Recently, the improbable revolution that changed history. As a College Student tony regularly disappeared through the outback and travel through rural india where he briefly enjoyed our glorious career of a film extra. And now bates in manhattan, he makes it a point to explore. Tonys travel stories have been published in magazines like the New York Times and magazines and have been translated into a dozen languages. Having been selected seven times for the best American Travel writing series. Is a regular television guest on the History Channel where he had spoken about everything from the crusades to the birth of. Please join me in welcoming tony paraty. [ applause ] hey, everybody. Thank you for coming out on such a beautiful spring night. To celebrate the secrets of the given revolution. You may be wondering about my funny accent. Writing about cuba. And the reason, i was in argentina and if you live in latin america you do is latin america and everyone is thinking about cuba. In that sense, i felt like i really had to go. I finally did in 1996 just after the soviet union had collapse. It was an economic disaster. I got down there from new york because you couldnt fly direct. I went via and also. I had to take 1000 in cash and give it to a guy named lionel at the airport. I did get to the airport and went into it terminal and lionel did appear and i gave him the money and he gave me a handwritten thing and pointed out the prop plane. Six people squeeze on to this plane and then went over the caribbean and landed in cuba. It was an experience. The next time i went was under the obama years. I got invited on the first private jet to fly from miami to hove on a. It was an experience. Champagne was flowing. We picked up these beautiful american cars and were taken to a luxury hotel with a rooftop pool. They even had wifi. It was like science fiction. On that trip i asked a friend, i wanted to find out about the revolution and so i know more or less what happened. And she said no, it doesnt exist. You should write it. That seems extremely unlikely. But on this trip the obama era trip i heard that there was some fight still around cuba including for example the hideouts in the mountains where fidel used to look and work. I propose i go back and follow the history of the revolution which is how that story in the print came out. It was a 4000 story of going to these places and finding the things that were going on. I shouldve had that out to give you an idea of the classic image of havana. After i did that, i realize there is much more to be learned and that was just the tip of the iceberg. I suggested a book about it and i started, but but for i got into it what inspired me, the revolution amongst americans in those days, it seemed extraordinary given what happened cents. And then to find out about the revelation here. I decided to try and investigate the image that most intrigued me was the dictator. At sullivan flew down to cuba to meet fidel. You can actually see it on youtube. And was absolutely starstruck. Comparing him to george washington. A fine young group of revolutionary youngsters. Again, this Twilight Zone feel to it. And he says what you think of america and fidel says, i have a very positive feeling. And ed says we want you to like it and we like you. It was sort of a lovefest. So this is the point where i started the book and then i go back to find out how it all unfolded. It was incredibly unlikely that this bunch of youngsters, some are in their 20s and some are teenagers. How they ended up defeating an army of 40,000 professional soldiers in just over two years. The thing that i like about the story as well is that it is broken up into specific chapters. I shouldve put this on your printout. There are five parts to the story. So you will know more or less where we are. The first part is a prelude. The young fidel playing basketball. He was very athletic and a very charming student. His nickname was the crazy one. He would do things, he bet his friends he wouldnt drive his bicycle into a wall. And so he just went down the hill and smashed into a wall and knocked himself out for three days. And that was just to prove a point. That will give you insight into his character in a way. He loves sports. Basketball and baseball were his favorites. They were both american sports. His family houses on the eastern side of cuba. And his family mansion is still there. He comes from quite a rich family strangely enough. He grew up with a sense of injustice because he was the only one with shoes and he realized that his dad was paying the workers very badly. He organized a strike of the workers. You can actually, you can see his baseball outfit there. Unfortunately the story that fidel was offered a contract with american baseball, official baseball, its a nice one but it is untrue. He did not have enough to get a scholarship to miami. Anyway, fidel but, was an extraordinary character. This was the scene without a beard. He wants did not have a beard. He went to havana and went to the university there and became more and more radicalized. They were obviously brewing including 953. How that not occurred he probably would have won and then he might have run for the presidency himself. Instead everyone suddenly cut out of the process. American mobsters running the