full Cost Recovery that the federal government uses to evaluate the bids by the individual performance entities. At this point, we have already awarded three new contracts this year under the new requirements with a fourth one expected before the end of september. And we have several more scheduled for completion in early 2020. Are you briefing every airport director about this . Every airport director is very closely tied into the process by which we solicit the requirements and then proceed through the actual analysis and results. Okay. Now, a real id, its our understanding that tsa will begin turning away travelers that dont have real id compliant id cards on october 1st of next year. How is that going and do you have some contingency plans for obviously the people who are going to be caught by surprise . As you correctly noted october 1st, 2020 is the final implementation date for the real id act as implemented through regulation. Critically important to recall that the rationale and reason for that act in the first place was actually one of the recommendations coming from the 9 11 commission, noting that that was one of the methodins ud by the perpetrators of the attack. We are in incredibly close collaboration in every location around the country. We are working to get signs out. Weve recently started as every individual travels they will be notified if the document they are presenting at the time they come to our travel document checker, whether or not their identity document will meet the requirements post next year. We want to make sure everyone has the maximum amount of time they can in order to obtain either a real id compliant document or other acceptable form of identification such as a passport of military identification. Ive got my mississippi drivers license here. Are all the states compliant now with the drivers licenses that are being issued as of this date . 50 of 56 issuing jurisdictions are currently compliant. The six remaining are scheduled to be complete in the next year. Some of those are states . Two are states. Okay. Very good. Just seems to me that once those 56 jurisdictions comply, thats going to take care of almost everybody. I sure hope so. Is tsa precheck helping to make the lines shorter for everybody else . Thank you very much for that question. In fact, we see a profound change in airports where a significant population are precheck members in terms of the overall throughput for individual airports. As of right now, we have about 20 million individuals who are in the program having known traveler number. That includes 9 million directly enrolled with precheck, another 9 million members of cbps global entry population and additional populations that we use to bring in other additional populations who are screened through very highly controlled processes. At this point, we see nationwide about 20 of all travelers each day are precheck. 20 . A quite good number. We want to see it continue to grow. Does that help the other 80 . It does. Well, theres a requirement, non precheck passengers must remove their liquids. If youre precheck, this is relaxed. Tell us about that and whats the status of tsas deployment of computed tomography screening machines . And whats your anticipated timeline on allowing all passengers, not just precheck to keep liquids and laptops in their bags during screening . As you noted, one of the primary differences between the most visible differences between standard screening and precheck screening is the ability to leave your laptop within your bag. You can also leave your shoes on and light jackets. You dont have to take off clothing in order to go through the screening equipment. Thats great. As you have noted, one of the pieces we see that will help us get to the next stage is that tomography or ct machine. Those machines because of their much greater ability to gather additional sensor data provide us significantly enhanced ability to see within that carryon bag to look for items that might be threats. Meaning we have to have less dive divestiture. We are working with the makers of the equipment to look for what algorithms we can put into place that will get us to liquid. Im intruding on senator cantwells time. Whats your timeline there . We are still working to develop the algorithm to tell what type of liquid it is. A. I. Thank you. Senator cantwell. Senator cogswell i mentioned sea tack and its rapid growth. I noted that the site says that it was built in 1949 to accommodate a Million People. So the fact that were accommodating 50 Million People shows the stress and strain on the system and as we discussed yesterday, moving cargo is what we do in the northwest as well. So the security measures are of utmost importance to us and continuing to do a good job at the security layer as well as moving in a Cost Effective fashion. I want to ask you about the new rules for developing the canine units and for third party explosive detections. When will we see those, and what other initiatives are we pursuing to have fully trained teams available for deployment . And i also wanted to ask you about the diversion to the southern border, how many tsa people were diverted and what were the impacts on lines at airports across the country . So the program you are noting we refer to it as third party canine. We published the regulations last december and immediately began training teams. At this point in time we have 171 teams and 30 entities already performing screening, those private screening requirements at those private screening entities already operating today. We expect to see continued growth and volume in that space. Weve had a lot of interest in it. As to your question about southwest border on the canine point, is tsa pursuing other initiatives or do you think youre going to be more aggressive in just pursuing this third party stream . In addition to the aspect around the third party canine, we are also looking at the next round, next review, next enhancement of technology that could be available for use in screening of cargo. Similar to the same types of equipment that we use in checked bag today and are moving to the checkpoint, we think theres much greater capability for pallet sized in that skrier environment. Tsa will be continuing its own efforts as well as what sea tack does on its own. The absolutely. We think this area is right for continued evolution. Now, southern border. Onto the southern border. We have been detailing personnel to support cbp since early in the summer. The high water point for the number of people we had down at the southern border at any given time is about 350. Today we are down to around 180 post congresss approval of the supplemental as well as the decrease we have seen in the number of migrants appearing at the border. The individuals we send are all volunteers. They chose to support that mission. We are incredibly grateful for their choice to perform and serve in that function. Types of activities they perform include providing transportation from detention facilities to hospitals, wile they eewhile t hospital making sure theres a security layer and returning them to detention facility. They provide supplies, Inventory Personal belongings, other aspects on that front. As we go forward, we made clear decisions as we were going through the setup of that program that we would not endanger transportation security or greatly disadvantage any one location. So we specifically designed the volumes of people and locations to have minimal impact. So youre saying minimal impact or no impact . I know you mentioned to me that you exempted all the high volume ar airports from being impacted. So you took volunteers from places where youre saying they basically had little or no impact . Yes. If youre talking about people who work at our checkpoints, we specifically designed it for those locations where we could do so recognizing what the volumes were at that location. Other places that we look to, of course, are our federal air marshals. So we selected individuals recognizing that we would see in the near term some decrease in the number of, for example, viper missions that were run at various surface locations or some have decreased and our lower priority flights. But we have been able to manage and maintain that amount to minimize impact. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Thank you. Senator fisher. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Deputy administrator, as you noted in your testimony, im glad to see that the tsa has established the Surface Transportation Security Advisory Committee and i was proud to work on the legislation that established it. Now that it is established, what processes are in place to ensure the tsa seriously considers and implements the recommendations provided by those Advisory Committee members. We are incredibly fortunate that we have had a long and productive relationship with many members in the surface transportation sphere. This legislation was a very significant benefit to us because it let us formalize that process and create a true avenue that allows us to take formal recommendations, similar to how weve operated the aviation Advisory Committee. We believe theres an enormous value of having a venue such as this where we can ask for specific advice in areas and receive it formally through that mechanism. So thank you very much for your support. Thank you. Also the tsa modernization act requires that you conduct a surface transportation security assessment and implement a risk based strategy based on that assessment. You then have to obviously develop a budget, resource allocations that are really going to look at that risk based strategy that comes about. Earlier this year the administrator spoke at a House Committee meeting on that and said that the assessment was going to be completed probably by october of this year. Do you think youre going to meet that deadline . And can you provide this committee right now with any kind of insight on what maybe we can expect to see in that assessment . We are working very hard to complete that requirement. We believe we will be in time to meet the deadline. Overall i think the important piece of the assessment is ensuring that we have correctly and adequately looked across all of the threats, all of the vulnerabilities and the consequential risk associated coming out of any particular vector at the security environment for surface transportation. At this time i think the most important part from our perspective is the ability to call much greater attention to surface transportation. This is an area where very good people have worked for a long time to improve surface transportation security. I cant tell you the number of people i have met just dedicated to this mission. The ability to call attention to their great work, see how far theyve come, see where they need help to go farther is a great place to be. Do you anticipate that there may be a classified section to this assessment that the committee will have access to . At this time i dont know that we are planning a classified attachment. However, we are happy to provide a classified briefing to you or your team should you want it as well as the regular briefings that we do to further go into depth against all of the different threats we see. I think it would be very, very helpful and also very important that this committee be able to have those classified briefings. But i also think it would be really helpful if you would have a written attachment that we would be able to review in a classified setting so that we have, i think, a fuller understanding of the risks that are out there and what is needed and what would be a responsibility of this committee to try and meet those needs in the future. Thank you very much for that. I will take it back. We look forward to meeting your requirement. Thank you very much. Also, you know in december of 2018 the gao issued a report on Pipeline Security Program and made ten recommendations, all of which dhs has concurred with. Can you provide an update on where tsa is at in implementing those gao recommendations on pipelines . We are making strong progress against all of the recommended gao recommendations. Most important is looking at how we are reenergizing the competence and knowledge in this space. Through our recent changes and thank you for the tsa modernization act requirement, we now have a dedicated section sole hi to surface transportation. In that, we have combined the way we pull together our compliance staff, our inspectors and we are further developing a core cadre in cyber. At this first stage weve completed the first 24 going through that additional training and are looking to expand from there. Are you seeing a Good Relationship with the other agencies involved . We are. Fimsa and ferk will be closely working with us. We do dedicating briefings to the various members of industry. I cant say enough about the great relationships we have with the members of industry. They are extremely laser focused on the security aspects and needs. Thank you. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Thank you, senator fisher. Senator blumenthal. Thanks, mr. Chairman. Thank you for your service. What is the statutory authorization for diverting tsa employees to the border . I believe, sir, its in the original creation language for the department of home land security. But if theres a secondary provision within tsas legislation directly that allows us to authorize use of personnel in support of overarching missions. Another example of where we do this today is in support of hurricane or Natural Disaster responses as well as the july 4th activities here on the mall. Are currently tsa employees diverted to the hurricane response effort . We had 120 ready on standby to go based on where incidents occurred in the United States we were able to absorb it locally and did not have to detail anyone. Let me ask you will you commit to provide us with some kind of notice in the event that additional tsa employees are diverted to the border beyond the 180 that are now there . We will. I want to ask you about the september 11th security fee. Weve recalled at this hearing and will be recalling on the floor very shortly that horrific tragedy that spurred the creation of the tsa and led to vast improvements in our nations Airport Security. In paying for these improvements, as you know, congress established a user fee that passengers pay on their tickets. Its known as the september 11th security fee. The fee was initially intended to go only to improving our nations Aviation Transportation system security. In 2013, Congress Passed a measure to reduce the deficit. And as part of a major budget compromise, the september 11th security fee was raised from 5 to 5. 