We would like to present our junior group performance. How the tragedy of polio and the triumph of public accountability. Changed how america reacts to Infectious Disease. Infectious disease has caused death and suffering. Changing the course of human history. These casualties were real people. With real dreesms real families. And real lives. According to a historian, the death toll was 10 million. The roman leader calmly responded to the second century outbreak. Using his personal resources to keep panic from the streets. When you arrive in the morning, think of what a privilege it is to be alive. To breathe. To think. To enjoy. To love. The bubonic plague. Unlike the romans, the sufferers of the bubonic plague lacked a strong leader to regulate panic. It has been reappropriated into a symbol of pop culture, including the plague doctor. A highly recognizable symbol of fear. And even references such as montsy python. Bring out the dead im not dead yet smallpox. Dating back to the third century b. C. Through on three mummies. A global disease spread through trade routes. The wife of the english ambassador documented the process of elation. Im going to till a thing that will make you wish yourself here, the smallpox. So fatal and so general among us, its homeless, but an invention. Tuberculosis. Descriptions of this disease tended to romanticize it. Authors like edgar allan poe, emily brone and victor hugo all had characters that suffered from tuberculosis. Edgar allan poe wrote the beautiful lady, how could she die . And of consumption . But it is a path i pray to follow he and i wish that all i love could perish of this gentle disease. While taking away from a plague is appealing, it does not cure the disease. Help recy. Lepers were left to die. Until the arrival of father. He cared for the sick by teaching them to farm and leading them in work shifts. Once he contracted the disease, he began the service and would continue to do so until his death. Tie foismed once he contracted the mary, how ice cream killed thousands. Salmonella is a bacterial disease easily neutralized by the cooking process. Unfortunately for mayor and i her clients they stung. She specialized in the concocting of ice cream. Mary was immune to this disease, but boy, could she spread it. Boil it, cook it, peel it or toss it. Is calmly used used today. What have we learned through thousands of years of fighting this . From the plague that we need a strong central threered minimize panic. We learned what not to do. Smallpox. Were introduced to the possibility of vaccines and begin to value scientific research. Tuberculosis. We learn that it is dangerous to lessen our fears by making something seem vavenl typhoid. We are introduced to modern sanitary regulations to begin to care who prepares our foosmed we learned that those afflicted with still parts of sofmente humanity has a longstanding struggle against plague, often to no avisme however, polio struck the american population, and the countrys response to this tragedy revolutionized the way charities raise money, recruited volunteers, and cared for those afflicted. This is a triumphant example of when tragedy is answered with strength and commitment. In the 1930s an effort unfolded. Never before outside the military application has a public united to generate such address in addressing a national epidemic. It occurred because of an inspiring leader. A will public. And a brilliant scientist. Polio is an Infectious Disease which invades a persons bhain and spinal cord and causes paralysis. In 1921, i was 39 years old, had been married to my wife for 15 years, had six children, had just lost a bid for Vice President , and i contracted polio. Polio is one of the most feared disease insist the u. S. As the weather warmed up each year, panic over polio intensified. Late summer was polio season. Pools were shut down. Movie theaters urged patrons not too sit too close together. Insurance policies started selling policies for newborn. The fear was well grounded. Suddenly my husband was paralyze would from the waist down. Franklin would sit with braces and continue to his legs. At first our children were heartbroken, seeing their father in such a vulnerable state. But eventually the perfect with which the children accepted his limitations helped i am in his own acceptance of them. Those who are fortunate to be in full possession of their muscular powers naturally do not understand what it means to a human being paralyzed by this disease. It means the difference between being dependent on others and being wholly independent. This experience has led me announce the formation of a new foundation, the nfip, National Foundation for infantile paralysis. It ensures that every responsible Research Agency in this country will be financed to carry on investigations into the cause of polio and the methods by which it may be prevented. In 1933, a Public Relations pioneer suggested a nationwide party be held in honor of the president s birthday to raise funds for combating this new epidemic. If my birthday may be of any help, take t. The party was on. Letters were sent to Newspaper Publishers across the country asking them to find a leader who would be honored to be appointed director of birthday tpwhall your city. Select a ballroom. And manage the expense as soon as that from the seafl each ticket the National Committee will receive 1 for the funds. For small towns it was rejected. For large cities, union halls for the working class. And black tie banquet for the financial leaders. For all of them, the slogan we dance to seo that others ay walk. The president s birthday, over ,000 parties were staged. And in may that have same year a check for 1 million was presented to the president. Theres long been charities associated with fundraising. But in the realm of american philanthropy, this was a watershed event. Overnight the act of giving became a patriot i can do you tifment niftd formation of the they made pole yes the Number One Health threat. Uniquely daming russ on one hand. Completely defeatable on the other. In the 1920s, Charitable Giving was at a fever pitch. Americans bought liberty bonds, raised money for cathedrals and supported red crosms but the Great Depression changed that. Financial gifts were hard to come by. A popular entertainer known as the veteran of vaudeville hosted a Popular National radio tv show and suggested a National Foundation begin a new initiative. We could called it the march of dimes. They called it the march of times. Ask people to send their dimes directly to the president of the u. S. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. This is eddie kanter bringing you the chase and sanborn hour. Tonight i would like to speak with you regarding the march of dimes, to allow all people, even the children, to show our president we are all with him in this battle. Two dapes after this radio address, the white house supported a modest increase in volume. Two days after that she the roof fell in. First 5,000 letters. Then 30,000. Then 150,000 letters poured in, all carrying dimes. The United States government stopped functioning because we couldnt clear away enough dismse the basic strategy remained the same. Rely on small donations from the masses. Giving millions of ordinary people a stake in the crusade. By the 1950s in america, polio had become one of the most serious Communicable Diseases among children in the u. S. In 1952 alone, nearly 60,000 children contracted the disease. Thousands were paralyzed, and over 3,000 died. The combination of a National Leader having a personal experience with polio and a public motivated by zpeer compassion paid a portion final for jonas salk. The march of dimes directly funded the work of dr. Salk. And resulted in the creation of a vaccine. Newsman edward r. Measure row famously asked. Who holds the patent on the vaccine . Wrbling the people, i would say. There is no patent. Can you patent the sun . He gave the formula away for free. The vaccine worked. And the American Public rejoiced. For thousands of years, plagues have plagued hypothetical. And more often than not they got the best of us. But in the United States of america in the middle of a crisis that left our children untable stand. To run. To jump. To walk. united, and we won. The tragedy of polio left a sitting u. S. President unable to stand unassisted. Which led him to found a foundation. To inspire the American People to donate time and mofpblee which funded research. And resulted in a cure. And a triumph. [applause] campaign 2020, watch our live coverage of the president ial candidates on the campaign trail and make up your own mind. Cspans campaign 2020, your unfiltered view of politics. What is your vision in 2020 . Student cam 2020 is asking students what issue do you most want to see the president ial candidates address during the campaign . Student cam is cspans nationwide video documentary competition for middle and high school students, with 1 hundred,000 in total cash prizes at stake, including a 5,000 grand prize. Students are asked to produce a short video documentary, include cspan video, and reflect differing points of view. Information to help you get started is on our website, studentcam. Org. This sunday on American History tv, historian dan albert talks about his book are we there question the american automobile past, present, and driverless. He chronicles the history of u. S. Autos and argues against a driverless car. Heres a preview. Off the top of your head, when would you say the automobile was invented . Ill give you a couple of 1900s . 1910 . 1898 . Very specific year. You want to give me a month . [laughter] july. There you go. There you go, yeah. Im going to prove you all wrong. But anyway, so the question is not so much birth, its adoption. Ok . Because its born many times, often stillborn. Ill show you how that happened. The real questionsive are two. One, not why was it invented, but why was it adopted . Why did it succeed when it did . And also, what was it really . We kind of think, oh, automobile, you get in the car, and you go, its a machine for getting places, transportation device. And obviously when the driverless car people think about it, thats what they think about it. Theyre not talking about tail spins. Theyre not talking about how its going to sit in your driveway for your kids to learn what its like to be around an automobile. So that kind of strange question, but what is an automobile . By the same token, i think youll be surprised perhaps to learn that Driverless Cars have been invented many times. Thought about and Technology Described in the 1930s, tested in the 1950s, and proven quite viable by government testing in the 1990s. And two things are important about that. Again, we had them. Why didnt we pursue them . And it turns out, as you look at it a little more deeply, we say, oh, Driverless Cars, but theyre very different than the Driverless Cars that are coming next, ok . So well look a little bit about what the Driverless Cars were like and what the Driverless Cars are like today. All right, so youre all wrong, the automobile was invented in 1672. Right . Learn more about the history of u. S. Automobiles sunday at 6 00 p. M. And 10 00 p. M. Eastern. Youre watching American History tv only on cspan3. Clyde poseley talks about the history of activism among black athletes, including the black power salute made by tommy smith and john carlos during the 1968 olympics in mexico. Hes the author of more than icons and images uncovering the hidden protest narrative of the black american athlete in the 21st century. We interlude mr. Posley, Senior Pastor from the Antioch Baptist Church in indianapolis, at the annual black history luncheon n washington, d. C. You wrote a book about the hidden protest narrative in the black american athlete. Tell me where you feel it begins. I believe that the protest narrative actually began the moment that africans were brought to american soil. We are celebrating the dubious 400year anniversary of that arrival here, and immediately upon the arrival of blacks on the american shores, slave owners began to be enamored with the black male physique, so much so it caused them to engage these black men, warriors, several types of warriors and chiefs, into various types of sport, head butting, cock fighting, and what is