casinos and milking the state in a very blatant way. It was very violent as well. The secret police were going around and it was a very bogus environment. Fidel came to the conclusion that this american backed dictator could not be defeated by peaceful means. They had to do something extreme. They decided to start an insurrection and this is way before the revolution. So the major city is called santiago. It is a very beautiful place. It has a barracks there. He and another 100 of his friends basically students got together and taught themselves how to shoot guns and not very well. They made themselves uniforms and they piled into a bunch of chevrolets, dodges and trundled off to attack this place that had maybe 500 soldiers in it. They surprise them up they were asleep. It was the last night of carnival. They came to the conclusion that they would be so hung over they would not fight. It turned out that they completely blew it. Fidel ran over a couple of patrolmen that set off an alert. Many were killed and many were captured and tortured to death. It was a disaster. It is one of those disasters like the battle of bighorn that is celebrated in its own weird way. You can still see the bulletholes they preserved as part of a shrine. Fidel was eventually captured. They were all sent to devils island. They were all thrown into this prison. Theres a model of one in chicago. It is an example of the panoptic on where a guard can be in the middle and see the whole place. Its a very sinister place and very violent. For whatever reason, the Political Prisoners were put in their own rooms. They all got together and gave each other classes on revolutionary theory and they talked about what to do and they sent messages to people outside. Fidel even managed to write a book while he was in there, a pamphlet really on a speech which he wrote on little pieces of paper and smuggled out piece by piece to his supporters in havana. And so the guards never asked why. Anyway, eventually the pressure mounted to release fidel and his friends. They are still youngsters are basically unknown at the time. They went to mexico city and they decided to invade cuba. They are complete amateurs. And the thing i love about the story, this bunch of phd grass from preston dumped in the appellation mountains and told to get it together, they had to teach themselves how to shoot and how to navigate and survive in the mountains. They would put rocks in their backpacks and go hiking up and down the streets of mexico city. They found a veteran to teach them how to shoot guns. They tried to raise money. The secret police were after them in mexico city. At one stage, they were all arrested. By the stage they were joined by our nest the and he signed on to the expedition. He was also arrested. So things were tightening and they were tweeting down on them. They stage the invasion. They decided to purchase a boat from a american retired doctor in mexico city and they organized with the locals, the local supporters this Frank Sinatra type who was going to be the poster boy of the revolution. They knew they would all arrive sometime. The book that you ordered is out of print. This is the code that meant they were going to leave mexico city. And so they all piled into the boat which was like the ss minnow. It barely works. 120 people wanted to get on their but they were only able to squeeze on 82. They sped off at night in was storm ignoring it was one of the worst storm warnings in months. As soon as they got out of the harbor, they all started to get seasick. Che guevara took seasick tablets. It was a spectacular disaster. The water was coming into the boat. They realized it was going to flood. And so someone realized that the top was on in the toilet and it was flooding. The set the tone for the early days of the revolution. So heading over to this amazing coastline, i was apple, able to tag along. It was really remote and isolated. Fidel had decided on this. They could hike in to the mountains of the east. It was the most isolated part of cuba. It turns out that two days late and they came along and crash land. The going along the coast and this is the only known photograph of them getting in there. The 82 of them go across. They realize to their horror they havent landed on the beautiful beaches for which cuba is renowned. They landed in was swamp and one of the most sinister swamps in the east. And today you can go and visit the spot. Theres a beautiful walkway. They had to climb over the vines and they sort of panics. It was a complete fiasco. They were already to hydrated and desperate. A farmer wandered out of the bushes and see some. And fidel says have no fear, we have come to save the cuban people. And then them and burst out laughing. Anyway, the farmer was very helpful. He captured a chicken and fed them. Suddenly they hear shooting back at the boat. The boat have been spotted by the coast guard. They decided to schlep off to the mountains. Unfortunately, on the third day they were surrounded and ambushed. The army found them. There were like 20 of them and it was a massacre. Che guevara got shot in the neck. Everyone thinks he is dying. He leans up against a tree and the members his favorite jack london story of a guy whos about to die in the wilderness. Someone grabs him and says we are getting out