60 but congress required onethird of the revenue collected from those fees to go toward reducing the deficit. In my view, this measure was nonsensical. Senator markey and i have introduced legislation that would eliminate the diversion of funds to pay for totally unrelated Government Spending and ensure that the passengers security fees go only to Aviation Security and prevent congress from again raiding these funds in the future. My question to you is, would you support giving tsa access to these funds should congress return the full amount of revenue generated by the september 11th Security Fund to its purpose of securing our nations Transportation System . Thank you very much for that question. While there is no official Administration Position on the legislation, i will say we very much share your interest in ensuring a continual, consistent Funding Source for the agency dedicated to improving security in terms of technology and paying for our personnel. There can be no consistent source of funding if congress is going to divert those fees that are charged to travelers for aviation securities and in effect do a bait and switch to divert them elsewhere, correct . It is more difficult, yes. More difficult and eventually it will detract from your efforts to secure our nations airports and other transportation facilities, correct . So far what it has meant is a potential leveling off of our Funding Sources. Well, then would you commit to provide this agency with a position on this legislation hopefully in support of it . We will seek to work very closely with the process through the administration to obtain a formal Administration Position. On another topic, as you know, on july 17th, 2019, a mechanic for American Airlines allegedly tampered with an aircraft. It indicated a vulnerability to Insider Threats. How vulnerable is our nations Aviation System to Insider Threats . Insider threats is one of the significant threat streams that we regularly look at and something that we are actively working with our International Partners as well as our democratic partners including both in government and in industry. This is an area that we we also a culture across the board to get it quickly attended to. It takes each and every one of us. According to committee procedures, senator peters is next followed by senator lee. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Today as we remember the tragic events of september 11th, 18 years ago we know out of that tragedy came the 9 11 commission and its report examined what happened and made a number of recommendations to remedy the failures that led up to that tragic event. One of the last 9 11 Commission Recommendations that has not been adopted, most all of them have been adopted, was the necessity to streamline congressional oversight, which i know continues to be a challenge for the department. The department of Homeland Security is beholden to over 90 congressional committees in the house and senate. My question to you is how would you evaluate congressional oversight of tsa and tsas ability to be responsive to over 90 congressional committees in the house and senate. Thank you very much for the question. As you highlighted, compared to some other agencies, we have some additional requirements and a larger number of committees to whom we respond. Tsa is extremely fortunate that i think we have pretty Good Relationships with almost every oversight entity that we work with. We work very hard to try to find ways to do joint briefings, to consolidate interests in a way that helps overall drive efficiency on our end and responsiveness toward overall congressional oversight. Would consolidated oversight be helpful . I think the Administration Position is pretty, very much in line with what you are suggesting that there are some interest areas. We are willing to work with congress on how to make sure that the results actions, whatever they may be, best suit the needs for congressional oversight as well as helping streamline our requirements. I continued to hear from some of my constituents in very diverse areas in michigan about some very lengthy, very intrusive screenings that they get every single time they travel, theyre pulled aside. And certainly maintaining a safe and secure Aviation Environment is paramount. We have to keep us all safe, but we also have to protect civil rights of haulawabiding travel. To that end, i think its important for us to be conscious of whats happening and to track whats happening. I want to acknowledge i know its difficult to track information related to wait times prior to screenings, the length of screenings, the demographics of passengers being pulled aside, but my question to you is do you believe theres room for expanding the collection of data and sharing it with appropriate congressional committees and Civil Society groups and we get a better handle as to what is exactly happening at these inspection sites . One of the requirements of the tsa modernization act is in order for us to be able to report wait times across all locations. We are actively working along with airports to reach that goal. In many locations were demonstrating some of that process today. As to some of your other questions, i would say we are incredibly welcoming of input feedback across communities. We have a coalition that looks at multicultural issues, disability issues, others who need assistance or may have difficulty at our checkpoints. We regularly meet with them, including we have a meeting later this month here in washington as well as around the country. Wed be happy to come to your district to meet with any of your local constituents as well. That community has provided us invaluable information. Their individual stories, pieces of information they have been able to pass has enabled us both to do some explanation and behind why we do certain things, but its also enabled us to change our processes, methodology, how we teach our officers to conduct certain checks in recognition of what people have experienced. That information is invaluable to us. So one of the processes that you have to address people who are experiencing difficulties is the dhs trip process, as you know. I hear from my constituents that theyre very dissatisfied with that process. Id like to have your assessment as to possible ways we can expand or strengthen the trip to make it more user friendly and make it one that actually works as intended. We continue to look to change the language in the letters that are responded to to be as informative as possible. Quite often what we find is the number one issue people write in about is a belief that they are on a watch list. Quite often that is not the reason they received additional screening. Sometimes that explanation can be a little convoluted and i think we can continue to improve on how we try to explain the different factors that can result in someone having additional screening. This is something that is not intuitive to a large portion of the traveling public and we recognize that. An example of how weve tried to address that is we have videos up on our web page to tell people this is what you should expect when you come for screening. Weve also tried as many possible ways to find how we can interact with individuals in addition to formal letters to get to the root cause, what they might be seeing, what they are perceiving. There are instances where we can link up that person with a passenger screening specialist as they come to the airport that will provide them additional assistance and explanation to process through. Thank you. Senator lee. Thank you mr. Chairman. Thank you for being here today to answer our questions. Since 2014 the department of homela Homeland Security and the office of the Inspector General at the department of Homeland