Decade. Bellbottoms, disco, bad hair. In recent years historians have seen that its very important. In some ways more important in the 1960s which gets a lot of the attention. One of the themes that i talked about is calling this era the age of limit. Will get to what that means. We will talk about that and we will talk about the question mark. We will discuss the import of the decade and the influence it had, not just on 1880s but down to our time today. Recapping what we talked about earlier, we see in the 1970s a profound loss in the american institutions. Driven by nixons resignation over watergate of 1974. The final end of the vietnam war. You see the photo of helicopter of the u. S. Embassy picking up the last of the vietnamese soon to be refugees out of the country. The loss of the war was devastating in many ways for the United States. It really showed that one of the world superpowers had a big achilles heel. Had a bill of big effect on the military. The Antiwar Movement have divided the country. The third thing was the Church Committee hearings. There is to Committee Hearings in congress that looked into the central intelligent stages. For the first time americans got to see what this Intelligence Agency was doing behind closed doors. Especially in terms of assassination attempts against figures. This was shocking to many americans. And adding to the loss of fate that americans had in their government. The 70s are a time of economic trouble. We talked for most of the semester on this post the economic boom. How the economy after world war ii expands and grows. The middle class grows. Not everyone gets taken up in his expansion. Large numbers of people do. That really comes to an end around 1969, 70. There is a short recession. Is another big recession at the end of the 70s from 1979, to 1982. The war defines the economic troubles of the decade. Inflation mixed with a growing economy and rising unemployment rate. The inflation here by 1974 hit 11 . It dips down in 1977, 1978. 1979 picks up again. The economic pressures of the vietnam war, coupled with the Great Society and the pressures on the u. S. Economy. Once a country experiences inflation, it can be devastating. Not just devastating economically, but another example of losing faith in the institutions. This case and losing state and the value of the dollar. Very high inflation. The mid 70s recession coincides with the great oil crisis. When opec the organizing nation mostly in the middle east and also including venezuela, nigeria, they put an oil embark for the United States for the support of israel. Its a retaliation for the u. S. Fighting with israel. The u. S. We didnt talk about the middle east, but its the time that u. S. Comes in on the side of israel and times of the conflicts there. The oil crisis is going to limit the oil we have and it will boost the price of oil. Gas lines are seen all across the country. There will be another oil crisis at the end of the 1970s as well. I can still remember my father having to get up very early in the morning to go to the gas station to get the car filled up. This is we start to see a decline of Oil Production in the u. S. This concern how dependent are we on foreign oil . That a foreign country can close the spigot on oil and severely damage our economy . We have a start of the Energy Conservation movement. Maybe we need to conserve or cut back on our use of energy . This is the time period when you have the 55 mile per hour speed limit. The idea that is all about conserving energy. The other issue of the 1970s as the economic deregulation, the idea that the economy needed to be opened up. The regulations needed to be lifted. We think of that with reagan in the 1980s, but the reality is it begins in the 1970s. It is clear that during the troubled times that somehow Congress Needed to lift some regulation and boost the economy. The airlines are one of the biggest places where we see the effects of deregulation. Its a highly regulated industry in the country. Banking, trucking, and many other smaller industries as well. They sought economic deregulation beginning in the 70s and going into the 1980s. We read tom waltz book, this essay is kind of a continuation of the same theme. Is the theme of this what we call the third great awakening. Great awakenings we talked about religious fervor. We talk a lot about this idea of the pranksters engaging in a form of religious experience. Not in a traditional christian sense, but in a very different sense. We will continue talking about that here by talking about the 1970s as the decade of need. The decade of almost narcissistic individualism. Of talk about me is one of the lines from there. This is a quote from the me decade. Once the got money in the 1940s we get an astonishing thing. They took the money and ran. They did something only aristocrats and artists were supposed to do. They discovered and started doting on me. They have created the greatest age of individuals in american history. All rules are broken. This focus on the individual an individual selffulfillment is central to what begins in the late 1960s and continues into the 1970s. He begins the essay by discussing a daytime talk show which will scene on daytime talk shows with an individual talking to the public about their hemorrhoid, something very personal and private. All the sudden he gets expressed and discussed in the open, in public. Why . Because i want to talk about me, my problems, my