of here. So people were scattered everywhere. Fidel is by himself. As it gets dark, he notices two of his friends. They get together and they hang out in a sugarcane field for five days waiting for the army to go away. They are chewing on sugarcane to keep themselves sustained. Much of the time fidel is rocking back and forth saying dont worry, victory will be ours. And the other two men thought he had gone mad. As it turns out, they get it together and they walk basically 10 days and mostly at night. They managed to get to a Meeting Point in the mountains. Very rapid and very beautiful and very isolated. Others managed to survive as well. Fidels brother raul managed to make it out with a couple of people. And che guevara , they nicknamed him che because hes from argentina. He ends up there as well. Eventually about 20 of them gathered there in a coffee field. They were recovering from their wounds. Many of the others were caught and butchered. It was a miraculous thing. Those that survived became the great leaders of the revolution. One of them was beaten to death with the shuffle. And so these few people, and later someone would write a book about the 12 people, the religious connotations of 12, so they are up there in the mountains trying to stay low and survive. They survive to the efforts of the doctors daughter who lives down in the low lands and is a major organizer of the revolution. If you go to the havana archives, you can find her notes and her accounts. She was very meticulous. She found them new boots, she found food, she found the mule train to take them stuff. Over the coming months, if it wasnt for her, the whole revolution would have been snuffed out. They could not organize their way out of a paper bag. They were very disorganized and they did not even know how to clean their guns. But she was able to organize reinforcements going up there. She kept the revolution going through these crucial early months. At this stage, her sister set up the world, word and is his interview going. There was a representative in argentina. She did not want to go up to the mountains but she contacted another guy named Herbert Matthews and he knew cuba very well. He flew down to havana. The agent looked at him and he was in his late 50s and he said, im going myself. And the other guy couldnt quite believe him. And he and his wife were driven by agents out to the east pretending to be plantation owners and americans on holiday. And they hike up into the mountains. Fidel meets him. Its an extraordinary thing and its one of the great turning points of history. And fidel meets him and hes got like 20 guys and most of them are really ragged. He told his brother raul to get the men to walk back and forth around and around and change outfits so it looks like hes got a lot more people than he does. They also had to walk sideways sometimes. It was a ragtag army. Jihad maybe 200 or 300 soldiers. So they had this extraordinary thing where fidel ends up on the front page of the New York Times with a glowing report, a very romantic revolution. And he thought it was a heroic resistance against the sinister dictator and against all odds robin hood sort of thing. And this is sort of the image that continues throughout the revolution. And in many ways it is right. They did not really have any political agenda. That was sort of the goal that they could all get behind. Like communism for example, it came much later. Fidel wanted power. Someone later said he tried to make fidel a communist and he said he would be a communist if he was stolen. And so she love shooting and fishing and the great outdoors. Shes totally devoted to the revolution. It begins one of the great romances of the revolution, really. It was quite extraordinary. But this is what becomes the motor of the revolution. He spouts out these ideas and she puts them into action. So heres this extraordinary thing that has the face of the cuban resistance. Its an extraordinary thing. That inspires people. The cbs news decides to go up there as well. And a guy named Robert Taylor decided to interview fidel. And so he says he will do it on top of a mountain which is the highest mountain in cuba. It has rectangular views. And they all sing these rousing songs and it is broadcast of 50 Million Viewers in the United States. Suddenly fidel has a huge despite the fact. It still a handful of followers. Today you can actually go up to the mountains and it is an extremely cool place. The farmers, the local farmers decided to help them out. They were isolated or removed from the rest of the country. And so they gave food, support, carried messages and they were told when the army was coming in. It was a nomadic phase. The secondary army was sapping them out with supplies. They were all wandering around in the mountains and changing camps every night. It was an exhausting time for the revolution. And one of the things that i found in the havana archives was that they were all writing these diaries and this one is the platoon leader and he had a diary as well that was ever published. He was a romantic. He didnt particularly like hardship. He did not like trudging around. He was devoted to the revolution. He was a very lonely character. He writes all of this down in the diary. Its a marvelous account where he falls in love with every woman