Security has been covertly auditing the security related aspects of tsa and its done so about four times. The igs findings have revealed some very alarming rates of failure due to both human and Technology Based failures. Most recently in february of this year, the ig conducted covert testing on procedures to safeguard the socalled security areas of airports, finding both human based and Technology Based vulnerabilities at various points. And the ig made a series of six recommendations in response to the perception of those failures. As of two months ago each of the six recommendations made by the ig were still open. What can you tell us about the current status of the igs recommendations and when can we expect those will be closed . We have concurred with all of the recommendations and are activity working to address them. A number of these recommendations are ones highlighting some areas that we also believe play into the larger discussion we are having around Insider Threat. Not only are we looking to rapidly respond to those requirements, we are also looking at what this tells us and how it informs our wider recognition. We would be happy to provide you some additional discussion in perhaps a different setting as to some of the details of the requirement. Thank you. Overall we have seen this several times in the last few years. What do you feel about the overall trajectory of how its going . Overall we believe that its critically important that not only the Inspector General but we ourselves do continual covert testing on our own programs and processes. We look at not only how are we performing against the standards we set ourselves originally, how we were set up to meet threats, are we meeting the threats we were set up for. But also as the threats changed, how are we positioned against those new threats, the ones we werent designed originally to meet. Thank you. As you could imagine, there is a significant deprivation of a persons privacy and liberty when a person is stopped along the way. You know, most of the time the way these things work, the overwhelming majority of the people youre stopping, inconveniencing and people whose privacy is being people whose privacy is violated are the innocent people, and so, in order to do that, we need to make sure that whatever we are doing is being done in the minimally invasive means possible. Tsa has recently been collaborating with us custom and Border Protection over the testing of facial Recognition Technology. Can you tell me a little bit about what the tsas adoption of the facial Recognition Technology and, id also like to know what the tsa does when it collects this information and does it collect it for any purpose other than as verification for the persons i. D. Does it now or will it in the future be keeping that data for any longer than is necessary to perform the task at hand or how long do they keep it . Sew with are conducting two types of pilots and the first one as you noted is with the customs and the Border Protection, and the way it works is based on the number of people who we think is going to be flying on any individual day and based on the characters and it helps to preposition a gallery of photos of the individuals whose passport photos are on file, and then as they approach a check, they are able to screen for, that and so it is not large data, but it is you against you, and the second pilot started recently at mccarron airport in las vegas, and that one using critical authentication is looking at matching you to the facial image on your drivers license or the other document, and under both circumstances, we retain long enough to do the initial match for the initial auditing and not restoring. So in that sense what stays in vegas stays in vegas . Yes. And soun till 2016, new tsos often completed the training requirements at or near the home airports and tsos now receive the training at a centralized tsa academy located at the federal Law Enforcement Training Center in georgia. Since this has happened, has tsa had any budget savings as a result of that . So, as you correctly note we changed the process and changed it slightly again in this past year. What we have done is that as the new tso comes on board they are first at the home airport for a period of time, about six months, and then they go off to the federal Law Enforcement training in glennco, and that is going to allow us to go through an initial process and prosed ur to have them come on board and make sure they are a good fit for the position that we are tracking them for prior to undergoing to twoweek training in glennco, and what we have seen coming out of the training in glennco is not so much of the budget savings, as a consistency of training and camaraderie of spirit as the people meet and retain those relationships across multiple airports, and enables them to know what another airport is doing against the same problem as well as what the home airport does. I see that my time has expired. Thank you very much. Thank you, senator lee. Senator udall. Thank you, mr. Chairman and thank you very much for your testimony and your service. I was in congress when we created the tsa after the 9 11 attacks that killed nearly 3,000 americans, and al qaeda and another terrorist Group Continues to threaten the Aviation System, and 18 years later, along with senators cantwell and blumenthal, i am concerned that the tsa employees are u pulled off of the job for political purposes to address a crisis on the southern border, and you mentioned in a response letter to congress in june that tsa planned to increase the number of fulltime equivalence allocated to the airports by more than 2,000 personnel and authorized a 20 increase in overtime. How much did this relocation of the personnel to the southern border cost tsa . Senator, we have deployed at this moment in time about 180 individuals across multiple job types and the federal air marsh marshals and the transportation Security Officers and the counsel, lawyers and support staff to help at the southwest border help the Sister Agency the cbp, and the highest mark we had throughout the period is about 350 so we are significantly decreased and seeing a decrease plus the supplemental provided by congress and plus the decrease in overall migration trends. Can you give me an estimate on the 180 how much it would cost and also the 350 . We will absolutely get back to you. You cant do that right now . I cant do the math in my head at the moment, yes. Okay. Thank you. And two weeks ago we learned that the tsa funds were being reprogrammed to pay for detention beds and transportation costs and these were diverted from the security and operation support accounts and others. Do you believe that tsa operations are going to be negative limb pa negatively impacted by this reprogramming and what are the effects of this reprogramming . Circumstances we carefully selected the areas of programming to make sure it will not have any permanent effects on the agency. It is delaying certain types of activities that we might have otherwise done in the fourth quarter, but even there we looked to minimize. Most of what we are looking at is going to automatically recur in the next year, so funding will resume then. So since many of the funds go towards training and supplies, are you preparing for long term disruption to the programs . Sir, we have very carefully monitored it to ensure that we will believe that we will not undergo continued impacts into the new fiscal year. And shifting to facial recognition