needs. People refer to the 70s as the me decade. Is another famous book which is by christopher lass called the culture of narcissism. Which is a more academic look at the similar theme. Now, historians have also qualified that as well. Theres also a lot of political activism, and communitybased activism during this time. We definitely see changes in society. A greater casualness. Jeans, polyester suits. We dont have those so much anymore. Opening up of society. It has been very buttondown as part of the 1960s. Drug use increases in society. Marijuana specifically. It throughout america especially becomes a right of passage for teenagers. Theres people supporting the legalization of marijuana. It doubles during this time. By the middle of the decade, cocaine becomes a popular drug, especially among more affluent americans. There was legal drugs like valium. The idea of selffulfillment and introspection goes mainstream. Looking out for number one, how to be her best friend. This introduces a new type of national tv talkshow. Where one gets on and shares ones feelings with viewers, and this had many imitators. Oprah, jerry springer, all different times. Maury povich. This opens up about people talking about private things. Yoga becomes popular. More americans are looking to the east come of eastern religion. The rise of new age. Remember the counterculture was putting itself in opposition to mainstream American Culture. Here in the sense they are looking not at traditional christian religious values, but looking to the east. This idea, the selffulfillment that becomes popular in the 70s leads to fitness, health, from hippie to yuppie. Here we have a picture of two of the most famous tv stars in 1970s. Farrah fawcett and lee majors. He was the 6 million man. Farrah fawcett, many young boys had posters of Farrah Fawcett in the rooms in the 1970s. Charlies angels. Jogging, now americans were increasingly taking up fitness and health. Taking to the roads and jogging. Seen people on the road running would now become a much more common site. Coming out of the counterculture we see a rise of natural food movements which becomes totally mainstream as you going to supermarkets and see organic foods. This comes out of this period, and comes out of this counterculture of looking for ways to improve ones health. We see the popularity of racquetball. It has declined. I remember playing racquetball. It was a big sport in the 70s and early 80s. And bodybuilding. Weightlifting. Symbolized by the documentary pumping iron. Ever seen pumping iron . With arnold torch nager is the star of pumping iron. It made him into a star. Theres increasing understanding of the harm of smoking. Is when they announced that smoking is actually dangerous. Smoking ads are banned on television. As part of this move towards selffulfillment, self improvement, looking inward. It is a move to improve ones health. The sexual evolution, in the 70s is when we see it really flourish and move out into mainstream American Society. Is taking the trends from the 60s and moving that into mainstream america. The joy of sex becomes a national stellar. Theres loosening attitudes towards premarital sex, even x marital sex. Pornography, this is the era when photography people have been using pornography for as long as man has existed, but in terms of movies when times square in new york many movie movie theaters showmovies. Deep throat is a classic american movie of the early 70s, 1972. We have clubs in new york like platos retreat. A sex club. Wife swapping becomes more common. Theres a very famous incident in baseball history in the early 1970s pictures of the new york yankees in spring training decided they were going to swipe it to swap right wifes. Of the couples stay together, the anointed and. This is a huge scandal in the early 1970s which is shocking. It is something that had no punishment. Theres change in divorce laws. People got divorced for the 1960s, but you see a change in the laws especially with the nofault divorce which made it easier for couples to get divorced. There is no claim for some sort of fault that someone cheated on them or spousal abuse. There could be incompatibility. You see a rise in divorces in america in the 1970s. American family life will become more fractured from the 70s onward. Rights, also comes into bloom in the 1970s. Most historians date the rise of the Rights Movement to the rice at stonewall in new york city in 1969. The next year is the first liberation parade in new york city. Theres also pride parade in los angeles. In 1973 the American PsychiatricAssociation Takes homosexuality off of its list of mental disorders. Part of that was seen as a psychological problem. States begin to get rid of their sodomy laws, not all of them but some of them. Harvey milk is elected in 1977 to the board of supervisors. San francisco becomes a hub of the community in the castro district. The rainbow flag which we see todays created in 1978. Also as part of the the cca rise of the culture disco. In terms of clubs, parties around dance music it begins in the community in the late 60s and early 1970s and begins to flourish by the mid1970s. Studio 64 in new york is probably the most famous of discos, but they were all over. Theres music that becomes incredibly popular in the mid 1970s. Probably made most famous and mainstream by saturday night fever. Dance music, flashing lights, people in outrageous outfits. A lot of people using drugs. This is a classic