he meets in the mountains. Shop girls, farmer starters, guerrilla volunteers. He writes these lovely poems about it. He does end up in one romantic liaison. It ends when the girl opens up a locket around his neck and sees the image of his girlfriend in mexico. And he writes in his diary, it is all for the best. You dont quite believe him. So, these are interesting insights. One of the other great things i found out was after the story was published, a lot of americans were inspired to come down and join the revolution. Three teenagers from Guantanamo Bay disappeared from their families and ran away enjoyed fidel. They let the three American Kids join and then they wrote a letter, an open letter to the u. S. Government saying that they love the revolution and it is like the Founding Fathers all over again and it was published in the New York Times. Very much calling for the americans to stop supplying the dictator who was armed. The americans for training the secret police and it was not an ideal situation. And so the three kids are there. Fidel eventually decides that one of them really couldnt hack the mountain life. Fidel decides is too dangerous having them there. If they were to get killed or wounded it would be a pr disaster. Finally fidel sends them back to the United States to do fundraising speeches. They have set up an office in new york. Right near columbia university. All of the students keep turning up trying to volunteer for the revolution. Only a few of them to make it down there. It is a great story. Kids in berkeley to steal their parents car and try to drive to miami to join the revolution and filled dismally. Anyway, we have another rare early photo of che guevara. He was a medic and not initially that important. It turned out he had an extraordinary talent for guerrilla warfare. He was quite an extraordinary character and very committed. And yet he had a very sentimental side as well. He loved dogs in particular. He carried his dogs around everywhere. One of the saddest stories is that he and one of his favorite dogs and an army patrol was going by and the dog started making noises and che, he restrains the dog is the arm is going by. He had sort of a poetic soul. And quite goodlooking. He became the poster boy of the revolution later. There are some amazing photographs. Probably the most photogenic revolution in many ways. The Chinese Revolution and the Russian Revolution but this is a golden age of magazines. American photographers would find their way in. They would look for time. Many of these magazines no longer exist. The guys were in paris, france one day. And this is the first execution of the revolution. They had a series of trials that lasted for 12 days. A bunch of guys were impersonating them. Saying they were revolutionaries and stealing stuff which was alienating a lot of the farmers. They put them on trial and their ringleaders were executed. Is kind of an incredible image. Again, this is in the very early days. They were trying to get people, and they were trying to figure out how they did it. They had a great support base in the cities and they were trying to convince people to stop burning the sugar plantations. So they put out these helpful leaflets. They were sending him into the sugarcane fields or using a slingshot and that is what you get from matches. They would send it into a field and again, they were making it up as they go along. They would do other things as well. They did almost no damage because it was a jungle. It just gets absorbed in the mulch. They were finding those unexploded bombs and take them apart and create their own boobytraps out of condensed milk cans. They figured out how to explode them from a distance. Again, one of these extraordinary things. Condensed milk was her favorite food. They would get them up from the low lands snuggle by, smuggled by cecilia. They would make other dishes as well. They had great guerrilla recipes that survived. There was one that was called sausage, guerrilla style. It was like a choppy hotdog and it was sautied. They would serve that up and that was their favorite dish. Often it would just be one sausage they had per night. So food was a big obsession for them. They managed somehow to make it through to the end of 1957. They were winging it in a certain way. They would take photographs. Che went to a breakoff camp. He took this photograph and distributed it around. You can see hes wearing a instead of beret. One of his comrades had been killed and he decided to keep the. Many months later he loses it and he was heartbroken. Over in havana, very little is changing. If youve seen the godfather part two, they are the ones who are running the casinos. Prostitution is rice and is one of the great films. He goes there to the shanghai fiesta to see superman. Its so decadent. There is an underground growing there as well. The support is at its weakest in havana. In any case, up in the mountains, fidel is there for a five or 10 year war. They got about 300 men at this stage. He decides instead of going around medically they have to have somewhere they can hold up. Cecilia comes in and designs is beautiful camp in a very isolated place. You can still go there today. You tries along and it opens up to a secret area. This is what it looks like in 1958. This is the main plaza. You