with very few rules of the road for facial recognition right now, im concerned that the drive for efficiency will lead to expansive collection of the Sensitive Data by Government Agencies and how can we be sure that we have the slightly faster lines at the Security Check is not at the expense of the accurate security screening or of our own citizens privacy . The way we have set up our programs today, and biomettic a biometrics, we have not only completed the prerequisites for the privacy incentives, but described to people what we are collecting, why we are collecting and how long we will hold the information and how it is to be used. The way we are conducting the pilots today, we collect the image for as long as we need to conduct a match with a file already on file with cbp such as a passport or the credential that you are presenting at that moment in time and we are not maintaining that image. You are serving in acting capacity, is that correct . It is. And the boss above you is in an acting capacity, and double doubleacting . That is correct. Does this hurt accountability with this kind of the pattern across the government . I will say that we all recognize the importance of having senateconfirmed positions in all of the important roles that they traditionally perform within dhs and tsa. I will say as a secondary note however, if you have to be in this situation, having the strong leards we have in acting secretary mclaynen and others in their position will know how the respond immediately. And my worry is with the acting and without the senate confirmation, we get ourselves in a situation where in the democracy the rule being sent from the top is, you know, you are there and you can be gone the next day and this is a dangerous rule for democracy, so i hope to see you in a confirmed capacity some day. Thank you. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Thank you very much. Senator blackburn is next, and at the end of her questioning, we will observe the moment of silence in memory of the victims of 9 11. Senator blackburn. Thank you, mr. Chairman, and ms. Cogswell, i will tell you that the inconsistency that is happening with the vetting that takes place at the airport, but then we look at the southern border, and we have thousands of people on a weekly basis who are not vetted. We do not know who they are, and we do not know what they are bringing into the country, and many times it is drugs. Many times they are bringing in human beings. Trafficking women and children. We would never allow that passing through an airport. But yet it is happening at the border, so it is appropriate that the dea and the tsa personnel is there to proside some control and appropriate vetting. Let me stay with the vetting process, and senator lee touched on this. In recent years as he mentioned both the gao and the ig has identified very serious security vulnerabilities that exist with the screeners. And i use term screeners, because that is their legislated and stach toirl name, and their description. You have had some true flaws in hereb a here, and the Red Team Test that were failed with weapons getting past your screeners, 95 of the time, and by the red teams, that shows a lack of attention to detail, a lack of focus on the job. I also note that when we were looking at this issue in 2012 when the tsa were having problems with the screeners and passengers and personal privacy with the invasive patdowns and sneaking drugs through the terminals and a whole host of issues of bribery, theft and child pornography and within the ranks of the tsa members, screeners. Not officers and agents, but screeners. I understand that you all have taken some steps to try to address the issues. You have worked with the fbi to identify criminal behavior. So i would like for you the talk more at a granular level of how you can screen this personnel and at one point you were advertising on pizza boxes, and so tell me if you are still employing that activity, and how many hours of training the screeners are given . At one point, it was 40 hours of training and then given a uniform the make them believe they were an officer when they are not, and how many hours of training are given to the canines. That is a large range of questions and i will try to answer all of them and apologize if i fail to hit them all. And so, now, to mitigate the Insider Threat from the perspective of the tsa employee or another worker in the community, and we work in close proximity with the fbi and other law en forcement to identify where we believe criminal activity is occurring. As you noted moving drugs or ho ther other materials, but where someone might be at risk of not having the right Security Culture preparedness inherent in what they approach and do. This sn a area that we both strongly ar pass tate in on the investigatory side and training. This is an area where we have had extreme and extensive focus. A wez are looking at how we are recruiting, we want to make sure that we getting individuals who cannot only meet rigorous security requirements, but understand what the job is and why it is important and actually dedicated to the mission. Critical for us is to help them to understand what the job is and ensure they know what they are signing up for. And someone who does not want to spend a lot of time with people on a regular basis is not going to enjoy working on the checkpoint when tens of thousands of people come through everyday. So we want to ensure that we have individuals who have the strong character that we need and also are best suited for that interaction, and we have changed up and created a tso progression model. We have initial training when they start on board. They are wearing a different uniform at this point, so that they are distinguished from others. They then go to the federal Law Enforcement Training Center in glennco, georgia, for a twoweek intensive period. That constitutes how many class hours of training . Two full weeks, so 80 hours. 80 hours. They continue to meet ongoing training ongoing through the next several years as they progress, and this is going to en collude not only testing of the current knowledge to make sure that it is not stale to readily identify that image of the weapon on an xray from the academy, but to grow their own Skills Including couching and mentoring new employees coming on the the checkpoint. To the last point of ability to identify prohibited items when they come on to checkpoint, that is priority. It is twofold, one the training of the staff and second to ensure the best Technology Supporting them and how to use it effectively. That is why we are focused on the new computed tomography machines. And so when you are looking at a cluttered bag and a number of them in short order, it is more difficult in Current Technology than the c. T. Machines, because we will have greater ability, and ability to rotate, and ability to use target recognition and algorithms that look for just not a gun, but pieces of a gun so that we could identify even if it doesnt look exactly right. Critically important for us as we go forward. Thank you. Thank you, senator blackburn. Ladies and gentlemen, at this point in memory of the 3,000 souls that were lost on 9 11 and in honor and recognition of the people who stepped forward we are doing to observe a moment of silence. Im going to ask that members and staff stand for this moment of silence and our guests are invited to stand with us for this moment of silence. Thank you very much. You may be seated. Senator