example of personal liberation. Freedom from restraint. Going and letting go on the dance floor. The music itself was a bland of africanAmerican Culture coming out of black dance music, donna summers. The most famous or infamous of the ask was the village people. Which are around. Theres also the backlash, but we meet the next class we wills show you a clip from the infamous backlash disco which happened in chicago at a Chicago White sox game. Disco becomes a motto for other americans. Theres underlining cultural tension there in terms of rua disco fan or are you a rock fan . This will tell us about your background and your ideas. This is a movement making strides with coming out. The early 70s is probably the high point of the womens movement. In the 1960s, this book is marched down as an important turning point. Its a book about women at home. Its a book of the 50s, late 50s and early 60s. Its about wives and mothers at home who feel some this is something missing in her life. Women read the book and would often read the book in groups. It would recognize that those problems are and their lies. You began to get more Political Action by the late 1960s, its not created. You have two kinds of womens Rights Movements. One is a much more middleclass movement of political movements. Like now. Is focused on the political system. It is focused on things like workplace quality and antidiscrimination. Focused on issues like Maternity Leave and child care. Theres also another more radical group with womens liberation which takes a much more radical view of politics, and of the relationship between the sexes. You see more women moving into the workforce. In 1960 a third of women were in the workforce. 20 years later at the end of the 70s more than half were working. Another famous book of the time which is is our bodies, ourselves. It comes out of boston Womens Health book collective. A professor at emerson who started this. With a focus on Womens Health and sexuality. It starts off as a little pamphlet or booklet and is incredibly popular. They are publishing it as a book as a massmarket book. It is now in, i dont know what addition today. We see these movements of liberation of rights filtering down and filtering out. The quality night rights should not be denied. It passes congress overwhelmingly. And number of states and over two dozen states ratify it. It looks like it will go and easily become an amendment. Until opposition gets foreign. They lead the movement. This movement is tied which we will talk about it later it ties into the growing conservative leaning politically social movement that will be through the 1980s. The allies frame opposition around much more traditional gender roles. And argue that this amendment will threaten these roles. The opposition for organizing will prevent the necessary two thirds of states from ratifying the amendment. Theres a time limit in which the state had to approve or ratify the amendment. They dont meet the deadline and congress extend the deadline and it never gets past. On the bottom is one of the leaders, the one with the hat is a congressman from new york city. Famous for the hats. This shows us not only the strengths of the womens movement, but also the limits that is going on here. It will foreshadow future trends in the coming years. One of the famous incidents monastery the most important, but most symbolic did anyone see the battle of the sexes movie . I havent seen it yet. Bobby riggs the man on the left with a 55yearold former tennis star he thinks that theres too many differences between men and women. No way a woman could be on the tennis court. He challenges the number of women tennis players to a match. He challenges 29yearold Billie Jean King to a televised match. 100,000 to the winner. Theres about 90 Million People worldwide who watched this match. One could argue that this is over the hill, not in great shape. There were some arguments recently that he likes to gamble as he threw the match. Not sure thats proven as well. This is seen as a victory for women over men. Especially riggs who was obnoxious, vocal. He came to identify that. Do we have questions . Feel free to raise your hand. Were trying to cover a lot of ground here. Feel free to raise your hand if you have questions. I had this section in the 70s, when extended, is a totally die or was it ever passed . This is to get the state to ratify it. Its passed by congress that is to the individual state to ratify it. There was a time limit on which the states needed to adopt it. In 82 it was the final limit. Two thirds or something. And never was amended . Never as a constitution. I think since in some states have voted on it, but i dont think it qualifies. Another interesting part of the 1970s, and increased emphasis on ethic, racial identity, family roots. We call this multiple multiculturalism. For the decades prior to the 1970s, a simulation was seen as important social value. Especially if you are looking at the grandchildren of the european immigrants. The notion of putting aside the immigrant past and becoming americans was important. Now in the 1970s you are seeing a resurgence of ethnic identity of these groups. If you looked at tv or movies, theres not of racial differences. Now in the 70s you see more. The godfather is seen as one of the classic ones. It comes to the screen, and becomes one of the greatest movies of all time and cut ties into the American Culture where you have americans identifying