hang out there and read the newspaper and me people that would come up. As you can also see, he started to grow his beard very early on. They had actually thrown their razors overboard. They decided they would keep growing their beards until the revolution was over. So they become known as the bearded wants to distinguish them from everyone else. Fidel is wearing his cap and getting this very distinctive look that would become world famous eventually. This is the hat that she made for herself and fidel. It is thereby up babbling brook. It would be an awesome large today. It is up in the mountains and very breezy and dreamy and cool. They have this refrigerator that they finally brought up and it still has the bullet holes in it that the air force made when they were with the mule train. The guide will show you around and it is barricaded off. I thought, i will clamber over and go into the bedroom. The mattress is still there. I decided to lie down on fidels bed and see if i could get some matches smoke coming through. The window was propped up and filled with mariposa flowers. A lavish and tropical seen. It is such a poetic place. He was already acting like he was the president of cuba. The people who came and trudged up there were incredibly impressed. And he was also joined by others. At this stage, more and more women are starting to join the revolution. Initially, the cuban male police could not conceive of the idea that women have political ideas at all. They would actually have them carry ammunition and smuggle food and guns. Eventually they did start to figure them out. She was an mit chemistry graduate and spoke fluent english. And she became the major operative in santiago. She was the one who organized all of the stuff. He was 22. And so she was organizing it until finally she manages to get out in the nick of time. She goes up into the mountains as well. So he does the spread of all of the guerrilla gals looking like flower children other women were going out too. Sewing uniforms but others wanted to fight. Of it didnt, eventually it was something of a world first. And so they would go out into combat. Meanwhile, im crashing along here, we have a lot of revolution to get through. Meanwhile, they are more and more popular. It was sort of like a cs stuff. They crack open the beer or whatever. In the summer of 1958 when batista decides he has to get rid of these guys, they were sort of winning in a strange way. He gets 10,000 soldiers and sends them off into the mountains. Operation into fidel. So they all plow up into the mountains. And they set up and put booby traps along the mountain trails. 300 men. Is like the stand of the spartans. That was his idea. The overwhelming odds for their. In the end, they were able to terrify the recruits and they started surrendering. And then fidel has his idea of treating them extremely well and then sending them back. And then they say, we give up. They are not hurting us. And then the army starts to realize why are we dying for 35 a month . Batista is obviously corrupt and basically the country. Eventually the whole assault got them out and they give up and decide to leave fidel in the mountains assuming that is set. But fidel has other ideas. Within weeks of this incredible victory, incredible survival, he decides to send che , the other great leader, he decides to send them down into the low lands on what seems like a Suicide Mission to set up bases further into the islands. Its extremely beautiful, but quite exposed. They found that the people in the low lands were not that hopeful. The propaganda went out that they really shouldnt be supported. At this stage, this is where che decides to wear a beret. Is going around because he had terrible asthma and he often could not walk. He had to be carried. Suffer days they were going to look him around. And the losing. They kept draft, dragging him physically. He proves his leadership and he has his incredible endurance. And he sits up based there and organizes all of the other forces. On this project he meets a woman, she is a former teacher. She had joined the revolution. Full speed and it derailed. It rex and all of the guys that were in it jumped out. This is a willingness so they could fight. This is inside with the supporters. This happens my 30 december 1958. News filters out and they managed to seize this train. They got hundreds of guards, they have machines guns, they have bazookas. Its an extra and everything. The dictator of the stage knew that he be put on trial. Is the regular new years eve party. It reads the statement. Is about to leave havana. Theyre waiting on the airstrip. People start running to the airplanes. They do the list of names on the military brushoff. They finally piland to the three planes and hit off. Two of them go to florida. Which was at the stage. The figure to jacksonville. They finally decided a couple weeks earlier that they can no longer support they wouldnt let him into the country. He welcomes him with open arms. Suddenly they started filter out the new day. Theyre going to announce it. Over again. The word gets out, and people start taking to the streets. The come out and start to take over with shooting. He hears about it on the radio. He has no idea that the guys are coming. He realizes hes going to do something. Its in a very