thune is recognized. Some of us will be going to vote and coming back, but we will continue to stagger our questions and accommodate members and our distinguished witness. Senator thune. Thank you, mr. Chairman. Last year thanks to the hard work of this committee the Congress Passed the reauthorization act of 2018 which included the tsa modernization act reauthorizing the agency for First Time Since 2001 when it was founded in response to the tragic attacks that occurred on this day. And the bill included deploying more screening technologies and protections for unsecured portions of the airport and minimizing security line wait times all to benefit the experience of the traveling public while keeping our airports and skies safe from harm. Building on improvements made by the faa extension safety and security act of 2016, the bill also required tsa to increase the accessibility of the precheck program. This included a Provision Requiring the agency to enter into an agreement with the private sector entities to expand enrollment options to secure online or mobile enrollment capabilities. Increasing the enrollment options is important in states like south dakota where enrollment is limited to two locations. Ms. Cogswell, could you speak to the agencys implementation of the section and when you expect this to be finalize and operational . Thank you, sir, and i appreciate the Critical Role that you played in getting the tsa modernization act created. We are testing a enrollment methodology at the checkpoint, but where an individual as they go to the airport for the regularly scheduled flight at that time are able to through a tablet complete an enrollment. Critical for us is to try out this environment, because it provides us true flexibility to match that equipment to where the people are when they are traveling and making it an injourney step of process and rather than making it in addition to regularly scheduled trip. We are working hard as required under the act to bring on board a second vendor to help increase the number of sites of enroll enrollment. And how complicated is the mobile online app . The way that the tablet works, you have a person there helping people to get through the process, so if they are not understanding how to do the image of their document, there is someone right there to help them take their fingerprints, and et cetera. Right there at the airport . Yes. Okay. Again, i would say that there are a lot of folks far away from the airport in places like south dakota. Have any previous, and let me ask you this first, because i think that, too, i want to follow up on the previous question, and senator peters and i have introduced the pretravel act to have a precheck for federal officers and employees to have an active security clearance for those who have undergone a substantial background check and that came out of the committee july 24th, and have any actions been taken by the tsa to occupy populations that have undergone screenings by another agency . Yes, sir, they have. In fact, a significant number of individuals in the part of the known Traveler Program, and received a number are individuals whose clearances we can directly identify, because they are held with another federal agency who has entered into an agreement with us. Critical for us is the ability to manage the relationship so we know that if a individual is terminated from a position or leaves a position, they are no longer eligible for the program. We can provide the list of the entities that we do it with today and the approximately numbers if you wish in another setting. Tsa modernization act expanded the officer reimbursement programs to help the small airports to comply to keep local Law Enforcement at the airports. This is critical for south dakota where resources at the airports are strained. Could you speak to how this Program Continues to improve the Airport Security across the country in particularly smaller airports . Yes, sir. We are extremely fortunate to have really Good Relationships across the board with state and local counterparts, as well as Law Enforcement specifically dedicated to individual transportation areas and what we find in smaller communities is those areas are quite often limited in the number of Law Enforcement officers they might have to cover a large geographic area, and so this ability, this for us to reimbursement them for the time enables them to spend more dedicated time and perhaps hire additional people to focus on the transportation security. And last question, quickly, the expansion also required tsa to review regulations and policies to advice and reduce administrative burdens at the airport, and have they made any other regulations there at the airport . We have conducted a review, and in the process of a number of deregulatory provisions to reduce the burden. Yeah. Thank you. Madam chair . Yes, im the acting chair and you can identify with that. Senator tester. Thank you, madam chair. I appreciate that a lot. Well, im going to go back to a previous question on real i. D. , and is montana one of the states not compliant . Sir, i will be happy to provide you a full list after the session. Okay. It would be great. You dont know or you dont want to tell me . I dont recall at this moment in time. I would like to know if the state is doing what it needs to do. Are you fully staffed at the tsa . We have hired especially for the airports to the level that we need to and are expected to. Okay. One of the things that i would just say that if you are able to transfer 230 million and able to transfer people to go in Different Directions then we are overfunding you. I would just say that. And maybe we are overfunding a lot of different agencies. So we need to be cognizant of that in the legislative branch moving forward. One of the ig and this is a previous question as well, one of the ig reports that were done pointed out that turnover at smaller airports was a problem. Turnover of personnel. You had said in a previous question that youing a greed with the ig, but the ig rejected your action plan, and correct me if im wrong, and that this is still an open recommendation. Is that correct . We have a recommendation i believe as current status is that we have provided initial materials and they have requested additional materials and left it responded to, but still open. So, but, the first, the first solution was rejected by the ig, is that correct . I believe they are requesting additional material. Okay. So still on the first recommendation, and have you been able to get them the additional material . I cannot recall at this moment in time of that specific provision. I would love the know that, because i come from the state that as the previous questioner that has a lot of small airports and in fact, they are all small airports. I happen to use the airports twice a week, and so im intimately familiar and your staff does a great job. By the way, they do an incredible job on the ground. They are very accommodating and professional. The problem is that in the smaller airports, i dont know h how you can hire anybody, because i dont know what the wage is, but it is around 15 or 16 and a lot of the airports come in and there for four hours, and go home, and back for four hours. Whats being done for the pay . I have got to tell you that this, i mean, we are paying about as much for the new teachers, and they are underpaid greatly, so how are we solving this problem . So first i wanted to and maybe, i should first say i think it is a pay