as an italian lobster. He becomes a hero in many ways. This is an overly identified ethnic. Other movies as well. At the time. This is the era of roots. About finding his ancestors they would come over as slaves , and it becomes published in 76. Its one of the most popular miniseries is. It turbo boosts the prominence of genealogy. The importance. Tracing your familys roots. Anyone seen those ancestry. Com ads . Has anyone ever done those tests . They become very popular. Genealogy is booming. Prior to this time, genealogy was for the descendents of the pilgrims. Those who come over on the mayflower. It was used as a way that was very popular in the 20th century. Who wanted to approve that i had ancestors come over. The groups those groups that were doing genealogies. And set up organizations like the new england genealogy society. Now in 1970s, it has become mainstream and popular. All kinds of groups want to know what was grandpas life over in the old country . Where are my african ancestors . Its a great interest in family background as a way of promoting pride in ones own heritage and differences between various groups. It becomes celebrated in a sense. To historians introduce the rise of ethnic identity to breakdown other identities with emphasis prior to that . The issue of a link between the breakdown of religious identity, and increase in racial identity . Im not sure. This is a time in the 70s where you start to see declining. Will talk about christianity going up, but many catholic churches with tense miss going down. It could be a substitute for that. Because people are down the road. The identity of the residence up until the 60s or 70s is around what church they were from. Mostly irish catholic. As it tends to decline, i think the irish part takes into the catholic part. That might be. Another important trend is the rise of the sunbelt. If you look at the map of america, the sunbelt is roughly no strict definition, but if you see florida, georgia, texas, arizona, california, may be today including las vegas in that area. You can see from this map, the population trend of people moving away from it. If this is sunbelt, what do we call the green part . This implies why its more popular. Jobs are starting to open up in the south and west. Because of air conditioning and the prominence of air conditioning it becomes a much pleasant prompt to were live in south florida, arizona, or las vegas, or parts of texas. Down to this day we see a population growth in america really highlighted in those areas. The carolinas, georgia, florida, alabama, and mississippi. Bc if you state left out. They are generally states that dont get hugely prosperous. Whats driving the growth in the sunbelt . Does anybody know what is driving the growth . Is some of it based off the movement of industry out of the west belt and into the south . Some of it. Some of it is moving down to the south. For instance the carolinas have a lot of the textile manufacturing. That is part of it, what else . You could get things cheaper in texas or florida then you could anywhere else. Taxes are cheaper, one reason people move to florida is because theres no who else is moving down to florida . Retirees, older people. If you look at florida and the two coasts, its often said that they are populated by those coming from new england, new york and the west side is much more midwestern. Retirees are down there. What else do you have a lot of in the south and west . Have lots of military bases. Most of them are in the south and the west today. The ones that are the north the ones around us are closing down. Think about this is not a great time. Think about Oil Production. Or the oil industry in places like texas. Southern california, so jobs are in these places. They are attracting people who are leaving places like new york, and illinois. This is a trend that has continued to this day. Politically, is the top three states being those. Every 10 years you lose it because population is moving down to the south. I think our state population stayed roughly the same. Baby has grown a little bit, but the population is somewhat bigger in the sunbelt. There so many more people moving down there. They will continue to move down there. You look at the biggest cities in america today. Three of them are in texas, los angeles, phoenix. This is a trend that will continue as people continue to move out of the northeast and midwest. High taxes in the northeast continue to push people out of the northeast. Another interesting and odd trend in america was the renewed southern culture, especially white southern culture. If you think about the 50s and 60s, when you think about american politics, american news, you look at the 60s or the south during the 50s and 60s, you mostly looked at the civil Rights Movement. And the white opposition to civil rights that we saw in the 50s and early 1960s. Especially when television begins to focus more on the civil rights Unit Movement and burning him. See the ugly side of america on television. How whites were treating africanamericans. As legal ends in the 1960s we get this renewed interest in the south, and a southern influence that begins to seep into American Society. Something we can also see to this day. Southern rock is popular. Entered skynyrd. Leonard skynyrd is a very critical song about white southerners. This is the answer to that. A southern man does need them around anymore. Praising alabama, praising George George