arousing speech that evening. He claims the victory and make sure to do it with the spanish. The whole roots of the revolution. They are United States that intervened the last minute. They save the day. That to occupy. They didnt even allow the cubans to come in. It was always considered one of the great insults. And the root. All the cubans are there. Instead of flying straight to havana he comes of with the idea of going overland in this caravan of victory. He points the way and give speeches. His skill now comes out. s twohour speeches begin. He gets more and more support. Finally he comes into havana. Each have 100 guys, and 5000 soldiers throw down their arms to each of them. One of the observers there said it was enough to make you burst out laughing. There is no resistance at all. The cia couldnt understand it. They thought there should be some kind of negotiated opposition. As i get closer and closer, its obvious he had nine support of the population. He arrives in havana and he goes to the main military base. He gives this incredible speech. As he does, these people release the symbols of peace, and good fortune. They land on the podium. The rest of the speech their city named. Giving a divine aura and a benediction. Is considered extremely good luck. In the following week they had this portrait with his halo. He was considered a christlike figure. He was considered this great savior of the island. Hes a goodlooking dude. He was described more like a gorilla, or might be decided to get married and kept it very chaste 1950s relationship. Finally when they get to havana , things start to progress. Its on of the first marriages they start taking up. She backs out and stays the great organizer. I have a sweet, but she is a more romantic side. They keep their distinctive look and they keep their uniforms. They keep their long hair, their peers. Almost like hippies. Is a complete contrast. On things i found very interesting was if you look at the magazines, the contrast between them, it striking, because they showed back inside. They are going off to work, and polishing their shoes. The women have the idea housewife. The contrast was very striking. In a sense the 60s as we know them were beginning in 1959. With this idea of this rebellious use movement that was already brewing in United States in a time where there is satisfaction going. This was a rebel with a cause. This period is winding down. In case youre wondering like the final period is what i call the honeymoon of the revolution. At the time where everyone loved che. They were heroes. In the United States as well. In april, they divided up to speak to the American Society of editors. They all fly out and they are very popular here. He goes and gives a speech to 20,000 people in central park. All of the press coverage is very lorded cherry. Recordation of the Founding Fathers. Theyre recognizing their own souls. Is a small group managed to overthrow an evil empire. To get rid of segregation laws. It turns out its not as easy as that. The struggle in the United States is only just beginning. The star is becoming more radical. Everyone loves them and its a huge success. Nixon hit each other on site. It doesnt go well at all. They are convinced that their extremely naove. Nixon gets called names. They might be going. The frustration against the bodyguard leaps over the barriers. And yelling out i need to meet my people. At one stage he thinks hes getting his message through. He couldnt figure out why. This is the best land. They own telephones. There is a crash course over the head. It could be avoided. Eisenhower was to the assassination. They also had an invasion plan. It all comes back to new york. He is in his hotel and they accused him of cooking chicken and killing them in the hotel room. Its usually popular with the africanamerican community. Theres these rallies outside. He goes to visit and one of the other visitors is christian who has been through the economic aid. The idea is based throughout. They have this iconic image taken at a rally in 1960 where things are going south. Theres a huge explosion in the harbor. A tough photographer has one vertical, and this one says forget about it. Yanks it up in a studio. The guy that comes and sees it. He becomes one of the late images. Is a people can remember the revolution. Thats scary. I dont even know time for questions . I am curious about your process in cuba. Did you have officials who sheltered it or not . Who would agree to do the kind of research that you wanted. People changed a lot. They came back they could think about it for months. It is still there. It will be there. I did manage to get it. Theres a friend of mine. Real biography so she went down there and spent a lot of time. She would hang out there and have a translator who looked at the office. When i went down she introduced me to the translator. The translator introduced me to the guys. It was very personal, and very handshakes or never. At some point it didnt hurt. You can see its easy to get in stuff. So, they show me the letters. One funny thing about it was the catalog. Your task something specifically. At ask for certain letters. And when he came back the letters would come up. By the end when i took the guys corroded i took them out for lunch. And around the corner theres this