issue, and why hasnt the pay been bumped up to recruit more people . Sir, first i want to say thank you so much for the care and the concern for the workforce, and i share that completely and appreciate how much you have done to call attention to this. Thank you, but we have a problem in Mission Control and we need to fix it. So under the authority we have an ability to set the pay, and for small airports we have a differential bonus to increase their pay to the level of the prevailing wage for the ensure a level of consistency at the airport. And similarly to your point, the split shift, we are able to pay additional and more than what is allowed under traditional you are able to, but do you . Yes, we do. So why is the ig issue an issue . The larger question and consideration is that as we are Going Forward and look at what should be a process and scale is going to larger question. We want to be in a position to be recognizing the Incredible Knowledge and skills that these individuals have and want to ensure as they stay with us over a number of years, they continue to see the increases in pay. That is where we have had traditionally not authority issue, but budget issue. So, if it is a budget issue, and you dont have enough money, why arent you screaming from the rafters about transferring 230 million, and which by the time i checked is more money than i can imagine. From this budget to the southern border, and i dont agree with the previous questioner who said that the southern border deserve, and yeah, we need a secure border, but it is a different budget. So one of the problems that i have got here is that you are the head of the agency and if it is in fact a budget problem, then you should be screaming, and i know that the boss says, no, we have to have this wall which is a really bad idea by the way, and most people in this room know this, but they are afraid to speak up about it, why arent you screaming . I would say the same thing to the department of defense, we are overfunding you if you are not screaming and they pull 230 million. Sir, we recognize and appreciate the strong support for the workforce, and what we are trying to do right now is to put together a series of options of what the additional pay would look like proposing going into the next year. And i have to quit, because i am past time, but exit lanes is another issue. If we cant put the people on the exit lane, and then we should not let the president allocate 230 million for this republican policy of the wall on the southern border. Thank you. Thank you for being here today and thank you for the great answers to the questions and the depth of knowledge. And certainly, it is not lost on all of us today, 9 11 we are talking about something created because of 9 11 and so we are in great admiration of what you and all of the organization is doing for the safety and the security of the Transportation System. Senator tester and i are the chairman of the Homeland Security appropriations subcommittee and senator test ser the Ranking Member on that committee, and so we are both familiar with the budgetary issues. I want to talk about the cts, because i understand a protest on the procurement of the cts that were awarded to smith detection, and it was funded in fy2019, and in the statement, you mentioned that 300 have been not produced yet or manufactured, but you led the contract on it. Yes. How much is this contest delaying the implementation, and what time line are we on for the 300 ct scanners . We were extremely fortunate that in short order the protest was resolved and we lost only about 90 days as a result and thewardeen completed and we will deploy them this fall and have determined the locations. How did you determine that . We looked at the airports in the wide variety of lenses, and not only the risk locations, but the try it out in a number of big airports and small airports to recognize how they operate across the board. Do you expect that the next tranche of cts will have a more improved technology with even more micro detection capabilities. Is that what you are looking towards . Yes, maam. In fact, we are looking to next algorithm as the next acquisition as well as integrated machine with the automated screening lane, the roller process that brings the bags into the machine and has an auto diverter on the back end when something is identified problematic. This is going to increase throughput, and multi plexing to more than one material up at the same time and unmitigated bin return so we dont have to have the officers moving the bins back and forth. I know i was in a airport and i dont remember where it was but maybe europe where they have the automatic bag return, and comes back and refills. Let me ask you this on the staffing issue as the chair of the Appropriations Committee and fy2019 we were able to get funding for 1,144 new tsa personnel. In response to the questions earlier, it sounds like you were able to hire that many within that fiscal year. Is that correct . Correct. Through all of the different recruitment mechanisms . Yes. We go through a process, as you know, throughout the year that assesses when we need to have certain number of positions out to match the peak volume and season at any given airport. We closely track the amount of passengers projected and not only writ large but at an airport, but down to the individual terminal to ensure that we are hiring well enough in advance to have that done. What kind of turn over do you . Across the board, if you are looking at the average of about 17 which is relatively commensurate with what the department of labor says is consistent for federal agencies hiring at this level. We still want to look to bring that down. Some of what we are doing in this method is aimed at ensuring that we are addressing some of the areas that people find hardest about this job. Part of it is looking at the pay system, but part of it is looking at that training you towards a career, so you will see where you are going. Do you pay the Retention Bonuses . We have the ability to use Retention Bonuses, and the predominant places that we use it is where we are competitive in the entry level salary in particular, and so a place whose minimum wage has gone up, and an area with extremely low Unemployment Rate is where we would pay the Retention Bonuses. Do you pay a recruitment bonus . We dot no. Do you employ an agency to do the recruiting . We do. Just one . We have contract out that helps with the recruiting as well as the processing of the various packaging. And is that Homeland Security contract or just tsa . They does it recruit Border Agents and others . No, it only recruits for tsa. Okay. Because that is an issue over on the Border Patrol is trying to get the recruitment, and the last question and the comment that i would make is talking about the inconsistencies, and i saw the numbers of, just the numbers coming through on the holidays this year are record numbers. And so i think that observationally for me, you are moving a lot of people very rapidly, and i think that you have worked hard to kind of work out some of the kinks of how to get them through, but there is inconsistency, because sometimes i have one of the larger ipads and sometimes it can go through in my purse, but sometimes it has to go into the little thing that goes through. What is the inconsistency there . So, what we are looking at is how cluttered the bag would be and we ask the officers to consider how best to ensure throughput while maximizing the ability to