wallace. You also had country rock, the eagles arent really a southern band, but theres a lot of rock music that becomes countrified a little bit. Country music had been around a long time. It was known as hillbilly music. Now it is mainstream. Part of it is the outlaw culture. If you explain why this interest in the south in popularity to the southern culture, i think it has something to do with individualism the idea of the outlaw culture. Smoke in the bandits, dukes of hazards. These are kind of rebels. Rebels have a very specific meaning. The 70s, rebel has a different terminology. Rebelling against the system. There is an appeal to that. Outlaw Country Music, willie nelson, merle haggard, and more mainstream figures like dolly parton. To wear today, Country Music is all over. Is popular not just in the south, popular in the north, it is popular everywhere. It is not my cup of tea, but i am amazed of the number of people who live in the north that our Country Music fans. You start to see that in the 70s. Race car driving, nascar has deep roots in the south. Hugely popular, not my cup of tea, not what i spend my time on. You see nascar fans not just in the south, you see them all over. This is a influence of the south. Smokey and the bandit is the stevies culture . Does anybody remember that . Have a boardgame from the 70s like a stevie boardgame. It was a Radio Communication between truckers. 10 for, good buddy. Smoking the bandit helped to popularize that. Here you have Burt Reynolds adding to be a rebel. You see the dukes of hazard that premieres 1979. They through the Confederate Flag in the background. The car is called the generally. General lee. They represent a broader rebellion against authority figures. I think thats how this is. They always had an important place especially when you look at literature. Had great influence in american letters. Here we talk about pop culture. Americans are absorbing this very specific southern culture. As we look to civil rights we saw in upstream in womens rights and rights. Output this powerpoint up on the blackboard. After the Civil Rights Act in 64, after the Voting Rights act, the question is what comes next . The Supreme Court begins to take up hearings on certain issues. Manning having to do a schools. The one that is not had to do a schools has to do with employment. It shows what kind of tests can an employer give to potential employees . What kind of requirements can they make . Can they require a High School Degree . The plaintiff argues that was impacting africanamerican applicant. That africanamericans have had lower rates of high school graduation. The court argued that any kind of test a requirement for a job has to be essential, irreplaceable, and related to a job. If there is desperate impact, if some requirement impacted the race as differently, that could be seen as discriminatory. You see we are getting into much more complicated territory. We are beyond the issue of segregation on city buses or segregated libraries. We are getting into complicated issues on how employers higher, and this is the case where there is no evidence on outright discrimination. The issue of schools the Supreme Court will take up these issues. The Supreme Court says they can achieve the segregation and it is constitutional. You can bus students across the district in order to desegregate the school system. Thatll be important in a couple of minutes well talk about boston. The keys case looks at northern cities. For the most part, charlotte is in the south, but denver is in the west. They did not have it. Did not have the segregation. They were arguing that the schools in denver or segregating based on residential patterns. The Supreme Court said that a city couldnt say we didnt have specifically black and white schools so therefore we cant be under a desegregation order, but the Supremes Court said yes. They could come under a court order. Which is what we will see in boston. Then in 1974 the court puts a limit on this. I put a limit on busing. Here we have a case in detroit of a Northern City, a Northern City that in the 60s and 70s experiences a flight out of the city and becomes majority africanamerican. Schools are heavily africanamerican. The whites that are in detroit schools tend to be in mostly white schools. The solution was, less bus children across the city line. And white children from the suburbs going to the city. Is a metropolitan desegregation order it would link the suburban schools with the urban schools as a way to balance the schools racially. Its here at the Supreme Court said no, you cant do that. These are separate school districts. A court cannot order it. Schooling is always done at the local level. Locally controlled. They are ran by local boards of education. The court said no, we wont destroy that. We want create a metropolitan of one huge school district. Thats going to put a limit on what courts can demand in terms of busing. That will have an impact in boston as well. The other case dealing with africanamericans and civil rights is the big decision of 1978. He is rejected and claims that lower scores were admitted. It goes to the Supreme Court. This deals with affirmative action. The Supreme Court in one of the most convoluted decisions, i wont get into the details, but basically it was for people voting one way and for people voting the other way. This was the lone decision that was able to go under five boats. They were allowed to enter medical