swiss restaurant which is indistinguishable. I would buy them heineken beer. This is a sense of privilege. They started to bring things up. And this was a major thing. Did anyone else do that . Its very clever, its very witty. If you think of it, its like appealing. They couldnt dance. Theyre obsessed with the city to try to take them out. They would line up dates with people and the movement. They try to get him to schedule politics. Theres that sort of thing. It still quite old. Theyre still around. During the revolution. He is still around. He is shoveling back and forth. And this uniform and this bundle. He said i want to introduce myself. He said i just running a womens platoon. He towing to see stories. That was a breakthrough as well. Its about the symmetry. I went there and i was there. Is not pressing or anything. Maybe like a chat or whatever. They knew i was coming down. I was taking seriously. I was doing a research in cuba. I was actually going down there and going to locations. And meeting all of the people. Its hard to borrow. Me see the photograph on the wall, they spark memories and they tell the stories. The marvelous thing about all of them is there like memoirs. You can go back and see that their published. There is a connection within nyu. You can actually go back and find this to be looked at. Its not that idea logically. Its a story that everyone agrees on. Who has changed completely. Theres a big debate on whether fidel was communist or not. Theres no evidence of this. Backs the communist party and the movement hated each other. They joined in support of a strike. They were kind of useless. The party sort of comes along. To answer your question, you going to hang around and basil come to you and set in stage. Any other questions . As you know trump was just talking. They imposed that they could have singled you will. No president has enforced the law which allows people to sue people who are dealing with cuba. Its appropriated during the revolution. Thats like everything. Its going to be going back to our special awning in the 1990s. Its more suspicious. The very day it was passed. Not only do you get the amount, its triple damages as well. Theres like 500 million. Theres hundreds of these cases. Going to be for the best. What were the circumstances that led the case for the country . Their studies done on that because you still had 45 and troops. There and part of a low land. This and they keep going. It will take a couple more years at least. Theres one incident that i find interesting. They became very prorevolution. And they were after the win. That the generosity on the newspaper. He carries a revolver. He went studying world warfare. Because of the argument that they dont necessarily win. They create the conditions that collapse. That i want to fight things start to crumble internally. Its been a fierce battle. Its been a open and shut case. He was going to worry that theres going to be armed forces because he was so disliked. Hes been quite impressive in many ways. Theres a briefcase full of money. He became worried that he would be personally arrested. Or executed as a war criminal. They sent shockwaves through the military. He came around like a thief in the night. s main police chief in havana was there. No one told me i could have brought my wife and kids. They had no way of getting out. Thats an escape plans. In the end we were up there on trial. They were a call. A bunch of mothers came up. We know these guys. They tortured and murdered. Is a terrible time to be a young man. They were like teenagers. They were tortured and buried into shallow graves. Theres is longing for vengeance. They did carry out and a good way at all. That this trial which is still there. That a few of those trials. They been in charge of the trials. That 550 or executed. It was a big risk. Was there another question . What is the state of the cuban Education System . Was the young generation like . Education system is going fine. Is still high in latin america. Hospitals are great. Younger people are lenient. Theyre definitely jaded about the revolution. They are truck traveling along waiting for things to change. They had this unusual view of things in my opinion and in my experience. Yeah. Its like, they have an admiration for itself. The hero nature of that is the night, but its gone so far. This is opportunity its a tragic mood, especially now. This is a sense of incredible optimism. This was a symbolic thing. Hundreds of thousands of people converged to the rolling stones. In a sense that anything is possible. The reforms that they started in 2011 were opening up with the economy with 200 jobs. That is changing things much more with United States. And it makes it easier to travel. This is a significant pleural. They were shocked and disappointed that they are crawling. This is a sense of a forbidden flu. The world is it going out of time. Are they going to start relying more and more on that . A sense of optimism for three or four years ago really has died. This is a bleak mood where young people are like anyone can get out and are getting out. Is an energetic sort of younger people. Now, the moment of optimism has been livid unfortunately. All right, thats it. [ applause ] thank you, thank you. 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