protect any item in the bag, and so at any given checkpoint, they are looking to ensure enough pieces come out to get that good xray image. Okay. That makes sense. Last question i have and i am way over is the batteries, and i will follow up in writing. Okay. Thank you. Thank you, senator capito. And senator markey. Senator, thank you very much. And i wanted to begin by emphasizing an issue that my friend senator blumenthal raised critical on the 18th anniversary of 9 11 that Congress Pass our faster act and restore all of tsa Security Funding and this is absolutely imperative. Customs and Border Protection is using facial Recognition Technology at 22 airports and just last month tsa began using the facial recognition tools on travelers at a Las Vegas Mccarron International Airport Security Checkpoint. Yet, there are currently no enforceable rules from tsa governing facial recognition, and passengers today have no enforceable right to say no to sharing their biometric information and tsa has no obligation to secure the biometric data it collects and no rule to provide tsa to have any racial bias in the use of this technology. Deputy administrator cogswell, it is essential that tsa put in safeguards in the facial recognition before your agency further deploys the technology. Will you commit to pausing tsas use of the facial Recognition Technology and enacting the rules for the traveling public before further expanding the use of facial recognition . Sir, if i could go through the pieces for just one moment. There are a series of requirements that govern any u. S. Government program requiring to us clearly demonstrate and explain how information is being collected, how it is being used and whether the people have the provision to optout and how to correct the record and as well as how that information is maintained. That is in compliance, and we comply with the privacy assessments and other materials. And do you have rules in place to protect the travelers privacy . I do. I would appreciate for you to present to the committee all of those rules. Do you have any plans to compel any participation in the tsa facial recognition compliance on a regular basis . Yes. Can you commit that tsa is going to take all steps measure to comply with the biometric data that you collect . Yes. And will you testify that it will not misidentify people of color . I will. And unfortunately the report that the tsa submitted to congress as a result of senator lee and my amendment to the faa reauthorization does little to assure us that you will be using the technology in a responsible fashion. Im concerned that we are in the wild west when it comes to facial recognition and in my opinion, tsa should stop these invasive tools until we are sure that everything is in place to satisfy and protect information which is in fact being gathered about american citizens. Mr. Chairman, the roll call is on, on the senate floor and i wish that i would have had one more set of questions, and i think that in the best interest of making sure that i make that roll call on the senate floor i yield back the balance of my time. Thank you. Thank you, senator markey. And so, i think that we have pretty much finished for the day. And you and i have had an exchange about the real i. D. , and i was feeling pretty good about the fact that 48 states are in compliance with their drivers licenses. And then i remembered that sometimes you can renew your drivers license for several years. For example in mississippi, you can renew your drivers license for eight years. So, it occurs to me that there is going to be a lot more people with drivers licenses from compliant states and jurisdictions who will have older drivers licenses. And there still may be quite a disruption and y2000 type disruption on october 1st, 2020. And what do we do about that . We share your concern that is not the place we want to be, and so we are doing everything that we can to get the word out. You are exactly right, both a combination of the people whose licenses are still valid, but also individuals who are in states who issue both real i. D. And nonreal i. D. Compliant licenses today, and so they may be renewing the license not understanding that they are getting a nonreal i. D. Compliant license. And help me to understand why a state would do that . Certain states are looking to have flexibility in terms of what system of the requirements are. They may believe that their population in particular is looking to have an option where they dont have to produce some of the same level of documentation about birth in the United States or citizenship for example. Okay. So, i am still not feeling good about, about these disruptions in october of next year. We very much are working state by state, locality by locality to do our best to get the word out. I will also say that in addition to the drivers license, you have options for other types of forms of i. D. , military identification, if you are a current member or former as well as passports and u. S. Passports are an option, and if you are in a state where you are concerned about your ability to get through in time, you may still obtain one of the other forms of documentation and you can use it to fly. You know, i think that we need to heighten awareness about this. Most people dont have a passport. And most people are not in the military or veterans, so it is going to be that drivers license. 9 of 10 times. I think that well want to visit with you on the record about if you dont mind giving us a very thorough answer about how we can comply with this. It seems to me citizens are going to be caught by surprise, and outraged. Just about a year from now. And they have bought a ticket and gotten there and suddenly that item thats been golden for years and years no longer gets you on the plane. So lets work on that. Yes, sir. Thank you, and i think that i have to read some words to make this official. The record will remain open for two weeks during the time the senators are asked to submit questions for the record and upon receipt. Our witness is requested to submit her written answers to the community as soon as possible. I bet you comply with that. So thank you very much, ms. Cogswell, you are a great and articulate witness and you have done a great job today. The hearing is now adjourned with the thanks of the committee. Thank you. The House Judiciary Committee set procedures for the articles of impeachment against President Trump. The vote was 2717 along party lines. You can find that debate online at cspan. Org or watch it tonight at 9 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan. Before then, you can see President Trump live as he talks to Congressional Republicans meeting in baltimore this weekend for their annual policy retreat. They are going to plan the agenda for the next year. President trump kicks it off. Watch the live coverage on cspan, online at cspan. Org or listen live on the free cspan radio app. The house will be in order. For 40 years cspan has been providing america unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the Supreme Court and Public Policy events from washington, d. C. , and around the country. So you can make up your own mind. Created by cable in 1979, cspan has brought to you by your local cable or satellite provider. Cspan, your unfiltered view of government. Next a hearing examining the effects of trauma and children and their development. The House Department of education and labor subcommittee hosted this. This is two hour and 15 minutes