school, but the court said that schools could use race as a factor in looking at applicants. However, the rationale for that was not compensatory or past discrimination. It was to benefit the student body. This is something the court has continued to use as a criteria for using race in terms of school applications. Is a way schools for educational purposes need to have neighbors student body. In this case you can use race as one factor. You are in the middle now. Just across the charles river. Harvard is in court and being challenged by american students. They do use race, but not as a plus factor. They just opened up the hartford admissions process. This is tricky. If we are moving from earlier civil rights moving which barred the use of race, in terms of job discrimination, hiring, schools, we look at remedies like busing, or affirmative action. Here where the legal issue becomes trickier in terms of what kind of or how much can government use race as a factor can one say that for a company to have x percentage of africanamericans are minorities, do you do that . The other problem is of course political. Which is once we get to the issues of affirmative action and busing we get greater political opposition. Not just from the south, but also in the north as well. In boston its one of the most famous examples the 1970s of the controversy over School Busing to achieve racial desegregation. Theres a photo of school buses rolling into south boston with africanamerican schoolchildren coming in from roxbury. A quick background on the case, the racial imbalance act of 1965 was a state law. Which said that any school that had more than 50 minorities was deemed out of balance and therefore needs to be desegregated. Theres one problem with the law. If the school is 100 white, that was not out of balance. What that meant was, the only schools that were in violation of this law were Boston Schools, and i think couple schools in springfield. They are only geared towards city schools. As we get into the 70s, the Supreme Court said you cant bus across city lines. You to be in the city. Boston has his program which comes up during this time. Is a voluntary program in which africanamerican children in boston are bussed to suburban schools. The they agree to accept a certain number of students every year. That is a voluntary student busing plan. The committee throughout the late 60s or early 70s argued that boston city schools are segregated. Especially in roxbury, those areas become gradually more africanamerican. Whites are living in east boston, south boston, hyde park. They are arguing that the Boston School committee is triggering around with Neighborhood School district line. In order to keep schools majority white. They achieve as many white students in white schools. In 1974, a federal court case, judge author garrity orders that the bought Boston Schools are segregated and gets busing to desegregate Boston Schools. He takes control over Boston Schools. The Boston Schools, and begins to redraw district lines and decides who will be bussed where. One problem is that because its been happening in the 60s and early 70s there was fewer white students to bus. Of the problem is the most famous problem with the plan is that he paired south boston with roxbury. Tension in south boston , they bitterly opposed the busing decision. South boston and some of you know is a tight parochial community, they didnt want to be told that they had to accept students or that their students had to go to roxbury. You can see the police asked for an escort. A very growing feeling where they are asking why are they bearing the brunt of integration of schools when mostly white suburban schools are exempt they saw that it was the White Working Class caring the burden which increased their anger and opposition. You have the group created in boston to a pose busing. You can see the lion that there , war restore our alienated rights. And a very famous photo when the most famous photos, the title is the soiling of old glory , that is prominent architects, if you look at the photo it looks like hes taking the flag and is about to spear the man on the right, and hes holding him , this was certainly an attack. But actually the picture doesnt tell the whole story. The man on the right is trying to hold him up because he tripped and he was trying to hold him up. In one picture you see the divide, the racial divide between White Working Class of bostonians and the anger that it created. The Boston Schools will be under the judges control until the 1980s, 1983 when they turn the control back of the schools. Garrity is involved in small decisions , and a famous one dealt with in south boston where hes deciding how many balls a gym should order. But if theyre looking at teachers , what teachers are being hired, and busing will continue in boston until just a few years ago when officially busing in boston was in the. Decline. When it was and it. The options were and many white parents and did this was to send their child to a parochial school, a catholic school. There are a lot of catholic schools, that became such a big option that the archbishop had to declare that they wouldnt accept transfer students , if you started in kindergarten that was okay , but you cannot transfer in that fifth grade. The other thing is that a lot of white students just left and moved to the suburbs. They moved elsewhere in the boston area but to this larger implementation have an effect on the resurgence of interest in the confederacy . But perhaps in some ways. The number of people that were affected by busing was pretty small just say its a mentation of affirmative action . I think that was part of it i dont think it played a direct relationship, it was more like a broad cultural. One of the things that was interesting about the anti busing movement. Was how much the groups used civil rights tactics to oppose busing , they used citizens in protest. Theres a great photo of a protester with a piece medallion. They had this antiauthority movement. And it just goes down to the busing decision. Who are you a Higher Authority to come into our community and tell me where my kids should go to school . Not listening to you. That idea, that loss of faith in an institution its going to impact us. And this rebel culture is going to appeal to people as well. Did south boston residents become nascar fans . I dont know if there is anything direct like that. Its in the culture, its in the air. Wasnt intentional that the affluent communities were left out . The spring court so you could not force them into busing. They had the original law in 1965 that exempted them because it only looked at the schools that were 50 or more of minority. In that way all of the suburban legislators voted for that. Had impacted suburbs they probably would not have voted for it. A i was curious about the effect, i looked at when we are on the southern culture slide. I was looking at the graph showing the enacting of confederate monuments and things like that. It was an abnormally high, it was pretty normal movement is up five times as high i think the reaction was the earliest one the highest in the south as a way of putting up confederate monuments as a way of expressing your support for jim crow in the opposition. Lets move to new york. 1970 is another crucial event its the fiscal crisis in new york. Its a complicated story , new york city almost went bankrupt , the Financial Capital wall street could not pay their bills and they came that close to going into bankruptcy. Historians argue about this often. The impact of the recessions a really hit your. They lose a couple hundred thousand jobs. At the same time going back to the 60s which was a good time economically. New york institutes of city income tax , they have lots of revenue coming , but they also increase city programs. Theres greater demand for city programs and the welfare new york you have white middle class residents are leaving the city , that impacts negatively the tax base. They are slightly poor with a greater demand for social services. What the city does in the early 70s, it did this in their early 60s and resumed again in the 70s. Did a lot of borrowing. So you think how do these buildings get built . They borrow , bonds. There is nothing wrong with that per se but they borrowed a lot and the bonds were short term. And Interest Rates are going up. And what ends up happening that banks are just not confident enough for a variety of reasons to lend them anymore money. These notes are due at the end of the month. What happens is that new york state it takes over fiscal control of the city creating the emergency financial control board to take over the city budgeting they were a stated created organization that was able to raise the money, what this leads to is the era of austerity a very tight budget. New york city had to significantly cut their budget. Having said that the city budget since the mid60s had gone up dramatically the hiring of city workers have gone up dramatically when theyre going to be cut after 1975 police and fire and all down the road, you will see that impacted in daily life parts already had been in bad shape. And they get worse after the fiscal crisis , there was just no money to upkeep. There will be a net loss of 1 million. And more importantly the culture of new york, the social welfare culture going back to the 1930s that created an urban safety net, Free City College , they had their own hospital , and support for that is going to increase, the famous headline that the gorgeous city drop dead. When they turn to present for for money they said no were not going lend you any money a few weeks later they released some funding for new york city afterwards. There are bigger problems in new york, in 1977 in the summer of 1977 there is a blackout, with massive looting and poor neighborhoods. If you have seen or read the book or movie the bronx is burning. The dodgers are playing and outside of the state in there are fires going they had seen much that was affected, see roosevelt burned out buildings and a 1977 jimmy carter goes to charlotte street to survey the urban damage, to see a sign of urban decay, on the positive note the area where carter is looks very different. A small singlefamily home and a very nice area , it was rebuilt in the 1980s and early 1990s. Crime nationwide becomes a very serious issue. In new york the infamous son of assam killings, and killed six people and wounded seven others. Mostly attacked young couples. This is what makes cereal killers take. I think this is a classic case of a man who was a frustrated, he did not do well with women. He had a hatred of women. There is a side story some people argue that there were other people involved in the shooting , but i think the story as he acted alone and was a disturbed individual. All of his killings were in new york city even though he lived in yonkers, crime dramatically increases, looking at murder rates tells the story , car theft rates are going to be the same. 482 mirrors, by 1980 1800 murders. A city that is a much smaller , the murder rate it will go as high as 2100 a year, and in 1990 to give you a sense murders in new york are in the 300s. The decline in crime rates , you will see that in boston as well. This. From the 1960s to the 1990s its a pretty steady rate especially in urban areas , we see two of the famous movies, death wish which was just remade with bruce willis you might not be able to read that, as is vigilante city style, the idea that is taking the law into his own hands. And more famously was the movie taxidriver i can say that hes a disturbed loner. He tries to save jodie foster, it is filmed on location in new york in 1975 , these films, you can feel what is going on , you can feel the tension, when you watch taxidriver you can sense that , you can see the dirty streets and the graffiti, and you can see how the city is pushing this man who isnt stable. And is pushing into the edge. At the same time that all this is happening, there is the stuff going on elsewhere. One thing that is happening is the creation of hiphop, its occurring in the bronx in the 1970s. You have high crime rates they are creating a style of music in the big block parties and it isnt until the 1980s that its going to seep into a broader culture, one of the complaints is that there was a lot of graffiti everywhere. Subways, buildings, bridges. And beginning in the 90s new york city made a great effort to clean up the graffiti , to clean up the city, we now know that there are graffiti artists and theres a greater understanding and it is linked to hiphop culture. Everything going on in york is in Lower Manhattan at a club called bee gees, where bands like talking heads, blondie, the remotes are playing in a club that ushers in the era of punk newwave all of these culture things are going on underneath there were not readily apparent that that we can see today. Going back broadly speaking we see as we talk about a conservative movement it often started with William F Buckley in 1955. There is a journal was dedicated to conservative thought opposing the new deal liberalism. Barry goldwater 1964 runs against the johnson and loses in a landslide. He runs as a libertarian conservative against government programs. Hes opposed to the civil rights law and thats a very complicated story in many ways. In 1964 goldwaters loss put an end to the conservative movement. But in the late 60s and early 70s that will provide more fodder to the republican party. In 1969 there was a book about the emerging republican majority he looks at the white cells, bluecollar whites in the north and said this will be part of a future republican majority we talked about the silent majority speech. This trusted institution, this antiauthority field. This emphasis on individualism fuels conservatism. Because of its criticism of government, is that big government. Reagan comes into office in 1981 and he says the problem is a government. This belief that government is ineffective and they dont do the job well is fueled by this distrust of institutions that we see coming in from the 1970s. We talked a little bit about what else is driving the conservative time. The rise of the moral majority, the increasing number of evangelical protestants as mainline churches decline , these evangelical churches are on the rise. Abortion turning into a political issue. Northern ethnic democrats supporting republicans like nixon , they dont believe that party but they are more likely to vote for republican candidates and then Foreign Policy, and we will talk more about this in upcoming classes, of backlash with the ussr. Saying that they need to re challenge the soviet union. And former democrats who are hawkish on Foreign Policy will move the republican party. We see the end of a new deal coalition, the birth of the Reagan Coalition , farmers, in addition evangelical protestants. And that 1964 when he signed the Civil Rights Act, johnson was alleged to have said that upon signing it he handed over the south to the republican party. The democrats had the south going back to the civil war. Its more complicated going down to the late 70s and early 80s. A big majority of congressional southerners , you can see over the decades that the south has some exceptions the same time the Democratic Party is running. Theres a new democratic majority , lets forget about the old labor union and the political machine, focusing on minorities, as well as College Educated white liberals. As the watergate babies in reaction to the new style politicians. Their liberal uppermiddle class, its a different than the older Democratic Party. Look at the conclusion, so what does this mean . The polarization of politics. The weakening of military , the beginnings of economic inequality and limited national resources, that there is an increasing emphasis on personal rights, expanding rights for minorities and women. A cultural floor sheen, disco, hiphop, punk. The golden era of film. We have this picture of steve jobs in the 1976 they start apple computers. There they are working in their garage these are the men that are working in anonymity starting in creating the technological revolution that will have a great impact , i think we have to put a qualification on the age of limits, we are going to see vast changes in American Society and economics. Thank you very much